SlideShare une entreprise Scribd logo
1  sur  7
Télécharger pour lire hors ligne
Pabitrajyoti Mondal
Ph.D. Research Scholar, Department of Geography, University of Burdwan, WB
Introduction
Swachh Bharat Mission is not the first cleanliness program in
India. Central Government has been supplementing the
efforts of the State Governments for promoting sanitation
through Rural Sanitation Program (1986 to 1999), Total
Sanitation Campaign (1999 to 2012), Nirmal BharatAbhiyan
(2012 to 2014) and Swachh BharatAbhiyan (2014 onwards).
Total Sanitation Campaign renamed as Nirmal Bharat
Abhiyan (NBA). On the other hand NBA restructured as
Swachh Bharat Abhiyan (SBA). It has two sub-missions.
These are SBA(Rural) and SBA(Urban).The funding pattern
between the Central Government and the State Government
is 75:25. Finances for this mission will be arranged through
BudgetaryAllocations, commitments under Corporate Social
Responsibility (CSR). Government decides to impose a
Swachh Bharat Cess (SBC) at the rate of 0.5% on all services
presently liable to service tax, with effect from 15 November
2015. Panchayati Raj Institution can play a very important
role in creating awareness and imparting hygiene education
among the local villagers. SocialAudit must be important for
the success of Gramin Swachh Bharat Mission. Target of
cleanliness cannot be achieved by Government functionaries
alone; hence social, religious and cultural organizations
should also be roped in wherever possible. The word
'cleanliness' concerns many aspects not only related to
sanitations but also includes drinking water, water for
cooking, bathing, washing and other domestic
uses.Household infrastructure is an important part of social
infrastructure, defined as the set of major structural elements
of any dwellers' house that provide a framework supporting
an entire structure of homestead. The broad indicators of
household infrastructure include ─ nature and structure of
house, number of living rooms and existence of separate
kitchen, bathroom, latrine, tube well, electrification,
television, mobile phones and domestic vehicles. Water used
for different kinds of domestic purpose is defined as domestic
water. It is very important for drinking, cooking, bathing,
washing, cleaning and different kinds of health hygiene.
There are several sources of domestic water. These are ─
water plant, deep tube well, shallow tube well, pond, roadside
Article Info Abstract
______________________ _________________________________________________________
Article History
Revised Form
Online
23 September 2017
Key Words
Received on:
Accepted in on:
Available on and from:
____________________________
Household Infrastructure
Domestic Water
Health and Hygiene
SBM
SBA
SBC
___________________
casestudyofSankchura-BagundiGP,North24Parganas, WestBengal.
© 2017 ISSS. All Rights Reserved
__________________________________________________________________
07 May 2017
17 August 2017
Adequate drinking water, sanitation, and hygiene are essential for ensuring human health. The
sanitation problem requires urgent attention. Hygiene poses another health challenge. Safe
drinking water and sanitation in the absence of hygienic behavior will not prevent feco-oral
infections. Many households have no other option than to store water before use. Even if the
original source of the water is safe, the water is frequently contaminated by unhygienic conditions
and practices in the home. Basically, poor sanitation and inadequate water supply play a role in
keeping countries poor. The burden of water-related diseases curtails efforts to improve public
health. Exposure to unsafe drinking water, poor sanitation and inadequate hygiene have a
significant impact on stunting. This comes about as a result of intestinal worm infections, diarrheal
diseases and environmental enteropathy which lead to a poor nutritional status. Through a push for
more funding allocation and better policy design, tangible health benefits could be realized and
improvements will be made in the lives of the people. All these have been addressed in the current
articlethrougha
Household Infrastructure, Domestic Water, Health and Hygiene in the light of SBM: A Case Study of
Sankchura-Bagundi GP, North 24 Parganas, West Bengal
Indian Journal of Spatial Science
EISSN: 2249 - 4316 ISSN: 2249 - 3921homepage: www.indiansss.org
www.h-net.org/.....ID=201577 108 Advanced Science Index...ID=1260
Indian Journal of Spatial Science Vol - 8.0 No. 2 Autumn Issue 2017 pp. 108 - 114
tap water, river and canals. Consequently, there are some
areas of deep interrelationships among these triumvirates,
namely population, household infrastructure and sources of
domestic water in the perspective of sustainable development
andgoodqualityoflife.
Themainobjectivesare─
1. toexaminethenaturalsetup,socialstructure
,2. to find the nature of household infrastructure, and
awareness of the villagers about domestic use of
waterandhealthhygiene,
Usually in Indian villages the Household Infrastructure is not
so good in everywhere and the supply of water for domestic
purpose is not sufficient in comparison to optimum demand.
Therefore, as a Null Hypothesis (H ) it is taken that the
Household Infrastructure and the supply of Domestic Water
in the study area is sufficient and the villagers are satisfied
withtheexistingHouseholdInfrastructureandwatersupply.
The study has been based on household survey with a
stratified random sampling design using a Structured
Questionnaire. In addition Direct Observation, Group
Discussion and Taking Photographs are supporting tools for
primary data collection. Secondary data as of information are
obtained from the Local Panchayat and the Census
Organization of India. Instead of Door To Door Survey for
primary data collection Dakshin Bagundi P.L. High School
students from class VIII to X are chosen to examine the
reliability of the objectives as mentioned above. They are the
children of the village and are scattered in different parts of
the study area. Therefore, if they each brought their own
household information through specific questionnaire, the
situation of the whole village will be found at a glance. On the
other hand, the methodology is very effective to save time and
money. Thus, for data storage, 222 families (which are 5%
households of the entire village) are chosen.After collecting
the data, appropriate tabulation, proper inventories of
scientific and cartographic expressions and different
techniques of interpretation and analysis of the data have been
done with the help of SPSS 10.1, QGIS 2.12, MS Excel and
MS Word. Z-score, Rank-correlation, Bivariate and
Multivariate Analysis etc. are the statistical approaches to
establishtheresearchhypothesisandsatisfytheobjectives.
Sankchura-Bagundi Gram Panchayat (GP) is situated at the
eastern edge of Basirhat-I block in the district of North
24parganas of West Bengal and lies at the west bank of the
Ichhamati River. The GP extends from 22°28′17″ North to
