Introduction to academic integrity and APA citation style. Prepare by librarians at Okanagan College.

1. Cite It Right!
Winter 2012

2. Objectives
• To understand why we cite
• To understand how we cite
• To understand the basics of APA

3. What is APA?
APA = American Psychological Association
The Publication Manual of the American Psychological
Association is a style manual that provides guidance
and standards in:
• research ethics
• the publication process
• article format and presentation
• AND

4. Why do we cite?
“Scholarly communication is the entire
set of activities that ensure that
research and new knowledge can be
made known” (DeFelice, 2009).

5. Publication (Registration and
Creation Certification) Dissemination
Manuscript & IP Editor
Academic
Publisher Library
Peer
Reviewers
Reformulation

6. Why do we cite?
• Citations demonstrate how you developed
your argument and ideas from the ideas of
others
• Citations give credit where credit is due
• Citations give the reader of your work a path
to the sources you used, so they can
investigate those sources if interested
(Mohanty et al., 2009)

7. Why do we cite?
• If you don’t acknowledge other people’s work,
words or ideas you commit plagiarism
“Penalties for plagiarism serve both to educate students
about standards of scholarship and to deter deception and
poor scholarly practices. Penalties will reflect the
seriousness of the offence; including whether the offence
was intentional or unintentional and whether it was a first
or a repeat offence” (Okanagan College, 2010, Penalties
section, para. 1 ).
Okanagan College Academic Offenses regulations and policies

8. What do we cite?
• Direct quotes
• Paraphrases
• Words or terminology specific to or unique to the
author’s research, theories, or ideas
• Use of an author's argument or line of thinking
• Historical, statistical, or scientific facts
• Graphs, drawings, etc.
• Articles or studies you refer to in your work
(Mohanty et al., 2009)

9. How do we cite?
Refer to APA resources to determine citation style.
Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association
6th ed., second printing
Available at all OC Library campuses; Call no. BF 76.7 .P83 2009
OC Library APA style guide webpage
• PDF and HTML versions of most common APA examples
• Links to other APA resources
Important: The APA manual is the definitive source of APA citation
information. If a resource contradicts the manual – use the manual.

10. How do we cite?
In text citations: citations given in the body of the article, essay,
paper, or assignment.
Example:
(Morgan & Hunt, 1994)
Morgan and Hunt (1994) noted that….
Reference list citations: “provides the information necessary to
identify and retrieve each source” (APA, 2009, p. 180).
Example:
Morgan, R. M., & Hunt, S. D. (1994). The commitment-trust theory of
relationship marketing. Journal of Marketing, 58, 20–38.

11. How do we cite?
From article by Xie and Peng (2009):
In marketing literature, for example, Morgan and Hunt (1994) regard trust as a
prerequisite and a central factor for successful relationship marketing. Trust has been
defined both in connotative and evaluative terms, such as “a willingness to rely on an
exchange partner in whom one has confidence” (Moorman, Zaltman, & Deshpande,
1992, p. 315).
References
Moorman, C., Zaltman, G., & Deshpande, R. (1992). Relationships between
providers and users of market research: The dynamics of trust within and
between organizations. Journal of Marketing Research, 29, 314–328.
Morgan, R. M., & Hunt, S. D. (1994). The commitment-trust theory of relationship
marketing. Journal of Marketing, 58(3), 20–38.

12. How do we cite?
What is it?
• Journal article
• Book
• Report
Building blocks?
What format? • Author(s)
• Print • Publication date
• Electronic • Title
• Publication information
• Format-specific details
(i.e. page numbers, doi)

13. How do we cite?
Chapter in an edited book: Some APA rules to note
• Authors: “invert all authors’ names; give surnames and initials for up to
and including seven authors…” (APA, 2009, p. 184).
• Chapter authors in edited book: invert the chapter authors’ names.
• Publication date: “Give in parentheses the year the work was published”
(APA, 2009, p. 185).
• Chapter title: “Capitalize only the first word of the title and of the
subtitle…and any proper nouns” (APA, 2009, p. 185).
• Do not invert book editors’ names … the name of the book editor should
be preceded by the word In” (APA, 2009, p. 184). Place (Ed.) or (Eds.)
following editor(s).

14. How do we cite?
Chapter in an edited book: Some APA rules to note
• Book title: “Capitalize only the first word of the title and of the
subtitle…and any proper nouns; italicize the title” (APA, 2009, p. 185).
• Publication Information: “Give the location… where the publisher is located
as noted on the title page for books…use a colon after the location; finish the
element with a period” (APA, 2009, p. 186-187). Using city and province is
acceptable.
• Pagination: Include chapter page numbers (beginning and end).

