The document discusses sustainable financing for marine protected areas (MPAs). It notes several pressures threatening marine ecosystems and biodiversity. MPAs can help address these pressures but require stable long-term financing. Current MPA financing comes from domestic government budgets, external development aid, trust funds, user fees, taxes, subsidies, and payments for ecosystem services in some areas. Effective MPA financing requires understanding costs and benefits, siting MPAs optimally, including financing strategies in management plans, robust monitoring, and compliance. The EU provides funding to MPAs in Mauritania and Guinea-Bissau through fisheries agreements, though political support fluctuates.

1. SUSTAINABLE FINANCE
FOR MARINE
PROTECTED AREAS
Katia Karousakis
Biodiversity Team Leader
OECD Environment Directorate
IDDRI GIZ, IUCN-France side-event on Innovative financial mechanisms
for biodiversity
Wednesday 14 December 2016
CBD COP13

2. Overview
• Current and projected pressures on
marine ecosystems
• The role of Marine Protected Areas
• Sustainable financing of MPAs

3. Pressures on marine ecosystem
services and biodiversity
• Over-fishing
• Pollution
• Habitat degradation
• Climate change
• Invasive alien species

4. The future of the Ocean Economy…
Total ocean industry value-added expected to double by 2030
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
USD billion
Overview of industry-specific value-added in 2010 and 2030
2010
2030
Source: OECD (2016) The Ocean Economy to 2030

5. Policy instruments for marine biodiversity
conservation and sustainable use
Regulatory (command-and-
control) instruments
Economic instruments
Information and
voluntary approaches
Marine protected areas
Taxes, charges, user fees (e.g.
entrance fees to marine parks)
Certification, eco-labelling
(e.g. MSC)
Marine spatial planning
Individually Transferable Quotas for
fishing
Negotiated voluntary
agreements, such as
public-private
partnerships
Spatial and temporal fishing
closures; limits on number and
size of vessels (input controls);
other restrictions or
prohibitions on use (e.g. CITES)
Reform of harmful subsidies - and
use of subsidies to promote marine
conservation and sustainable use
Catch limits or quotas (output
controls)
Payments for Ecosystem Services
Standards (e.g. MARPOL for
ships); bans (e.g. dynamite
fishing)
Marine biodiversity offsets
Licenses e.g. aquaculture and
offshore windfarms
Non-compliance penalties
Planning requirements
e.g. EIA and SEA
Fines on damages

6. Financing of marine protected areas
Financing
Domestic govt
budget
Often the main source of finance in many developed countries
External devt
finance
Often a substantial source of finance in many developing countries
Trust funds Several trust funds have been established e.g., Belize, Mexico and
Mauritania
User fees (e.g.,
entrance fees)
Often a substantial source of MPA finance in a number of MPAs.
Entrance fees used in Australia, Mexico, Belize, Thailand and the
Galapagos Islands in Ecuador
Taxes and fines France (1995 Barnier Act). Tax on maritime passenger ships
protected areas – with earmarked revenue
Subsidies MPAs can enhance fisheries by protecting nursing grounds
PES A few examples in marine context – e.g., sea turtles in Tanzania, grey
whale habitat protection Mexico
Source: OECD (2017) Marine Protected Areas: Economics, Management and Effective Policy Mixes.

7. EU payments to Mauritania and Guinea Bissau for
MPAs under the Fisheries Partnership Agreement
• In Mauritania and Guinea Bissau, conservation trust funds (CTFs) created to
provide sustainable financing to MPAs, including from the EU through
Fisheries Partnership Agreements
• Lobbying efforts by environmental NGOs to link the economic benefits to
fisheries of well-functioning ecosystem services helped mobilise finance for
conservation trust funds for MPAs
Source: OECD (forthcoming 2017), Overcoming Barriers to Effective
Biodiversity Policy Reform. OECD Publishing, Paris.
[Policy Highlights available]
• Challenge: In the case of Mauritania, wavering political
support threatens long-term stability of the CTF. Early
momentum to establish financing arrangements has
dissipated due to competition for scarce financial
resources and shifting government priorities

8. Key messages for more effective MPAs
(with focus on finance elements)
• Need to scale up finance but also need to make
existing finance more cost-effective
 Better understanding of costs and benefits
 Effective siting of MPAs to address pressures
MPA management plans to include MPA financing
strategy
 More robust monitoring and reporting (including on
finance)
 Enhanced compliance and enforcement
Source: OECD (forthcoming, 2017) Marine Protected Areas: Economics,
Management and Effective Policy Mixes.

9. Thank you!
OECD work on biodiversity and ecosystems:
Biodiversity Indicators, Valuation and Assessment
Economic Instruments, Incentives and Policies for Biodiversity
Biodiversity Finance, Development and Distributional Issues
Other relevant OECD reports:
• Marine Protected Areas: Economics, Management and
Effective Policy Mixes (OECD, forthcoming 2017) [Policy
Highlights available]
• Overcoming Barriers to Effective Biodiversity Policy Reform
(OECD, forthcoming 2017)
• The Ocean Economy in 2030 (OECD, 2016)
• Green Growth in Fisheries and Aquaculture (OECD, 2015)
• Biodiversity Policy Response Indicators (OECD ENV WP No.
90, 2015)
• Scaling Up Finance Mechanisms for Biodiversity (OECD, 2013)
Visit: www.oecd.org/env/biodiversity
http://www.oecd.org/environment/resources/mainstream-biodiversity/