22°50′13″ North of latitude and from 88°46′57″ East to
89°00′07″ East of longitude. It is a borderline village with
covering an area of 15.07 sq. km. Here, the river Ichhamati
itself makes the borderline between India and Bangladesh.
Longish towards north-south Sankchura-Bagundi GP is
bounded by Basirhat Municipality and Itinda-Panitar GP in
the north; Taki Municipality in the south; Nimdaria-Kodalia
(Patilachandra) GP in the west and Ichhamati with Shreepur
of Bangladesh in the east. Sankchura-Bagundi Gram
Panchayat has 13 Gram Sansads (GS) among 8 Census
Villages(Fig.1).
Physiographically, Sankchura-Bagundi Gram Panchayat is a
part of the Active Ganga Delta. Most of the Gram Sansads
(GS) of the GP are under the flood plains of Icchamati River.
Average land slope of the GP is less than 5 meters per
kilometer and the dip of the slop is towards eastward. Here,
Icchamati River is tidal in nature. Soils of the area are mostly
new alluvium and sandy loam, which are very fertile for
agriculture.Therefore, most of the cultivated lands of the area
are multi-cropped. Paddy, jute, oil seeds and vegetables are
major crops in this region. Here, the water table is 0.6 to 8.9
m. bellow the ground surface. Earth for brick making purpose
is readily available along the Ichhamati River banks. The
mean annual maximum and minimum temperature of the GP
are 40°C and 10°C respectively. The mean annual rainfall is
1759 mm.According to the land use survey (2013) conducted
with the help of D.B.P.L. High School it was known that 68%
of the total land area is under agriculture, 9% area is under wet
land, 2% area is under brick field, 4.5% area is under fallow
land, 15.5% of the land area is under residential purpose along
with household garden and the rest of the land is used as
commonplacesofthevillagers.
The study area, Sankchura-Bagundi GP, was belonging to
or , an island of twelve islands of ancient
. In 1857 AD, it was found that a road
had been passing through Soladana from Nadia to Taki via
Baduria and Basirhat. The study area was the pastureland of
freedom fighters of BangladeshWar (1971). Before the Naval
Battle of Dhumghat (1609-10) between the Moghul Army
and Pratapaditya, the entire area was belonging to the
Kingdom of Pratapaditya.At that time, the innocent villagers
of this region was outraged by the military of Moghul under
the command of Mirza Nathan as a marshal. From the past,
Ichhamati River had a great importance and it was the lifeline
of the region.According to Bengali Dictionary, ' means
and means Therefore,
Until 1926, the two costly items could be found in
this river, so it was named after. Pearl oysters could be found
from the river. There was a large business center of oyster
lime at Sankchura. The name of the village derives from two
Bengali words, i.e. ' and ' , which are meaning
and . During the British period, salt
factory was found at Soladana. Sankchura was an important
railway station of Martin Railway (1909-55), through which
Dandirhat, Basirhat, Dhanyakuriya, Deganga, Baguihati, and
Shyambazar via Patipukur with the communication system
was developed in the region. In 1962, Barasat-Basirhat
railway line was extended to Hasnabad. The village was
flourished under the landlordship of the Ghosh Family.
Sankchura-BagundiGPwas foundedbytheirkeeninterest.
According to the Census 2011, there are about 4,522 families
in Sankchura-Bagundi GP with a total population of 20,647,
of which 51.5% male and 48.5% female. The average density
of population is 1,376 persons / km and the crude sex ratio is
941/ '000males (Fig.2). The proportion of child population
(<5years) is 12.2% with a sex ratio of 925/'000boys. The
proportion of SC and ST are respectively 12.2% and 0.5%.
About 62% of total population is literate while only 38% of
Objectives
Hypothesis
Methodology
StudyArea
Historical Background
Social Conditions
0
Kushdweep Kushdah
Nawadweep Kingdoms
Ichha'
'Lobster' 'Moti' 'Pearl'. Ichha + Moti =
Ichhamoti.
Sankha' Churna'
'Conch Shell' 'Powdered'
www.h-net.org/.....ID=201577 109 Advanced Science Index...ID=1260
Indian Journal of Spatial Science Vol - 8.0 No. 2 Autumn Issue 2017 pp. 108 - 114
the females are literate. The working population comprise
36.9% of which about 87% main workers (male : female =
4:1) and the remaining marginal workers. Among the main
workers 639 are cultivators, 849 are agricultural laborers, 350
are engaged in cottage industries such as, bamboo works, clay
works, woven meshes, etc. and 4,794 are other workers
(Fig.3).
According to Sample Survey 2016 done on 222 households,
the total population is 1,157, of which 46.2% is male and
53.8% female.About 55% of total population is youthful (18-
60 years), which is about eight times the number of child (0-6
years) and old (60+ years) population, and almost one-and-a-
half times the teenage (6-18 years) population.About 20% of
the population belong to General Caste, 62% to OBC, 16%
SC and only 2% to ST category (Fig.4). About 60% of the
total population is Muslim and 40% is Hindu by religion
(Fig.4). Sex ratio of Muslim population is more than the
Hindu population. BPL listed is almost twice the population
of APL. About 89% are literate. Of these, 34% are educated
up to primary level, 47% up to secondary level and only 5%
up to higher secondary level signifying a huge number of
dropouts. Out of 1,157 people surveyed, only eight males and
one female received post-graduate education (Fig.5). The
villagers are employed in a variety of occupations like
farmers, traders, common labourers, construction workers,
brick kilns workers, daily wagers, transport worker,
fishermen, basket makers, bidi workers, priests, road
builders, tailors, color mechanics, bicycle repairers, barbers,
fellers, private tutors, etc (Fig.5). It is found that the sex ratios,
literacy, and worker percent changed during 1991 2016
period.
Household Infrastructure is an essential part of social
infrastructure. It includes nature and structure of houses,
number of living rooms, existence of separate kitchen,
bathroom and latrine, presence of tube well, electrification,
television, mobile phones and domestic vehicles are the
major components of household infrastructure. Any
residential house has three major structural components
floor, walls and roof. About 52% houses of the village floors
are made of concretes, 32% are of earth materials, 11% are of
unfolding bricks and the rest of 5% are made by either
marbles or mosaics.At 38% houses have walls made of bricks
with cements, 34% are of bricks with plasters, 21% of bricks
with muds, 4% of earth materials and the rest of 3% of either
wickers or macadam. About 56% houses have concrete roof,
34% tiles, 9% tins and the remaining of eiher polythene or jute
twigs (Fig. 6 - 8). At 26% houses have only one bedroom,
46% two bedrooms, 14% three bedrooms, 11% four
bedrooms and the remaining more bedrooms. However,
about 75% of the households have a separate kitchen. About
