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Spatial Thinking and STEM Education:
         Drawing and Mapping
        with New Technologies
        David H. Uttal, Ken Forbus,
           and Robert Kolvoord
                   SILC
         Northwestern University
Spatial Thinking and STEM Education
•  Emerging science education standards stress
   –  Problem-solving
   –  Modeling
   –  Understanding and representing data
•  Spatial thinking is critical to this transformation in
   how science and mathematics is taught and
   learned.
Two efforts within SILC to …
•  Understand
•  Promote
•  Assess

Spatial approaches to STEM education

1) CogSketch
2) The Geospatial Semester
CogSketch

 Ken Forbus
Computer tutors and learning environments
        need spatial capabilities
•  Intelligent tutoring systems have provided valuable
   benefits for education (e.g., Pittsburgh Science of
  Learning Center)
•  But not in spatially rich subjects (e.g., geology,
   engineering)
•  Sketch understanding software could change this
           Ultimate goal:
           Software that
        understands sketches
            as you would
Research Goals

1) A cognitive science research instrument.
  –  A computational model of spatial reasoning and learning
  –  A tool for gathering data in laboratory and classroom
     studies


2) A platform for sketch-based intelligent educational
  software
  –  Depends critically on research in artificial intelligence and
     cognitive science (e.g., analogy and spatial
     representation)
Sketching and Communication
•  People talk when they sketch with each other
  –  Sketching is a social activity
•  CogSketch provides a way around the
   “recognition problem”
•  Focus instead on human-like visual, spatial
   & conceptual representations & reasoning
  –  Relationships between objects
  –  Relationships within objects (e.g. shape)
Interacting with CogSketch

•  Draw ink, clicking finish when an
   object is done
•  Label objects via menus
   –  Zero recognition errors
•  Knowledge base provides concepts for
   labeling
   –  58,000 concepts provide breadth
   –  Technical details hidden from users via UI
Sketch Worksheets




Provides task
for students



                                    Fault worksheet
                                    from Sageman’s
                                          class
Sketch Worksheets




  Student
  sketches
their answers
Sketch Worksheets



Student gets
feedback on
  demand
Original	
     Novice	
                                     Expert	
  




                 Jee	
  et	
  al.,	
  under	
  review	
  
Worksheets as Assessment Tool

•  Partnership with Pittsburgh Science of Learning
   Center (PSLC)
•  Toward spatially-based formative assessment
Design Buddy: Setting and Problem
  Engineering Design and Communication Course
    at Northwestern University
                 Sketch +
               language-like
                                    Does this
           explanation of design
                                   make sense?




         Feedback




         Problem:
Students have trouble using
 sketches to communicate
CogSketch Summary
•  Sketch understanding is a central problem in spatial
   learning
•  CogSketch is useful for cognitive science research
•  CogSketch is promising for education
Maps Influence Spatial Thinking (Uttal, 2000, 2005)
Promoting Spatial Problem Solving in
            Science Education
•  The Geospatial Semester
•  Robert Kolvoord, James
  Madison University




           GIS = Geographic Information System
Geospatial Curriculum

•  High school senior year elective
•  Well specified scope and sequence
Course Design

•  The Spatial Semesters:

  –  First semester students
     work through a training
     manual to become familiar
     with the software.



  –  Second semester
     students complete a
     personally designed
     project using the skills
     they have learned.
Is it working?
•  How do we tell?
•  Many converging measures
  –  Rubric
  –  Quality of final projects
  –  SILC measures of spatial language
  –  Transfer problems (e.g., “The sheriff problem”)
Spatial Thinking and Stem Education: Drawing and Mapping with New Technologies
Spatial Thinking and Stem Education: Drawing and Mapping with New Technologies
Spatial Language Increases
                                                  across the Semester
                                                 Ra%o	
  of	
  dis%nct	
  words	
  for	
  each	
  category	
  	
  

                                     14	
  



                                     12	
  
Propor%on	
  of	
  Dis%nct	
  	
  




