APA citation (6th edition) style instruction for Okanagan College Library.

1. ESLW05
Cite It Right!

2. What is APA?
APA = American Psychological Association
The Publication Manual of the American Psychological
Association is a style manual that provides guidance
and standards in:
• research ethics
• the publication process
• article format and presentation
• AND

3. Why do we cite?
“Scholarly communication is the entire
set of activities that ensure that
research and new knowledge can be
made known” (DeFelice, 2009).

4. Publication (Registration and
Creation Certification) Dissemination
Manuscript & IP Editor
Academic
Publisher Library
Peer
Reviewers
Reformulation

5. Why do we cite?
• Citations demonstrate how you developed
your argument and ideas from the ideas of
others
• Citations give credit where credit is due
• Citations give the reader of your work a path
to the sources you used, so they can
investigate those sources if interested
(Mohanty et al., 2009)

6. Why do we cite?
• If you don’t acknowledge other people’s
work, words or ideas you commit plagiarism
“Penalties for plagiarism serve both to educate students
about standards of scholarship and to deter deception and
poor scholarly practices. Penalties will reflect the
seriousness of the offence; including whether the offence
was intentional or unintentional and whether it was a first
or a repeat offence” (Okanagan College, 2010, Penalties
section, para. 1 ).
Okanagan College Academic Offenses regulations and policies

7. What do we cite?
• Direct quotes (“ “)
• Paraphrases (re-write in your own words)
• Words or terminology specific to or unique to the
author’s research, theories, or ideas
• Use of an author's argument or line of thinking (ideas)
• Historical, statistical, or scientific facts (data)
• Graphs, drawings, etc. (pictures, images)
• Articles or studies you refer to in your work (primary and
secondary research)
(Mohanty et al., 2009)

8. “Direct Quotes”
• “Repeat or copy out (a group of words from a
text or speech), typically with an indication
that one is not the original author or speaker”
(New Oxford American Dictionary, 2010).
• “Always provide the author, year, and specific
page citation or paragraph number for non-
paginated material in the text and include a
complete reference in the reference list”
(APA, 2009, 170).

9. Block Quotes
APA (2009) says:
– “If the quotation is fewer than 40 words, incorporate into
text and enclose with double quotation marks” (p. 170).
– If it appears in mid sentence, end the passage with
quotation marks, cite the source in parentheses
immediately after the quotation marks, and continue the
sentence (p. 170).
– If the quotation is 40+ words, display it in a block of text
and do not include quotation marks (p. 171).
• Block quotes begin on new lines and are indented about ½ inch
• If there is an additional paragraph within the quotation, indent the
first line an additional half inch
• Double space the entire quotation, cite the quoted source and the
page or paragraph number in parentheses after the final
punctuation mark.

10. Paraphrasing
• “Express the meaning of (a passage) in other
words; render or translate freely” (Canadian
Oxford Dictionary, 2004).
• Includes referring to an idea contained in another
work
• Must rework the idea brought forward by the
sentence, into your own words.
• Rewriting the sentence with or
without, and, the, of, but, etc., does not qualify as
paraphrasing

11. How do we cite?
Refer to APA resources to determine citation style.
Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association
6th ed., second printing
Available at all OC Library campuses; Call no. BF 76.7 .P83 2009
OC Library APA style guide webpage
• PDF and HTML versions of most common APA examples
• Links to other APA resources
Important: The APA manual is the definitive source of APA citation
information. If a resource contradicts the manual – use the manual.

12. How do we cite?
In text citations: citations given in the body of the
article, essay, paper, or assignment.
Example:
(Morgan & Hunt, 1994)
Morgan and Hunt (1994) noted that….
Reference list citations: “provides the information necessary to
identify and retrieve each source” (APA, 2009, p. 180).
Example:
Morgan, R. M., & Hunt, S. D. (1994). The commitment-trust theory of
relationship marketing. Journal of Marketing, 58, 20–38.