72% of households use wood, dry leaves, jute twigs and cow
dung stick as domestic fuel that often causes health hazards
among the female members (Fig.9). Currently, the
Government of India has launched a free gas connection
project, named "Pradhan Mantri Ujjwala Yojana (PMUY)"
that is likely to bring some changes in future. About 80%
householdshaveasizeof4-7members.
Sanitation facility is satisfactory as 96% have toilet facilities
(66% sanitary toilet and 34% kachha toilet). However, many
families have expensive mobile phones, refrigerator,
motorcycle and TV at home Almost every household in the
village have electricity and mobile phones and more than half
of households have televisions. The village is quite far from
the nearest railway station and the market; hence about 73%
of households bicycle, 18% bike or motorcycle, and the
remainingusepaddlerickshaws,motorvans,autorickshaws.
About 86% of households have personal tube wells but the
remaining depend on public deep tube wells and roadside
water taps. The daily consumption depends on the social
status of a particular family that creates specific demands.
(Fig.10)
1. About 48% households use deep tube wells, 42%
from shallow tube wells, 4% roadside water taps as the
sources of drinking water. It is an arsenic-contaminated
area and there were some arsenic-free drinking water
plants which are non-functional now. For cooking about
45% households use shallow tube wells, 21% deep tube
wells, 23% roadside water taps and 11% pond water for
cooking.
2. For bathing, about 56% households use shallow tube
wells, 24% pond, 17% roadside water taps and 3% deep
tubewells.
3. For washing clothes, 48% households use STW, 33%
nearby ponds, 17% roadside water taps and 2% DTW.
For kitchen and dish washing, 74% use STW, 16%
roadsidewatertaps,7%nearbyponds.
4. In 83% of the households water from STW is used for
toilets while only 4% from DTW. For cleaning and
wiping rooms, 82% use STW, 13% roadside water taps,
4%DTWand1%nearbypondwater
5. For cattle to drink and bathe, vehicles to wash and
wipe, irrigation to kitchen gardening and for other
purposes 73% families use shallow tube wells, 16%
roadside water taps, 7% deep tube wells and only 4%
pondwater.
6. "For which domestic purpose you consume water":
about 41% for bathing, 25% for washing clothes, 19%
fordrinking,4%forcooking.
Individual health and hygiene is largely dependent upon
adequate availability of health infrastructure along with their
level of awareness. Inadequacies in health infrastructure and
absence of awareness about health and hygiene seriously
affect mental health, physical health, fertility and working
days. Thus ensuring optimum health infrastructure and
proper bona fides and awareness would make safeguarding
income of the poor and ultimately contributing to the national
income.
According to the Sample Survey 2016, it is found that in spite
of belonging to an arsenic prone area about 52% of the
villagers do not have any idea about arsenic contamination.
Out of every five villagers only four are conscious about safe
drinking water. There is only one out of every eight person's
who do not wash hands before meal. About two out of every
five villagers are not aware about sanitation and health
hygiene. Only 16% of the villagers wash their mouth after
dinner and about 84% before breakfast. On the other hand,
about 87% of villagers reported that they are aware of
cleanliness.Thus, there are huge discrepancies between their
response and actions as revealed by keen observation method
inthefieldofcleanliness.
–
Household Infrastructure
Domestic Water
Health and Hygiene
Themajorobservationsare ―
www.h-net.org/.....ID=201577 110 Advanced Science Index...ID=1260
Indian Journal of Spatial Science Vol - 8.0 No. 2 Autumn Issue 2017 pp. 108 - 114
About 20% of the villagers are suffering from chronic
diseases; about 49% suffer from cold and cough, 25% from
seasonal fever and others from asthma, diarrhea, itch and
wounds, small pox, malaria and others. The effect of hot and
humid climate, inadequate living rooms, and lack of clothing
material are thought to be responsible for this. Villagers
mainly depend on homeopathy (20%), allopathic treatments
(34%), and specialist doctors (15%). About 12% visit the
nearest Basirhat Hospital and remaining on local health
centres, drug houses and quacks. There are about 35 ICDS
Centres with 27 staff members and 7 ANMs under only three
Health Sub-Centres, viz., Sankchura, Soladana and Dhaltitha
(Fig.11).
There are many problems about the sources of the water used
for domestic purposes and household infrastructure in this
region.Aquarter of them does not have any separate kitchen.
As a result, the entire family, especially children and women
suffer from respiratory problems. To mitigate this, a separate
kitchen should be introduced; use of fossil fuels should be
reduced; nonconventional energy resources like biogas and
solar energy should be encouraged.About 75% of households
do not have a bathroom, which should be included in the
Govt. initiatives like 'Swachh Bharat Mission' or 'Nirmal
Bangla Abhiyan'. Even bedrooms are also inadequate for
healthy living. To resolve these, programmes like Indira
Awasa Yojana (IAY) or Pradhan Mantri Awasa Yojana
Gramin (PMAYG) may be most beneficial to the villagers.
Most of the households do not have sanitary toilets; a Total
Sanitation Campaign by the Govt., local Panchayat and
NGOs may play a pioneering role in this regard. In each Gram
Samsad of the Gram Panchayat special kind of arsenic
treatment plants should be set up. Most often, the roadside
water taps are either non-functional / dry or without a key
causing loss of water. Under the supervision of Gram
Panchayat the Jalbandhus (water taps and tube well
mechanics) and voluntary organizations may build proper
coordination to resolve this problem. The '100-Days'
Working Project' may be effective to mitigate the problems of
bathingandwashingthroughrainwaterharvesting.
There is a true proverb in Hindi, "Jal hai to Kal hai" which
means if there is water then only our future is safe. It is high
time to realize water cycle and life cycle are synonymous.
Villagers should be more aware about the selection of the
sources of water according to the importance of domestic use
of water. Besides, they should be more conscious about the
domestic and social hygiene with cleanliness. To achieve this
goal, 'Nirmal Vidyalaya Saptaha (School Hygiene Week)',
'Hand Wash Day', 'Jal Dharo- Jal Bharo' etc. are the programs
as the extended part of the 'Swachh Bharat Mission' or
'Nirmal Bangla Abhiyan' through which more widespread
awarenessamongthevillagerscanbetaken.
1.
Conclusion
References
Ahmed, R., and Hossion, M. (1990): “Developmental
impact of rural infrastructure in Bangladesh,” Research
Report 83, Washington D.C.: International Food Policy
ResearchInstitute.
2. Annual Report (2010-11): Department of Women and
Child Development and Social Welfare, Govt. of West
Bengal.