15. How do we cite?
Chapter in an edited book: Citation
Bonson, A. (2002). Jessie Nagle and Susan Nagle. In K. Carter (Ed.),
The small details of life: Twenty diaries by women in
Canada, 1830-1996 (pp. 119-122). Toronto, ON: University
of Toronto Press.

16. How do we cite?
• In text: “References … are cited in text with an author date
citation system” (APA, 2009, p. 174).
• In text, direct quotes: “always provide the author, year, and
specific page citation or paragraph number for nonpaginated
material” (APA, 2009, p. 170).
(Bonson, 2002)
According to Bonson (2002)…
“direct quote” (Bonson, 2002, p. 120)

17. How do we cite?
What is it?
• Journal article
• Book Building blocks?
• Report • Author(s)
• Publication date
What format? • Title
• Print • Publication information
• Electronic • Format-specific details
(i.e. page numbers, doi)

18. How do we cite?
Journal article retrieved online: Some APA rules to note
• Author: “Invert all authors names; give surnames and initials
for up to and including 7 authors” (APA, 2009, p. 184).
• Publication date: “Give in parentheses the year the work was
published” (APA, 2009, p. 185).
• Article title: “Capitalize only the first word of the title and of
the subtitle, if any, and any proper nouns; do not italicize the
title or place quotation marks around it” (APA, 2009, p. 185).

19. How do we cite?
Journal article retrieved online: Some APA rules to note
• Journal title: “Give the periodical title in full, in uppercase and
lowercase letters. Italicize the name of the periodical” (APA, 2009,
p. 185).
• Publication Information:
– “Give the volume number after the periodical title; italicize it (APA,
2009, p. 186).
– “Include the journal issue number … along with the volume number if
the journal is paginated separately by issue (APA, 2009, p. 186).
– Give inclusive page numbers on the which the cited material appears”
(APA, 2009, p. 186).

20. How do we cite?
Journal article retrieved online: Some APA rules to note
• “Provide the DOI, if one has been assigned to the content” (APA, 2009,
p. 191).
• “When a DOI is used, no further retrieval information is needed to
identify or locate the content” (APA, 2009, p. 191).
• What’s a DOI?
• “If no DOI has been assigned to the content, provide the home page
URL of the journal….If you accessing the article from a private database,
you may need to do a quick web search to locate this URL” (APA, 2009,
pp. 191-2).

21. How do we cite?
Journal article retrieved online: Some APA rules to note
• “In general, it is not necessary to include database information” (APA,
2009, p. 192).
• “Do not include retrieval dates unless the source material may change
over time” (APA, 2009, p. 192).

22. How do we cite?
Journal article retrieved online
Anderson, K., Durbin, E., & Salinger, M. (2008). Identity theft.
Journal of Economic Perspectives, 22(2), 171-192.
Retrieved from http://www.aeaweb.org/jep/index.php
doi:10.1257/jep.22.2.171
No doi?

23. How do we cite?
Journal article retrieved online: Some APA rules to note
In text: “When a work has two authors, cite both names, every
time the reference occurs in text. When a work has three,
four, or five authors, cite all authors the first time the
reference occurs; in subsequent citations, include only the
surname of the first author followed by et al. …. and the year
if it is the first citation of the reference within a paragraph”
(APA, 2009, p. 175).

24. How do we cite?
Journal article retrieved online: Citation
Initial citation:
(Anderson, Durbin, & Salinger, 2008)
Anderson, Durbin, and Salinger (2008) found that…
“direct quote” (Anderson, Durbin, & Salinger, 2008, p. 190)
Subsequent:
(Anderson et al., 2008)
Anderson et al. (2008) found that…
“direct quote” (Anderson et al., 2008, p. 190)

25. How do we cite?
Report retrieved online: Some APA rules to note
• Group authors: “occasionally, a work will have as its author an agency,
association, or institution” (APA, 2009, p. 183).
• Report titles: “Enclose additional information given on the publication for
its identification and retrieval (e.g., edition, report number, volume number)
in parentheses immediately after the title)” (APA, 2009, p. 185).
• “When the author is also the publisher use Author to indicate the
publisher” (APA, 2009, p. 187).
Statistics Canada. (1992). Ageing and independence (Catalogue No.
89-548-XPE). Ottawa, ON: Author.
• “For reports retrieved online, identify the publisher as part of the retrieval
statement unless the publisher as been identified as the author: Retrieved
from Agency name website: http://www.xxxxx” (APA, 2009, p. 205).