13. How do we cite?
From article by Xie and Peng (2009):
In marketing literature, for example, Morgan and Hunt (1994) regard trust as a
prerequisite and a central factor for successful relationship marketing. Trust has been
defined both in connotative and evaluative terms, such as “a willingness to rely on an
exchange partner in whom one has confidence” (Moorman, Zaltman, &
Deshpande, 1992, p. 315).
References
Moorman, C., Zaltman, G., & Deshpande, R. (1992). Relationships between
providers and users of market research: The dynamics of trust within and
between organizations. Journal of Marketing Research, 29, 314–328.
Morgan, R. M., & Hunt, S. D. (1994). The commitment-trust theory of relationship
marketing. Journal of Marketing, 58(3), 20–38.

14. How do we cite?
What is it?
• Journal article
• Newspaper article
• Magazine Building blocks?
• Book • Author(s)
• Edited book (i.e. • Publication date
textbook) • Title
• Report • Publication information
(title, location, format)
What format? • Other details (i.e. page
numbers, doi)
• Print
• Electronic

15. How do we cite?
Chapter in an edited book: Some APA rules to note
• Authors: “invert all authors’ names; give surnames and initials for up to
and including seven authors…” (APA, 2009, p. 184).
(Smith, R.) NOT (R. Smith)
• Chapter authors in edited book: invert the chapter authors’ names.
• Publication date: “Give in parentheses the year the work was published”
(APA, 2009, p. 185).
(2012)
• Chapter title: “Capitalize only the first word of the title and of the
subtitle…and any proper nouns” (APA, 2009, p. 185).
Tigers: Large cats
• Do not invert book editors’ names … the name of the book editor should
be preceded by the word In” (APA, 2009, p. 184). Place (Ed.) or (Eds.)
following editor(s). In R. Smith (Ed.)

16. How do we cite?
Chapter in an edited book: Some APA rules to note
• Book title: “Capitalize only the first word of the title and of the
subtitle…and any proper nouns; italicize the title” (APA, 2009, p. 185).
A book about wild animals: With a focus on North America
• Pagination: Include chapter page numbers (beginning and end).
pp. 123-167.
• Publication Information: “Give the location… where the publisher is located
as noted on the title page for books…use a colon after the location; finish the
element with a period” (APA, 2009, p. 186-187). Using city and province is
acceptable.
New York, NY: Random House.

17. How do we cite?
Chapter in an edited book: Reference List Citation
Bonson, A. (2002). Jessie Nagle and Susan Nagle. In K. Carter (Ed.),
The small details of life: Twenty diaries by women in
Canada, 1830-1996 (pp. 119-122). Toronto, ON: University
of Toronto Press.
“Place a description of content in brackets following the title *brochure+” (APA, 2009, p.
203)
Bonson, A. (2002). Jessie Nagle and Susan Nagle. In K. Carter (Ed.), The small details of
life: Twenty diaries by women in Canada, 1830-1996
[ebrary version], (pp. 119-122). Retrieved from http://www.utpress.utoronto.ca/
NOT:
Retrieved from
http://site.ebrary.com/lib/okanagan/docDetail.action?docID=10226270

18. How do we cite: In text
• In text: “References … are cited in text with an author date
citation system” (APA, 2009, p. 174).
• In text, direct quotes: “always provide the author, year, and
specific page citation or paragraph number for nonpaginated
material” (APA, 2009, p. 170).
(Bonson, 2002)
According to Bonson (2002)…
“direct quote” (Bonson, 2002, p. 120)

19. Tips
• “Online”
– But where did you find it online?
• In a database? A web page? A report on a website? An online
version of a print book? A streaming video retrieved from the
Library catalogue?
• You cannot trust the citation creator tool in databases
– Levine, D., & Oreskovic, A. (2012, Mar 13). Yahoo sues
facebook over advertising patents; lawsuit marks
escalation of litigation among major social media
companies. The Ottawa Citizen, pp. D.2. Retrieved from
http://ezproxy.okanagan.bc.ca/login?url=http://search.pro
quest.com/docview/928303169?accountid=28352