3. Bose, S. C. (1968), Geography of West Bengal,
National BookTrust,India,New Delhi.
4. Calderon, C., and L. Serven (2003), “The Output Cost
of Latin America's Infrastructure Gap,” in Easterly, W.,
and L. Serven, ed., The Limits of Stabilization:
Infrastructure, Public Deficits, and Growth in Latin
America,StanfordUniversityPress.
5. Chowdhuri, K.(2013): Chabbish Pargana, Day's
Publishing,Kolkata.
6. District Census Handbook, North 24-Parganas, West
Bengal, Census of India 2011, Series 20, Part XII-B,
p.504-509.
7. District Gazetteer of the 24-pargans (1968): Director of
Register,WestBengal,India.
8. District Human Development Report: North 24-
parganas (2010), Development and Planning
Department,GovernmentofWestBengal.
9. Estache, A. (2006), Infrastructure: A Survey of Recent
and Upcoming Issues, The World Bank, Washington
D.C.
10. Ghosh, N.C. (2000), Pattern of Resource Use and Its
Role on Rural Development in North 24-parganas
District,WestBengal,aPh.D.Thesis.
11. Ghosh, N.C., and Sarkar, A. (1998), “Management of
Water Resource System in North 24-Parganas District,
West Bengal,” Indian Journal of Landscape Systems
and Ecological Studies, 21(1), p. 149-161, ISSN0971-
4170.
12. Http://banglarmukh.gov.in
13. https:/wikipedia.org/.../North_24_Parganas
p.733&755.
14. Kalkoti, K. (2017), Social Security For Better Health,
Ministry of Rural Development, New Delhi,
Kurukshetra,Vol.5,No. 5,March2016,p.45
15. Mallick, P. (2008), Basirhat Mahakumar Etikatha: 1
volume, A collection of socio cultural history of
Basirhat Subdivision, Swadesh, Basirhat, North 24-
Parganas,WestBengal
16. Mitra, S.C. (1922), History of Jashor-Khulna, 2
volume,Day' Publishing,Kolkata,
17. Monorama Yearbook (2014), 19 Edition, Malyala
Monorama,Kerala,India,p.590-593.
18. Sahoo. P., and Dash, R.K. (2009), “Infrastructure
Development and Economic Growth in India,” Journal
oftheAsiaPacificEconomy,14(4),351-365.
19. Sahoo. P., and Dash, R.K. (2010), “Economic Growth in
India: Role of Physical and Human Infrastructure,”
JournalofEconomicPolicyReforms,13(4),351-365.
20. Sahoo. P., and Dash, R.K. (2011), “Economic Growth in
South Asia: Role of Infrastructure,” The Journal of
International Trade And Economic Development,
15(2),1-36.
21. Sarkar, A. (1998), Urban System, Urban Growth and
Urbanization in the 20 Century West Bengal, New
Academic Publishers, New Delhi, ISBN81-86772-03-
0.
22. Sarkar, A. (supervised, 2008), “Population and
Infrastructure of North 24-parganas a cartographic
analysis,”M.Sc. Dissertation,2007-2008.
st
nd
th
th
www.h-net.org/.....ID=201577 111 Advanced Science Index...ID=1260
Indian Journal of Spatial Science Vol - 8.0 No. 2 Autumn Issue 2017 pp. 108 - 114
23. Sarkar, A. (supervised, 2009), “Infrastructure and
Human Development in the Goghat Blocks of Hooghly
District, West Bengal a geographical appraisal,” M.Sc.
Dissertation' 2008-2009.
24. Saxena, R.K. (2016), Rural Sanitation: The Way
Forward, Ministry of Rural Development, New Delhi,
Kurukshetra,Vol.64,No. 12,October2016,p.67
25. Sharma, H.L. (2017), Boosting Health Expenditure In
Rural India, Ministry of Rural Development, New
Delhi,Kurukshetra,Vol.5,No. 5,March2016,p.41
26. Smits, S., and Mekala, S. (2015), “The effects and costs
of support to community-managed hand pumps in
Patherpratima,West Bengal,”AustralianAID, managed
by Cranfield University on behalf of the Department of
Foreign Affairs and Trade (DFAT) of the Australian
Government,IRC.
27. Soares, H., Sequeira, T.N., Marques, P.M., Gomes, O.,
and Ferreira-Lopes, A. (2004), “Social Infrastructure
and the Preservation of Physical Capital: Equilibria and
Transitional Dynamics” Business Research Unit
(UNIDE-IUL), Working Paper-12/04, ISCTE-Instituto
Universitário de Lisboa, 1649-126 Lisbon-Portugal,
FCTStrategicProjectUI 315PEst-OE/EGE/UI0315.
28. Sreedathan, G. (2017), Swachh Bharat Mission And
Rural Drinking Water, Ministry of Rural Development,
New Delhi, Kurukshetra, Vol. 5, No. 5, March 2016,
p.38
29. Teriman, S., and Yigitcanlar, T. (2011), “Social
Infrastructure Planning and Sustainable Communities:
Example from South East Queensland, Australia,”
World Journal of Social Sciences, 1(4), September
2011,23-32.
30. Tomar, N.S., Swachh Bharat Mission: From behavior
changetosocialchange
31. Wanmali, S. (1968), “Hierarchy of towns in Vidarbha,
India, and its significance for regional planning,”
Discussion Papers No. 23 and 24, Graduate School of
Geography, London School of Economics and Political
Science,London.
32. Wanmali, S. (1983a), “Service provision and rural
development in India: A study of Miryalguda Taluka,
Andhra Pradesh,” Research Report 37, Washington
D.C.:InternationalFood PolicyResearchInstitute.
33. Wanmali, S. (1983b.), “Service provision, spatial
intervention and settlement systems: The case of
Nagpur metropolitan region, India” Annals of the
NationalAssociation of Geographers of India, 3(2), 27-
65.
34. Wanmali, S. (1992), Rural Infrastructure, the
Settlement System and Development of the Regional
Economy in Southern India, Research report 91,
InternationalFood PolicyResearchInstitute.
35. World Bank (1994), World Development Report 1994:
Infrastructure for development, New York: Oxford
UniversityPress.
36. World Bank (2006), World Development Report:
Equity and Development, Washington D.C., The
WorldBank.
www.h-net.org/.....ID=201577 112 Advanced Science Index...ID=1260
Fig. 1: Location of the Study Area
Indian Journal of Spatial Science Vol - 8.0 No. 2 Autumn Issue 2017 pp. 108 - 114
www.h-net.org/.....ID=201577 113 Advanced Science Index...ID=1260
10%
13%
5%
72%
Cultivator Ag.Labourer Household Industry Other paultry jobs
0
5
10
15
20
25
M F M F M F M F M F
GC SC ST OBC-A OBC-B
%
o
f
P
o
p
u
la
tio
n
Castes
Fig. 4: Social Structure of Population
Fig. 3: Occupational Pattern of Working Population
Fig. 2: Distribution of Density of Population
Fig. 5: Educational Status
52%
32%
11%
3% 2%
Concrete Layers
Earth Materials
Unfolding Bricks
Marbles
Mosaics
Fig. 6: Types of Flooring Material
38%
34%
21%
4% 2% 1%
Bricks& Cements
Bricks& Plasters
Bricks& Muds
Earth Materials
Wickers
Bricks& Macadams
Fig. 7: Types of Walling Material
56%
34%
9%
1%
Concretes
Tiles
Tins
Polythenes& Jute Twigs
Fig. 8: Types of Roofing Material
Indian Journal of Spatial Science Vol - 8.0 No. 2 Autumn Issue 2017 pp. 108 - 114
www.h-net.org/.....ID=201577 114 Advanced Science Index...ID=1260
Indian Journal of Spatial Science Vol - 8.0 No. 2 Autumn Issue 2017 pp. 108 - 114
Drinking
19%
Bathing
41%
Cooking
4%
Dishwashing
1%
Cloth
washing
25%
Latrine
Use
1%
Room
washing
1%
Don't Know
8%
Other
10%
14%
8%
35%
14%
13%
10%
6% Gas
Coal
Fuel Wood
Dry Leaf
Jute-stick
Muck-stick
Cow Dung Cake
Pabitrajyoti Mondal
Scholar, , WBResearch Department of Geography, University of Burdwan
Email: @gmail.com
Assistant Teacher, Dakshin Bagundi P.L. High School, North 24 Parganas, WB
pabitrajyotim
Fig. 9: Types of Domestic Fuel used Fig. 10: Types of Domestic Water Usage
Fig. 11: Available Health Infrastructure