26. How do we cite?
Report retrieved online: Some APA rules to note
• In text: “Many electronic sources do not provide page numbers. If
paragraph numbers are visible, use them… Use the abbreviation para.” (APA,
2009, p. 172).
• “If the document includes headings and neither paragraph nor page
numbers are visible, cite the heading and the number of the paragraph
following it to direct the reader to the location of the quoted material” (APA,
2009, p. 172).
• “In some cases … headings may be too unwieldy to cite in full. Instead, use
a short title enclosed in quotation marks for the parenthetical citation” (APA,
2009, p. 172).

27. How do we cite?
Online report: Citation
Gu, W., & Wong, A. (2010). Estimates of human capital in Canada:
The lifetime income approach (Catalogue No. 11F0027M,
no. 062). Retrieved from Statistics Canada website
http://www.statcan.gc.ca/pub/11f0027m/11f0027m2010062
-eng.htm
(Gu & Wong, 2010)
Gu and Wong (2010) state that…..
“direct quote” (Gu & Wong, 2010, “Main article, data sources
section,” para. 2)

28. How do we cite?
Reference list: Some APA rules to note
• “Double-spaced and … entries have a hanging indent” (APA,
2009, p. 180).
• “Alphabetize by author surname” (APA, 2009, p. 181).
• “References with the same authors in the same order are
arranged by year of publication, the earliest first”(APA, 2009, p.
182).

29. How do we cite?
References
Anderson, K., Durbin, E., & Salinger, M. (2008). Identity theft. Journal of Economic Perspectives,
22(2), 171-192. doi:10.1257 /jep.22.2.171
Bonson, A. (2002). Jessie Nagle and Susan Nagle. In K. Carter (Ed.), The small details of life:
Twenty diaries by women in Canada, 1830-1996 (pp. 119-122). Toronto, ON:
University of Toronto Press.
Ethier, C. R., & Simmons, C. A. (2007). Introductory biomechanics: From cells to organisms
[Ebrary version]. Retrieved from http://www.cambridge.org
Gu, W., & Wong, A. (2010). Estimates of human capital in Canada: The lifetime income
approach (Catalogue no. 11F0027M, no. 062). Retrieved from Statistics Canada
website http://www.statcan.gc.ca/pub /11f0027m/11f0027m2010062-eng.htm
Langowitz, N. S. (2010). Small business leadership: Does being the founder matter? Journal of
Small Business and Entrepreneurship, 23(1), 53-63. Retrieved from
http://www.jsbe.com

30. Remember
• Give credit where credit is due
• Consult OC Library APA Citation Style guide
• Consult APA Publication Manual
• If you are unable to identify a specific
example, use an example that is most like your
source
• OC Library Research Writing & Citing guide
• Ask!

31. References
American Psychological Association. (2009). Publication manual of the American Psychological Association. Washington, DC: Author.
Association of College and Research Libraries. (2009). ACRL scholarly communication 101: Starting with the basics [PowerPoint]. Retrieved
from http://www.acrl.org/ala/mgrps/divs/acrl/issues/scholcomm/docs/SC%20101%20Introduction.ppt
Barber, K , (Ed.). (2004a). cite. In The Canadian Oxford dictionary (2nd ed.). Retrieved from http://www.oupcanada.com
/reference_trade/dictionaries.html
Barber, K , (Ed.). (2004b). citation. In The Canadian Oxford dictionary (2nd ed.). Retrieved from http://www.oupcanada.com
/reference_trade/dictionaries.html
Barber, K , (Ed.). (2004c). plagiarize. In The Canadian Oxford dictionary (2nd ed.). Retrieved from http://www.oupcanada.com
/reference_trade/dictionaries.html
Defelice, B. (2009). New models of scholarship & publishing. Retrieved from http://www.acrl.ala.org/scholcomm/node/7
Mohanty , S., Orphanides, A., Rumble, J., Roberts, D., Norberg, L., Vassiliadis, K. (2009). University libraries' citing information tutorial.
Retrieved from http://www.lib.unc.edu /instruct/citations/introduction/
Okanagan College. (2010). Academic offenses. Retrieved from http://webapps1.okanagan.bc.ca/ok/calendar
/Calendar.aspx?page=AcademicOffenses
Xie, Y., & Peng, S. (2009). How to repair customer trust after negative publicity: The roles of competence, integrity, benevolence, and
forgiveness. Psychology & Marketing, 26(7), 572-589. Retrieved from http://www.wiley.com/WileyCDA/WileyTitle/productCd-
MAR.html
LJ&RJ | 10/03/2011