20. How do we cite?
What is it?
• Journal article
• Newspaper article
• Magazine Building blocks?
• Book • Author(s)
• Edited book (i.e. • Publication date
textbook) • Title
• Report • Publication information
(title, location, format)
What format? • Other details (i.e. page
numbers, doi)
• Print
• Electronic

21. How do we cite?
Journal article retrieved online: Some APA rules to note
• Author: “Invert all authors names; give surnames and initials
for up to and including 7 authors” (APA, 2009, p. 184).
• (Smith, M.) instead of M. Smith
• Publication date: “Give in parentheses the year the work was
published” (APA, 2009, p. 185).
• (2012)
• Article title: “Capitalize only the first word of the title and of
the subtitle, if any, and any proper nouns; do not italicize the
title or place quotation marks around it” (APA, 2009, p. 185).
• The big mountain: An adventure.
• The cold winters in Canada.

22. How do we cite?
Journal article retrieved online: Some APA rules to note
• Journal title:
 “Give the periodical title in full, in uppercase and lowercase letters. Italicize
the name of the periodical” (APA, 2009, p. 185).
The Journal of Far Away Places.
• Publication Information:
 “Give the volume number after the periodical title; italicize it
(APA, 2009, p. 186).
The Journal of Far Away Places, 8.
 “Include the journal issue number … along with the volume number if the
journal is paginated separately by issue (APA, 2009, p. 186).
8(2) or 8
 Give inclusive page numbers on the which the cited material appears”
(APA, 2009, p. 186).
208-221.

23. How do we cite?
Journal article retrieved online: Some APA rules to note
• “Provide the DOI, if one has been assigned to the content”
(APA, 2009, p. 191).
• doi:10.54/J0K6784/73Pof
• “When a DOI is used, no further retrieval information is needed to
identify or locate the content” (APA, 2009, p. 191).
• What’s a DOI?
• “If no DOI has been assigned to the content, provide the home page
URL of the journal….If you accessing the article from a private
database, you may need to do a quick web search to locate this URL”
(APA, 2009, pp. 191-2).
• Retrieved from http://wwww.oxfordjournals.com

24. How do we cite?
Journal article retrieved online: Some APA rules to note
• “In general, it is not necessary to include database information”
(APA, 2009, p. 192).
• Retrieved from Academic Search Premier.
• “Do not include retrieval dates unless the source material may change
over time” (APA, 2009, p. 192).
• Retrieved on March 16, 2012 from http://www.oxfordjournals.com

25. How do we cite?
Journal article retrieved online
Anderson, K., Durbin, E., & Salinger, M. (2008). Identity theft.
Journal of Economic Perspectives, 22(2), 171-192.
Retrieved from http://www.aeaweb.org/jep/index.php
doi:10.1257/jep.22.2.171
No doi?

26. How do we cite? In-text
Journal article retrieved online: Some APA rules to note
In text: “When a work has two authors, cite both names, every
time the reference occurs in text.
When a work has three, four, or five authors, cite all authors
the first time the reference occurs; in subsequent
citations, include only the surname of the first author followed
by et al. …. and the year if it is the first citation of the
reference within a paragraph” (APA, 2009, p. 175).