Contenu connexe

Similaire à 16 pabitra j108-114

78201913
7820191378201913
78201913IJRAT
 
A Statistical Analysis of Consumer’s Willingness to Pay for Improved Water Su...
A Statistical Analysis of Consumer’s Willingness to Pay for Improved Water Su...A Statistical Analysis of Consumer’s Willingness to Pay for Improved Water Su...
A Statistical Analysis of Consumer’s Willingness to Pay for Improved Water Su...IJRAT
 
IRJET- Preliminary Survey and Shared Vision Planning for a Smart Village
IRJET- Preliminary Survey and Shared Vision Planning for a Smart VillageIRJET- Preliminary Survey and Shared Vision Planning for a Smart Village
IRJET- Preliminary Survey and Shared Vision Planning for a Smart VillageIRJET Journal
 
A Conceptual Model of Rural Development Index
A Conceptual Model of Rural Development IndexA Conceptual Model of Rural Development Index
A Conceptual Model of Rural Development IndexAI Publications
 
Wsp govindpar ranjan
Wsp govindpar ranjanWsp govindpar ranjan
Wsp govindpar ranjanIndependent
 
Vaspula situational analysis 2000
Vaspula situational analysis 2000Vaspula situational analysis 2000
Vaspula situational analysis 2000geosaibhaskar
 
Impact of flood on prayag chikhali village of karveer tehsil in
Impact of flood on prayag chikhali village of karveer tehsil inImpact of flood on prayag chikhali village of karveer tehsil in
Impact of flood on prayag chikhali village of karveer tehsil inAlexander Decker
 
