This experiment will correct the five false premises made by early scientists who evaluated Faraday's Electric Magnetic Rotation Apparatus (motor) False premises made by early scientists who evaluated Faraday's Electric Magnetic Rotation Apparatus (motor) – which still exist today 197 years later. False premise # 1) Electrical energy can be transformed into mechanical energy. True statement: Electrical energy can not be transformed into mechanical energy in electric motors, it can only be converted to heat energy and dissipated as heat energy due to the resistance of the wire used. Electric motors do not rotate due to heat dissipation. False premise # 2) Electrical energy is required to create the magnetic field around a current bearing wire. True statement: Electrical energy is not required to create the magnetic field around a current bearing wire. The magnitude of current flow in a current bearing wire is dictated by the Electromotive Force (voltage) applied across the wire and the DC resistance of the circuit according to the equation I = E/R. Some electrical energy is converted to heat (loss) due to the current bearing wire's DC resistance but there is no energy consumption related to the production of the magnetic field which is created for free. False premise # 3) Electric motors convert electrical energy to heat energy and mechanical energy. True statement: Electric motors do convert electrical energy to heat energy but they do not convert electrical energy to mechanical energy. The equation, P = I^R dictates mathematically how much electrical energy is converted to heat energy in the motor's current bearing wire. 100% of the energy consumed in the motor is due to heat conversion. 0% remains mathematically to produce any mechanical conversion. False premise # 4) Electric motors operate at less than 100% efficiency in their conversion of electrical energy to mechanical energy. True statement: Electric motors operate at 100% efficiency in their conversion of electrical energy to heat energy. The mechanical energy which is produced by an electric motor is provided by the magnetic field energy which is created around the current bearing wire with zero energy cost consumption and at infinite efficiency. All electric motors operate at infinite efficiency in their production of mechanical energy / magnetic rotation and 100% efficiency in their conversion of electrical energy to heat energy. False premise # 5) Energy cannot be created but can only be converted from one form to another. True statement: The magnetic fields that are created around a current bearing wire are a form of energy – which is created because they perform work and change the kinetic energy of the current bearing wire according to the Work Energy Principle. Energy (magnetic field energy) can and is being created around every current bearing wire. Energy can be created.

1. Thane C. Heins Faraday Motor Correction Experiment
Michael Faraday's Electric Magnetic Rotation Apparatus (motor)
February 20, 2019
In 1822 Michael Faraday used a mercury bath in order to investigate the interaction between
electromagnetically created magnetic fields which are produced around a current bearing wire and
those of a permanent magnet.
The early (and incorrect) assumption of 1822 was that electrical energy was being transformed into
mechanical energy.
This incorrect assumption still exists today - 197 years later...
“The first surviving Faraday apparatus, dating from 1822, which demonstrates his work in magnetic rotation.
Faraday used this mercury bath to transform electrical energy into mechanical energy,
creating the first electric motor.”
http://www.rigb.org/our-history/iconic-objects/iconic-objects-list/faradays-motor
This experiment will correct the five false premises made by early scientists
who evaluated Faraday's Electric Magnetic Rotation Apparatus (motor)

2. False premises made by early scientists who evaluated Faraday's Electric Magnetic Rotation
Apparatus (motor) – which still exist today 197 years later.
False premise # 1) Electrical energy can be transformed into mechanical energy.
True statement: Electrical energy can not be transformed into mechanical energy in electric motors, it can only
be converted to heat energy and dissipated as heat energy due to the resistance of the wire used. Electric
motors do not rotate due to heat dissipation.
False premise # 2) Electrical energy is required to create the magnetic field around a current bearing
wire.
True statement: Electrical energy is not required to create the magnetic field around a current bearing wire.
The magnitude of current flow in a current bearing wire is dictated by the Electromotive Force (voltage) applied
across the wire and the DC resistance of the circuit according to the equation I = E/R.
Some electrical energy is converted to heat (loss) due to the current bearing wire's DC resistance but there is no
energy consumption related to the production of the magnetic field which is created for free.
False premise # 3) Electric motors convert electrical energy to heat energy and mechanical energy.
True statement: Electric motors do convert electrical energy to heat energy but they do not convert electrical
energy to mechanical energy.
The equation, P = I^R dictates mathematically how much electrical energy is converted to heat energy in the
motor's current bearing wire.
100% of the energy consumed in the motor is due to heat conversion.
0% remains mathematically to produce any mechanical conversion.
False premise # 4) Electric motors operate at less than 100% efficiency in their conversion of electrical
energy to mechanical energy.
True statement: Electric motors operate at 100% efficiency in their conversion of electrical energy to heat energy.
The mechanical energy which is produced by an electric motor is provided by the magnetic field energy which is
created around the current bearing wire with zero energy cost consumption and at infinite efficiency.
All electric motors operate at infinite efficiency in their production of mechanical energy / magnetic rotation and
100% efficiency in their conversion of electrical energy to heat energy.
False premise # 5) Energy cannot be created but can only be converted from one form to another.
True statement: The magnetic fields that are created around a current bearing wire are a form of energy – which
is created because they perform work and change the kinetic energy of the current bearing wire according to the
Work Energy Principle.
Energy (magnetic field energy) can and is being created around every current bearing wire.
Energy can be created.
The magnetic field energy which is created around the current bearing wires in an electric generator is the
source of energy (which is created) which is responsible for the generator's on load Counter Electromagnetic
Torque / Generator Armature Reaction which performs work on the prime mover, reducing its kinetic energy and
it has absolutely nothing to do with Newton's Third Law or the theory of Conservation of Energy which is based
on a faulty application of Newtonian Mechanics in Electromechanics.