27. How do we cite?
Journal article retrieved online: Citation
Initial citation:
(Anderson, Durbin, & Salinger, 2008)
Anderson, Durbin, and Salinger (2008) found that…
“direct quote” (Anderson, Durbin, & Salinger, 2008, p. 190)
Subsequent:
(Anderson et al., 2008)
Anderson et al. (2008) found that…
“direct quote” (Anderson et al., 2008, p. 190)

28. How do we cite?
What is it?
• Journal article
• Newspaper article
• Magazine Building blocks?
• Book • Author(s)
• Edited book (i.e. • Publication date
textbook) • Title
• Report • Publication information
(title, location, format)
What format? • Other details (i.e. page
numbers, doi)
• Print
• Electronic

29. Newspaper Articles
• “Precede page numbers for newspaper
articles with p. or pp.” (APA, 2009, p. 200).
• “If an article appears on discontinuous
pages, give all page numbers, and separate
the numbers with a comma” (APA, 2009, p.
200).
– (e.g., pp. B1, B3, B5-B7)

30. Newspaper Articles cont.
• “Give the URL of the home page when the
online version of the article is available by
search to avoid nonworking URLs”
(APA, 2009, p. 201).
– Retrieved from http://www.nytimes.com
• Newspaper published online, or news site?
(New York Times online, or MSN news)

31. Building the Citation
• Author? No Author?
• Date? (Year, Month day)
• Article title
• Newspaper title
• Section or URL
• Online? Print?
– Database? Website?

32. Example:
Newspaper Article Retrieved from Database
Womack, B., & MacMillan, D. (2012, March 1).
Facebook starts mobile advertising push:
News feed feature to contain messages. The
Gazette. Retrieved from
http://www.montrealgazette.com/index.html
Facebook woos advertisers. (2012, March
1). Calgary Herald. Retrieved from
http://www.calgaryherald.com/index.html

33. How do we cite?
Reference list: Some APA rules to note
• “Double-spaced and … entries have a hanging indent”
(APA, 2009, p. 180).
• “Alphabetize by author surname” (APA, 2009, p. 181).
• “References with the same authors in the same order are
arranged by year of publication, the earliest first”(APA, 2009, p.
182).

34. How do we cite?
References
Anderson, K., Durbin, E., & Salinger, M. (2008). Identity theft. Journal of Economic
Perspectives, 22(2), 171-192. doi:10.1257 /jep.22.2.171
Bonson, A. (2002). Jessie Nagle and Susan Nagle. In K. Carter (Ed.), The small details of life:
Twenty diaries by women in Canada, 1830-1996 (pp. 119-122). Toronto, ON:
University of Toronto Press.
Ethier, C. R., & Simmons, C. A. (2007). Introductory biomechanics: From cells to organisms
[Ebrary version]. Retrieved from http://www.cambridge.org
Gu, W., & Wong, A. (2010). Estimates of human capital in Canada: The lifetime income
approach (Catalogue no. 11F0027M, no. 062). Retrieved from Statistics Canada
website http://www.statcan.gc.ca/pub /11f0027m/11f0027m2010062-eng.htm
Langowitz, N. S. (2010). Small business leadership: Does being the founder matter? Journal of
Small Business and Entrepreneurship, 23(1), 53-63. Retrieved from
http://www.jsbe.com

35. How do we cite?
But … what if there’s a missing building block?
• No author?
• No date?

36. Example

37. How do we cite?
No author / no date: Some APA rules to note
• “In a reference to a work with no author move the
title to the author position, before the date of
publication … A period follows the
title.”(APA, 2009, p. 184).
About Okanagan College.
• “If no date is available, write n.d. in
parentheses.”(APA, 2009, p. 185).
(n.d.).
• Follow rules appropriate to resource type.

38. How do we cite?
Web page: Some APA rules to note
• Non periodical title: “Capitalize only the first word of the title and of the
subtitle, if any, and any proper nouns; italicize the title (APA, 2009, p. 185).
• Title: “Articles found on the web … are not italicized in the reference entry
… just like a newspaper or magazine article. Reports found on the web
would be italicized in the reference list,” (“How do you reference,” n.d.).
About Okanagan College. (n.d.).