Saleem shaikh water aid presentation bi-annually meeting-jan-june 2012-final
Saleem shaikh water aid presentation bi-annually meeting-jan-june 2012-finalSaleem shaikh water aid presentation bi-annually meeting-jan-june 2012-final
Saleem shaikh water aid presentation bi-annually meeting-jan-june 2012-finalSaleem Shaikh
 
IRJET- Improvement of Social, Economic and Infrastructural Development in Bac...
IRJET- Improvement of Social, Economic and Infrastructural Development in Bac...IRJET- Improvement of Social, Economic and Infrastructural Development in Bac...
IRJET- Improvement of Social, Economic and Infrastructural Development in Bac...IRJET Journal
 
Standard of living and community perception in the community based ecotourism
Standard of living and community perception in the community based ecotourismStandard of living and community perception in the community based ecotourism
Standard of living and community perception in the community based ecotourismAlexander Decker
 
2.[14 24]impact of education on fish farming in west bengal a study report
2.[14 24]impact of education on fish farming in west bengal   a study report2.[14 24]impact of education on fish farming in west bengal   a study report
2.[14 24]impact of education on fish farming in west bengal a study reportAlexander Decker
 
Rural Development At Somsar,Bankura
Rural Development At Somsar,BankuraRural Development At Somsar,Bankura
Rural Development At Somsar,BankuraRangeet Mitra
 
11.five year plans and rural water supply in india
11.five year plans and rural water supply in india11.five year plans and rural water supply in india
11.five year plans and rural water supply in indiaAlexander Decker
 
11.[26 37]five year plans and rural water supply in india
11.[26 37]five year plans and rural water supply in india11.[26 37]five year plans and rural water supply in india
11.[26 37]five year plans and rural water supply in indiaAlexander Decker
 

Similaire à 16 pabitra j108-114 (20)

78201913
7820191378201913
78201913
 
A Statistical Analysis of Consumer’s Willingness to Pay for Improved Water Su...
A Statistical Analysis of Consumer’s Willingness to Pay for Improved Water Su...A Statistical Analysis of Consumer’s Willingness to Pay for Improved Water Su...
A Statistical Analysis of Consumer’s Willingness to Pay for Improved Water Su...
 
29. prem sonwal
29. prem sonwal29. prem sonwal
29. prem sonwal
 
IRJET- Preliminary Survey and Shared Vision Planning for a Smart Village
IRJET- Preliminary Survey and Shared Vision Planning for a Smart VillageIRJET- Preliminary Survey and Shared Vision Planning for a Smart Village
IRJET- Preliminary Survey and Shared Vision Planning for a Smart Village
 
Health infrastructure
Health infrastructureHealth infrastructure
Health infrastructure
 
KYDPYD
KYDPYDKYDPYD
KYDPYD
 
A Conceptual Model of Rural Development Index
A Conceptual Model of Rural Development IndexA Conceptual Model of Rural Development Index
A Conceptual Model of Rural Development Index
 
Wsp govindpar ranjan
Wsp govindpar ranjanWsp govindpar ranjan
Wsp govindpar ranjan
 
Vaspula situational analysis 2000
Vaspula situational analysis 2000Vaspula situational analysis 2000
Vaspula situational analysis 2000
 
Impact of flood on prayag chikhali village of karveer tehsil in
Impact of flood on prayag chikhali village of karveer tehsil inImpact of flood on prayag chikhali village of karveer tehsil in
Impact of flood on prayag chikhali village of karveer tehsil in
 
237 245
237 245237 245
237 245
 
PWGI_Process and Results
PWGI_Process and ResultsPWGI_Process and Results
PWGI_Process and Results
 
Saleem shaikh water aid presentation bi-annually meeting-jan-june 2012-final
Saleem shaikh water aid presentation bi-annually meeting-jan-june 2012-finalSaleem shaikh water aid presentation bi-annually meeting-jan-june 2012-final
Saleem shaikh water aid presentation bi-annually meeting-jan-june 2012-final
 
IRJET- Improvement of Social, Economic and Infrastructural Development in Bac...
IRJET- Improvement of Social, Economic and Infrastructural Development in Bac...IRJET- Improvement of Social, Economic and Infrastructural Development in Bac...
IRJET- Improvement of Social, Economic and Infrastructural Development in Bac...
 
Standard of living and community perception in the community based ecotourism
Standard of living and community perception in the community based ecotourismStandard of living and community perception in the community based ecotourism
Standard of living and community perception in the community based ecotourism
 
11. a study report
11. a study report11. a study report
11. a study report
 
2.[14 24]impact of education on fish farming in west bengal a study report
2.[14 24]impact of education on fish farming in west bengal   a study report2.[14 24]impact of education on fish farming in west bengal   a study report
2.[14 24]impact of education on fish farming in west bengal a study report
 
Rural Development At Somsar,Bankura
Rural Development At Somsar,BankuraRural Development At Somsar,Bankura
Rural Development At Somsar,Bankura
 
11.five year plans and rural water supply in india
11.five year plans and rural water supply in india11.five year plans and rural water supply in india
11.five year plans and rural water supply in india
 
11.[26 37]five year plans and rural water supply in india
11.[26 37]five year plans and rural water supply in india11.[26 37]five year plans and rural water supply in india
11.[26 37]five year plans and rural water supply in india
 

Dernier

Medical Malpractice & Medical Negligence (1).pptx
Medical Malpractice & Medical Negligence (1).pptxMedical Malpractice & Medical Negligence (1).pptx
Medical Malpractice & Medical Negligence (1).pptxanukshadias2
 
Anatomy Shelf Notevbhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhs.pdf
Anatomy Shelf Notevbhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhs.pdfAnatomy Shelf Notevbhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhs.pdf
Anatomy Shelf Notevbhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhs.pdfhezamzaki1
 