                                     10	
  
                                                                                                                     Int	
  One	
  
   Words	
  Spoken	
  




                                                                                                                     Int	
  Three	
  
                                       8	
  
                                                                                                                     Int	
  Four	
  
                                       6	
  



                                       4	
  



                                       2	
  



                                       0	
  

                                               Spa?al	
                Mo?on	
                  Causality	
  
Conclusions
•  Spatial thinking is critically important to science
   practice and education
•  Drawing and mapping promote the kind of
   science reasoning that NSF, National
   Academies, and most teachers advocate
•  And shed light on the nature of spatial reasoning
•  Informs basic research
•  Draw on basic science, map out implications for
   learning

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Spatial Thinking and Stem Education: Drawing and Mapping with New Technologies

  • 1. Spatial Thinking and STEM Education: Drawing and Mapping with New Technologies David H. Uttal, Ken Forbus, and Robert Kolvoord SILC Northwestern University
  • 2. Spatial Thinking and STEM Education •  Emerging science education standards stress –  Problem-solving –  Modeling –  Understanding and representing data •  Spatial thinking is critical to this transformation in how science and mathematics is taught and learned.
  • 3. Two efforts within SILC to … •  Understand •  Promote •  Assess Spatial approaches to STEM education 1) CogSketch 2) The Geospatial Semester
  • 5. Computer tutors and learning environments need spatial capabilities •  Intelligent tutoring systems have provided valuable benefits for education (e.g., Pittsburgh Science of Learning Center) •  But not in spatially rich subjects (e.g., geology, engineering) •  Sketch understanding software could change this Ultimate goal: Software that understands sketches as you would
  • 6. Research Goals 1) A cognitive science research instrument. –  A computational model of spatial reasoning and learning –  A tool for gathering data in laboratory and classroom studies 2) A platform for sketch-based intelligent educational software –  Depends critically on research in artificial intelligence and cognitive science (e.g., analogy and spatial representation)
  • 7. Sketching and Communication •  People talk when they sketch with each other –  Sketching is a social activity •  CogSketch provides a way around the “recognition problem” •  Focus instead on human-like visual, spatial & conceptual representations & reasoning –  Relationships between objects –  Relationships within objects (e.g. shape)
  • 8. Interacting with CogSketch •  Draw ink, clicking finish when an object is done •  Label objects via menus –  Zero recognition errors •  Knowledge base provides concepts for labeling –  58,000 concepts provide breadth –  Technical details hidden from users via UI
  • 9. Sketch Worksheets Provides task for students Fault worksheet from Sageman’s class
  • 10. Sketch Worksheets Student sketches their answers
  • 12. Original   Novice   Expert   Jee  et  al.,  under  review  
  • 13. Worksheets as Assessment Tool •  Partnership with Pittsburgh Science of Learning Center (PSLC) •  Toward spatially-based formative assessment
  • 14. Design Buddy: Setting and Problem Engineering Design and Communication Course at Northwestern University Sketch + language-like Does this explanation of design make sense? Feedback Problem: Students have trouble using sketches to communicate
  • 15. CogSketch Summary •  Sketch understanding is a central problem in spatial learning •  CogSketch is useful for cognitive science research •  CogSketch is promising for education
  • 16. Maps Influence Spatial Thinking (Uttal, 2000, 2005)
  • 17. Promoting Spatial Problem Solving in Science Education •  The Geospatial Semester •  Robert Kolvoord, James Madison University GIS = Geographic Information System
  • 18. Geospatial Curriculum •  High school senior year elective •  Well specified scope and sequence
  • 19. Course Design •  The Spatial Semesters: –  First semester students work through a training manual to become familiar with the software. –  Second semester students complete a personally designed project using the skills they have learned.
  • 20. Is it working? •  How do we tell? •  Many converging measures –  Rubric –  Quality of final projects –  SILC measures of spatial language –  Transfer problems (e.g., “The sheriff problem”)
  • 23. Spatial Language Increases across the Semester Ra%o  of  dis%nct  words  for  each  category     14   12   Propor%on  of  Dis%nct     10   Int  One   Words  Spoken   Int  Three   8   Int  Four   6   4   2   0   Spa?al   Mo?on   Causality  
  • 24. Conclusions •  Spatial thinking is critically important to science practice and education •  Drawing and mapping promote the kind of science reasoning that NSF, National Academies, and most teachers advocate •  And shed light on the nature of spatial reasoning •  Informs basic research •  Draw on basic science, map out implications for learning