39. How do we cite?
Web page: Some APA rules to note
• Provide direct URL (see example in “How do you reference” (n.d.).
• “Do no include retrieval dates unless the source material may change over
time (e.g., Wikis)” (APA, 2009, p. 192).
About Okanagan College. (n.d.). Retrieved from
http://www.okanagan.bc.ca/about.html

40. How do we cite?
In text
• In text: “References … are cited in text with an author date citation
system” (APA, 2009, p. 174).
• “When a work has no identified author, cite in text the first few words
of the reference list entry (usually the title) and the year. Use double
quotation marks around the title of an article, a chapter, or a web page
and italicize the title of a periodical, a book, a brochure, or a report”
(APA, 2009, p. 176).
(“About Okanagan,” n.d.)
“About Okanagan” (n.d.)

41. How do we cite?
In text
• Direct quotes: “always provide the author, year, and specific page citation
or paragraph number for nonpaginated material” (APA, 2009, p. 170).
• “Many electronic sources do not provide page numbers. If paragraph
numbers are visible, use them… Use the abbreviation para.” (APA, 2009, p.
172).
• “If the document includes headings and neither paragraph nor page
numbers are visible, cite the heading and the number of the paragraph
following it to direct the reader to the location of the quoted material”
(APA, 2009, p. 172).
• “In some cases … headings may be too unwieldy to cite in full. Instead, use
a short title enclosed in quotation marks for the parenthetical citation”
(APA, 2009, p. 172).
• For more direction, visit APAstyle.org’s FAQ on citing website material.

42. How do we cite?
In text
“direct quote” (“About Okanagan,” n.d., “History of,” para. 2).

43. Other Examples
• Report online:
– PDF from company website
– Government report
• YouTube Video
• Blog, Wiki, Forum
• More!

44. How do we cite?
How do I cite a blog post?

45. Example

46. How do we cite?
Blog post: Some APA rules to note
• See example in APA, 2009, p. 215
• For more direction, visit APAstyle.org’s blogpost on how to site items
found on websites.

47. How do we cite?
Blog post
Reference list citation:
Lee, C. (2010, November 18). How to cite something you found on a website in
APA style [Web log post]. Retrieved from http://blog.apastyle.org
/apastyle/2010/11 /how-to-cite-something-you-found-on-a-website-in-
apa-style.html
In text citation:
(Lee, 2010)
According to Lee (2010) …

48. How do we cite?
How do I cite streaming video?

49. Example

50. How do we cite?
Video blog post: Some APA rules to note
• See example in APA, 2009, p. 215
• For more direction, visit APAstyle.org’s blogpost on how to site items
found on websites.

51. How do we cite?
Video blog post
Reference list citation:
PsycINFO. (2009, November 23). How to find DOIs in APA PsycINFO
[Video file]. Retrieved from
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=D9Afmknkzeo
In text citation:
(PsycINFO, 2009).
According PsycINFO (2009) …

52. How do we cite?
How do I cite a source I found in another source?

53. Example

54. How do we cite?
Secondary source: Some APA rules to note
• “Use secondary sources sparingly, for instance, when the original
work is out of print, unavailable through usual sources, or not available
in English. Give the secondary source in the reference list; in text, name
the original work and give a citation for the secondary source”
(APA, 2009, p. 178 ).
• For more direction, visit APAstyle.org’s blogpost on secondary
sources.
Secondary source = McCallum (2007)
Original source = Whyte (1930)

55. How do we cite?
Secondary source
Reference list citation:
McCallum, T. (2007). Vancouver through the eyes of a hobo:
Experience, identity, and value in the writing of Canada's depression-
era tramps. Labour/Le Travail, 59, 43-68. Retrieved from
http://www.cclh.ca/llt/index.php
In text citation:
Whyte’s letter reveals the desperate conditions of Vancouver in the 1930s
(as cited in McCallum, 2007).