Empathy Is a Stress Response - Choose Compassion instead
Empathy Is a Stress Response - Choose Compassion insteadEmpathy Is a Stress Response - Choose Compassion instead
Empathy Is a Stress Response - Choose Compassion insteadAlex Clapson
 
Assisted Living Care Residency - PapayaCare
Assisted Living Care Residency - PapayaCareAssisted Living Care Residency - PapayaCare
Assisted Living Care Residency - PapayaCareratilalthakkar704
 
21 NEMT Trends & Statistics to Know in 2024
21 NEMT Trends & Statistics to Know in 202421 NEMT Trends & Statistics to Know in 2024
21 NEMT Trends & Statistics to Know in 2024Traumasoft LLC
 
"ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY OF THE SKIN".pdf
"ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY OF THE SKIN".pdf"ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY OF THE SKIN".pdf
"ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY OF THE SKIN".pdfDolisha Warbi
 
Living Well Every Day: Lyons Wellness Practice | Nurtures Your Complete Health
Living Well Every Day: Lyons Wellness Practice | Nurtures Your Complete HealthLiving Well Every Day: Lyons Wellness Practice | Nurtures Your Complete Health
Living Well Every Day: Lyons Wellness Practice | Nurtures Your Complete HealthLyons Health
 
Blood(The Applied Physiology) for Nurses.pptx
Blood(The Applied Physiology) for Nurses.pptxBlood(The Applied Physiology) for Nurses.pptx
Blood(The Applied Physiology) for Nurses.pptxNagamani Manjunath
 
Artificial Intelligence: Diabetes Management
Artificial Intelligence: Diabetes ManagementArtificial Intelligence: Diabetes Management
Artificial Intelligence: Diabetes ManagementIris Thiele Isip-Tan
 
ACCA Version of AI & Healthcare: An Overview for the Curious
ACCA Version of AI & Healthcare: An Overview for the CuriousACCA Version of AI & Healthcare: An Overview for the Curious
ACCA Version of AI & Healthcare: An Overview for the CuriousKR_Barker
 
Hematinics and Erythropoietin- Pharmacology of Hematinics
Hematinics and Erythropoietin- Pharmacology of HematinicsHematinics and Erythropoietin- Pharmacology of Hematinics
Hematinics and Erythropoietin- Pharmacology of Hematinicsnetraangadi2
 
Health literacies in marginalised communities LILAC 24.pptx
Health literacies in marginalised communities LILAC 24.pptxHealth literacies in marginalised communities LILAC 24.pptx
Health literacies in marginalised communities LILAC 24.pptxPamela McKinney
 
Presentation on COUNSELING. 1ST YEAR GNM ,COMMUNITY HEALTH NURSING
Presentation on  COUNSELING. 1ST YEAR GNM ,COMMUNITY HEALTH NURSINGPresentation on  COUNSELING. 1ST YEAR GNM ,COMMUNITY HEALTH NURSING
Presentation on COUNSELING. 1ST YEAR GNM ,COMMUNITY HEALTH NURSINGKREDASONBANGALORE
 
CECT NECK NECK ANGIOGRAPHY CAROTID ANGIOGRAPHY
CECT NECK NECK ANGIOGRAPHY CAROTID ANGIOGRAPHYCECT NECK NECK ANGIOGRAPHY CAROTID ANGIOGRAPHY
CECT NECK NECK ANGIOGRAPHY CAROTID ANGIOGRAPHYRMC
 
Diseases of the Respiratory System (J00-J99),.pptx
Diseases of the Respiratory System (J00-J99),.pptxDiseases of the Respiratory System (J00-J99),.pptx
Diseases of the Respiratory System (J00-J99),.pptxEMADABATHINI PRABHU TEJA
 
Calibration and Calibration Curve. lecture notes
Calibration and Calibration Curve. lecture notesCalibration and Calibration Curve. lecture notes
Calibration and Calibration Curve. lecture notesWani Insha
 
Eating Disorders in Athletes I Sports Psychology
Eating Disorders in Athletes I Sports PsychologyEating Disorders in Athletes I Sports Psychology
Eating Disorders in Athletes I Sports Psychologyshantisphysio
 
LARYNGEAL CANCER.pptx Prepared by Neha Kewat
LARYNGEAL CANCER.pptx  Prepared by Neha KewatLARYNGEAL CANCER.pptx  Prepared by Neha Kewat
LARYNGEAL CANCER.pptx Prepared by Neha KewatNehaKewat
 

Dernier (20)

Medical Malpractice & Medical Negligence (1).pptx
Medical Malpractice & Medical Negligence (1).pptxMedical Malpractice & Medical Negligence (1).pptx
Medical Malpractice & Medical Negligence (1).pptx
 
Anatomy Shelf Notevbhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhs.pdf
Anatomy Shelf Notevbhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhs.pdfAnatomy Shelf Notevbhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhs.pdf
Anatomy Shelf Notevbhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhs.pdf
 
Empathy Is a Stress Response - Choose Compassion instead
Empathy Is a Stress Response - Choose Compassion insteadEmpathy Is a Stress Response - Choose Compassion instead
Empathy Is a Stress Response - Choose Compassion instead
 
Assisted Living Care Residency - PapayaCare
Assisted Living Care Residency - PapayaCareAssisted Living Care Residency - PapayaCare
Assisted Living Care Residency - PapayaCare
 
The Power of Active listening - Tool in effective communication.pdf
The Power of Active listening - Tool in effective communication.pdfThe Power of Active listening - Tool in effective communication.pdf
The Power of Active listening - Tool in effective communication.pdf
 
21 NEMT Trends & Statistics to Know in 2024
21 NEMT Trends & Statistics to Know in 202421 NEMT Trends & Statistics to Know in 2024
21 NEMT Trends & Statistics to Know in 2024
 
"ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY OF THE SKIN".pdf
"ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY OF THE SKIN".pdf"ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY OF THE SKIN".pdf
"ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY OF THE SKIN".pdf
 
