This was presented in the Conference "Water Security and Climate: Challenges and Opportunities in Asia" - 29 November - 01 December, 2016 in Asian Institute of Technology, Bangkok

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WATER SECURITY ISSUES AFTER THE MEGA
EARTHQUAKES OF 2015: SCARCITY OF SAFE
DRINKING WATER IN THE RURAL COMMUNITIES
OF NEPAL
Pabitra Gurung and Cecial Adhikari
WATER SECURITY AND CLIMATE CHANGE:
CHALLENGES AND OPPORTUNITIES IN ASIA
Asian Institute of Technology, Bangkok, Thailand
29 November - 01 December 2016

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OUTLINES OF THE PRESENTATION
• Introduction
• Challenges of Re-construction in Working Districts
• Data for the Vulnerable Ranking
• Methods
• Results and Discussion
• Conclusions

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General:
• More than 8000 people were died and more than 22,000 people were injured
• More than 600,000 houses were destroyed and more than 300,000 houses were
damaged
• 14 districts were severally affected earthquake
• Disconnected from basic services: Safe Drinking Water and Sanitation
Impact of Earthquake on the Drinking Water and Sanitation:
• Water schemes: Total 11,288 (Complete destroyed 1,570 & Partial destroyed
3,663)
• Nearly 2.2 million Household latrines were totally destroyed
• Lack of water and destroyed latrines: Affected to hygiene practices
• Affected on water availability: Reduced water yield, Lost of sources,
Contamination due to damaged of infrastructure and landslides
INTRODUCTION

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CHALLENGES IN WORKING DISTRICTS
Challenges of Reconstruction and Study Area (Working Districts):
• Prioritization of working
area and Village
Development
Committees (VDCs)
• Prioritization of
vulnerable communities
4 Working Districts:
• Dhading: 47 VDCs
• Gorkha: 62 VDCs
• Nuwakot: 62 VDCs
• Rasuwa: 18 VDCs

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DATA FOR THE VULNERABLE RANKING
Three Major Community Level Parameters and Indicators:
1) Number of households without safe drinking water after the earthquakes
2) Number of households without improved sanitation after the earthquakes
3) Disadvantage Group (DAG) Ranking of the VDCs

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DATA FOR THE VULNERABLE RANKING
Three Major Community Level Parameters and Indicators:
1) Number of households without safe drinking water after the earthquakes

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DATA FOR THE VULNERABLE RANKING
Three Major Community Level Parameters and Indicators:
2) Number of households without improved sanitation after the earthquakes

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DATA FOR THE VULNERABLE RANKING
Three Major Community Level Parameters and Indicators:
3) Disadvantage Group (DAG) Ranking of the VDCs
METHODS: Weightage
A. Disadvantage Group (DAG) Ranking
I (Very Low Concentration of DAG) 5%
II (Low Concentration of DAG) 7%
3A (Medium Concentration of DAG) 25%
3B (High Concentration of DAG) 28%
IV (Very High Concentration of DAG) 35%
B. Status of Water and Sanitation System
Percentage of Households without safe water
after earthquake 60%
Percentage of Households without improved
sanitation after earthquake 5%
Weightage of DAG Ranking in Percentage 35%

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METHODS

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RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Vulnerable Ranking Map of All the VDCs in Working Districts:
Percentage of HHs without Safe Drinking Water and Improved Sanitation Services after Earthquakes

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RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Vulnerable Ranking Map of All the VDCs in Working Districts:
Final Vulnerable Rank Maps of Intra-Districts and Inter-Districts Comparison of the VDCs

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RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Vulnerable Rank Status Analysis of the Working VDCs (Correlation with Overall V-Rank):
Percentage of HHs without Safe Water, Improved Sanitation, and
DAG Ranking
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90%100%
HouseholdswithoutSafeWater
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90%100%
HouseholdswithoutImprovedSanitation
Overall Vulnerable Rank
5%
10%
15%
20%
25%
30%
35%
40%
45%
50%
20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90%100%
WeightageofDAGRank
All the VDCs of Study Districts
Working VDCs in Study Districts
Affect of the Earthquake
in:
All of
VDCs
Working
VDCs
Damaged/Destroyed
Houses (percentage of
total houses)
83% 92%
Human Casualties
(percentage of total
population)
0.23% 0.16%
Households without
improved water after
earthquake
61% 65%
Households without
improved sanitation after
earthquake
76% 71%
DAG Ranking in
Percentage
25% 25%
Overall Vulnerable Rank 63% 64%

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• The technique was based on the damage of Water and Sanitation
infrastructures, people excess to basic services, and socio-economic
status within the VDCs and Districts
• Small exercise, but very useful technique to make the important
decision to categorize vulnerable communities
• The technique was found socially and scientifically justifiable among
the stakeholders and donor
• Considering community level parameter and indicators in the
technique is a strength of decision making to select the working VDCs
• The technique was applied to reach out the re-construction activities
to the relatively higher vulnerable communities/VDCs
CONCLUSIONS

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THANK YOU