56. How do we cite?
What do I do with a citation in a quotation?

57. How do we cite?
Citations within quotations: Some APA rules to note
• “Do not omit citations embedded within the original material you are
quoting. The works cited need not be included in the list of references
(unless you happen to cite them as primary sources elsewhere in your
paper” (APA, 2009, p. 173 ).

58. How do we cite?
Citations within quotations
Reference list citation:
McCallum, T. (2007). Vancouver through the eyes of a hobo:
Experience, identity, and value in the writing of Canada's depression-
era tramps. Labour/Le Travail, 59, 43-68. Retrieved from
http://www.cclh.ca/llt/index.php
In text citation:
“Parr (1995) captures the antihumanist sentiments that inform this
critique” (McCallum, 2007, p. 46).

59. How do we cite?
How do I cite an interview/conversation?

60. How do we cite?
Personal communication: Some APA rules to note
• Personal communications
• Private letters
• Memos
• Email messages
• Personal interviews
• Telephone conversations, etc. (APA, 2009, p. 179)

61. How do we cite?
Personal communication: Some APA rules to note
• “because they do not provide recoverable data, personal
communications are not included in the reference list. Cite
personal communications in text only. Give the initials as well as
the surname of the communicator, and provide as exact a date as
possible” (APA, 2009, p. 179).
• “Some forms of personal communication are recoverable, and
these should be referenced as archival materials” (APA, 2009, p.
179). Examples include items from an
archive, repository, transcript of a recorded interview, photograph.

62. How do we cite?
Personal communication
In text citation:
(L. Jantzi, personal communication, October 19, 2011).
According to L. Jantzi (personal communication, October 19, 2011) …
Reference list citation: N/A

63. How do we cite?
References
About Okanagan College. (n.d.) Retrieved from http://www.okanagan.bc.ca/about.html
Lee, C. (2010, November 18). How to cite something you found on a website in APA style [Web
log post]. Retrieved from http://blog.apastyle.org/apastyle/2010/11 /how-to-cite-
something-you-found-on-a-website-in-apa-style.html
McCallum, T. (2007). Vancouver through the eyes of a hobo: Experience, identity, and value in
the writing of Canada's depression-era tramps. Labour/Le Travail, 59, 43-68.
Retrieved from http://www.cclh.ca/llt/index.php
PsycINFO. (2009, November 23). How to find DOIs in APA PsycINFO [Video file]. Retrieved from
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=D9Afmknkzeo

64. Remember
• Give credit where credit is due
• Consult OC Library APA Citation Style guide
• Consult APA Publication Manual
• If you are unable to identify a specific
example, use an example that is most like your
source
• OC Library Research Writing & Citing guide

65. HELP!
http://www.okanagan.bc.ca/library
• Library reference desk
• AskAway: Online chat help
• Email or contact a librarian

66. References
American Psychological Association. (2009). Publication manual of the American Psychological
Association. Washington, DC: Author.
Association of College and Research Libraries. (2009). ACRL scholarly communication 101: Starting with
the basics [PowerPoint]. Retrieved from
http://www.acrl.org/ala/mgrps/divs/acrl/issues/scholcomm/docs/SC%20101%20Introduction.ppt
Barber, K. (2004). Paraphrase. In The Canadian Oxford dictionary. Retrieved
from http://www.oxfordreference.com/views/ENTRY.html?subview=Main&entry=t150.e50567
Mohanty , S., Orphanides, A., Rumble, J., Roberts, D., Norberg, L., Vassiliadis, K. (2009). University
libraries' citing information tutorial. Retrieved from http://www.lib.unc.edu
/instruct/citations/introduction/
Okanagan College. (2010). Academic offenses. Retrieved from
http://webapps1.okanagan.bc.ca/ok/calendar /Calendar.aspx?page=AcademicOffenses
Quote. (2010). In A. Stevenson & C. A. Lindberg (Eds.), New Oxford American dictionary. Retrieved from
http://www.oxfordreference.com/views/ENTRY.html?subview=Main&entry=t183.e1282573