3. The Hypothesis Premises of this Correction Experiment is that:
1) Electrical energy can not be transformed into mechanical energy (in Michael Faraday's motor or any motor for
that matter).
2) Electrical energy can only be converted into heat energy due to the Joule Heating of the wire according to the
wire's electrical resistance and the equation P = I^2 R.
3) The magnetic rotation (change in kinetic energy) of the wire is being performed by the magnetic field energy
which is created around the current bearing wire.
4) The magnetic field energy created around the current bearing wire is the source of energy which performs the
work on the wire changing its kinetic energy and making it rotate.
5) The magnetic rotation of the wire is performed with zero electrical energy cost to the energy applied across
the wire and is performed at infinite efficiency (I.e with no diminishment of the energy applied across the wire).
6) The electrical energy only performs work on the wire causing the wire to convert some electrical energy as
heat and to dissipate heat energy.
7) The electrical energy transformed to heat will be identical with or without the magnet in place and will be
identical with or without wire rotation.
8) Magnetic fields are a form of energy which is created because they perform work at infinite efficiency.
Background History
Self-taught British scientist Michael Faraday (1791 – 1867) was the first to understand what these discoveries
implied. If a magnetic pole could be isolated, it ought to move constantly in a circle around a current-carrying
wire.
In 1821 Faraday set about trying to understand the work of Ørsted and Ampère, devising his own experiment
using a small mercury bath. This device, which transformed electrical energy into mechanical energy, was the
first electric motor.
This apparatus is the only original surviving example made by Faraday the following year after his discovery in
1822.
The motor features a stiff wire which hangs down into a glass vessel which has a bar magnet secured at the
bottom. The glass vessel would then be part filled with mercury (a metal that is liquid at room temperature and
an excellent conductor). Faraday connected his apparatus to a battery, which sent electricity through the wire
creating a magnetic field around it. This field interacted with the field around the magnet and caused the wire to
rotate clockwise.
This discovery led Faraday to contemplate the nature of electricity. Unlike his contemporaries, he was not
convinced that electricity was a material fluid that flowed through wires like water through a pipe. Instead, he
thought of it as a vibration or force that was somehow transmitted as the result of tensions created in the
conductor.

4. Experiment Components
1. One battery.
2. One glass container with mercury pool.
3. One permanent magnet
4. One knife switch.
5. Four connecting wires.
6. One stiff copper suspension wire.
7. One voltmeter.
8. One ammeter
9. One digital laser temperature probe.
Experiment Process
1. Assemble the components as shown in Diagram 1 BUT omit the battery and the magnet.
2. Close the knife switch and measure the DC resistance of the circuit.
3. Open the knife switch and connect the battery.
4. Close the knife switch and run current through the circuit.
5. Measure the voltage applied and the current.
6. Measure and record the heat dissipated in the wire and the mercury bath with the laser
temperature probe.
7. Employ the equation P = I^R and P = VI to confirm that the measured heat dissipation in the
circuit and the calculated amount are congruent.
8. Note if the suspended wire is stationary or moving.
9. Open the knife switch.

5. 10. Place the magnet in the mercury bath.
11. Repeat steps 4, 5, 6, 7, 8.
Empirically confirm the true statement:
1. The power dissipated in the circuit as heat is lower with the no magnet in place i.e. with no
mechanical rotation of the wire.
2. The power dissipated in the circuit as heat is higher with the magnet in place i.e. with
mechanical rotation of the wire.
3. The power dissipated in the circuit as heat is identical with or without the magnet in place and
with or without mechanical rotation of the wire.
Conclusions - why number 3 is the correct observed result.
The power dissipated in Michael Faraday's electric motor circuit is due to the DC resistance of the connecting
wires and the mercury bath and not due to mechanical rotation of the wire.
The power dissipated in the circuit is identical when there is magnetic rotation of the suspended wire and when
there is not.
Therefore:
Michael Faraday's first electric motor does not transform electrical energy to mechanical energy and is basically
just an induction heater.
Mechanical energy is produced at no cost by the magnetic field energy which is created without cost around the
suspended current bearing wire.
Mechanical energy is produced and work is performed at infinite efficiency.
Michael Faraday proved in 1822 that:
• Energy (magnetic field energy) can be created and it can perform work at zero cost,
• Faraday's first electric motor operated at infinite efficiency as a motor and simultaneously as a space
heater.
• All electric motors operate according to the same principle demonstrated by Michael Faraday and at
infinite efficiency.
aday apparatus, dating from 1822, which demonstrates his work in magnetic rotation. Faraday used this
Thane C. Heins
Thane C. Heins
President and CEO, Potential +/- Difference Inc.
Email 1: thaneh@potentialdifference.ca
Cell: 613.898.1131
Potential +/- Difference Electric Vehicle Regenerative Acceleration Technology
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mercury bath to transform electrical energy into mechanical energy, creating the first electric motor.