Living Well Every Day: Lyons Wellness Practice | Nurtures Your Complete Health
Living Well Every Day: Lyons Wellness Practice | Nurtures Your Complete HealthLiving Well Every Day: Lyons Wellness Practice | Nurtures Your Complete Health
Living Well Every Day: Lyons Wellness Practice | Nurtures Your Complete Health
 
Blood(The Applied Physiology) for Nurses.pptx
Blood(The Applied Physiology) for Nurses.pptxBlood(The Applied Physiology) for Nurses.pptx
Blood(The Applied Physiology) for Nurses.pptx
 
Artificial Intelligence: Diabetes Management
Artificial Intelligence: Diabetes ManagementArtificial Intelligence: Diabetes Management
Artificial Intelligence: Diabetes Management
 
ACCA Version of AI & Healthcare: An Overview for the Curious
ACCA Version of AI & Healthcare: An Overview for the CuriousACCA Version of AI & Healthcare: An Overview for the Curious
ACCA Version of AI & Healthcare: An Overview for the Curious
 
Hematinics and Erythropoietin- Pharmacology of Hematinics
Hematinics and Erythropoietin- Pharmacology of HematinicsHematinics and Erythropoietin- Pharmacology of Hematinics
Hematinics and Erythropoietin- Pharmacology of Hematinics
 
Health literacies in marginalised communities LILAC 24.pptx
Health literacies in marginalised communities LILAC 24.pptxHealth literacies in marginalised communities LILAC 24.pptx
Health literacies in marginalised communities LILAC 24.pptx
 
Presentation on COUNSELING. 1ST YEAR GNM ,COMMUNITY HEALTH NURSING
Presentation on  COUNSELING. 1ST YEAR GNM ,COMMUNITY HEALTH NURSINGPresentation on  COUNSELING. 1ST YEAR GNM ,COMMUNITY HEALTH NURSING
Presentation on COUNSELING. 1ST YEAR GNM ,COMMUNITY HEALTH NURSING
 
CECT NECK NECK ANGIOGRAPHY CAROTID ANGIOGRAPHY
CECT NECK NECK ANGIOGRAPHY CAROTID ANGIOGRAPHYCECT NECK NECK ANGIOGRAPHY CAROTID ANGIOGRAPHY
CECT NECK NECK ANGIOGRAPHY CAROTID ANGIOGRAPHY
 
Diseases of the Respiratory System (J00-J99),.pptx
Diseases of the Respiratory System (J00-J99),.pptxDiseases of the Respiratory System (J00-J99),.pptx
Diseases of the Respiratory System (J00-J99),.pptx
 
Calibration and Calibration Curve. lecture notes
Calibration and Calibration Curve. lecture notesCalibration and Calibration Curve. lecture notes
Calibration and Calibration Curve. lecture notes
 
Eating Disorders in Athletes I Sports Psychology
Eating Disorders in Athletes I Sports PsychologyEating Disorders in Athletes I Sports Psychology
Eating Disorders in Athletes I Sports Psychology
 
Annual Training
Annual TrainingAnnual Training
Annual Training
 
LARYNGEAL CANCER.pptx Prepared by Neha Kewat
LARYNGEAL CANCER.pptx  Prepared by Neha KewatLARYNGEAL CANCER.pptx  Prepared by Neha Kewat
LARYNGEAL CANCER.pptx Prepared by Neha Kewat
 

16 pabitra j108-114

  • 1. Pabitrajyoti Mondal Ph.D. Research Scholar, Department of Geography, University of Burdwan, WB Introduction Swachh Bharat Mission is not the first cleanliness program in India. Central Government has been supplementing the efforts of the State Governments for promoting sanitation through Rural Sanitation Program (1986 to 1999), Total Sanitation Campaign (1999 to 2012), Nirmal BharatAbhiyan (2012 to 2014) and Swachh BharatAbhiyan (2014 onwards). Total Sanitation Campaign renamed as Nirmal Bharat Abhiyan (NBA). On the other hand NBA restructured as Swachh Bharat Abhiyan (SBA). It has two sub-missions. These are SBA(Rural) and SBA(Urban).The funding pattern between the Central Government and the State Government is 75:25. Finances for this mission will be arranged through BudgetaryAllocations, commitments under Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR). Government decides to impose a Swachh Bharat Cess (SBC) at the rate of 0.5% on all services presently liable to service tax, with effect from 15 November 2015. Panchayati Raj Institution can play a very important role in creating awareness and imparting hygiene education among the local villagers. SocialAudit must be important for the success of Gramin Swachh Bharat Mission. Target of cleanliness cannot be achieved by Government functionaries alone; hence social, religious and cultural organizations should also be roped in wherever possible. The word 'cleanliness' concerns many aspects not only related to sanitations but also includes drinking water, water for cooking, bathing, washing and other domestic uses.Household infrastructure is an important part of social infrastructure, defined as the set of major structural elements of any dwellers' house that provide a framework supporting an entire structure of homestead. The broad indicators of household infrastructure include ─ nature and structure of house, number of living rooms and existence of separate kitchen, bathroom, latrine, tube well, electrification, television, mobile phones and domestic vehicles. Water used for different kinds of domestic purpose is defined as domestic water. It is very important for drinking, cooking, bathing, washing, cleaning and different kinds of health hygiene. There are several sources of domestic water. These are ─ water plant, deep tube well, shallow tube well, pond, roadside Article Info Abstract ______________________ _________________________________________________________ Article History Revised Form Online 23 September 2017 Key Words Received on: Accepted in on: Available on and from: ____________________________ Household Infrastructure Domestic Water Health and Hygiene SBM SBA SBC ___________________ casestudyofSankchura-BagundiGP,North24Parganas, WestBengal. © 2017 ISSS. All Rights Reserved __________________________________________________________________ 07 May 2017 17 August 2017 Adequate drinking water, sanitation, and hygiene are essential for ensuring human health. The sanitation problem requires urgent attention. Hygiene poses another health challenge. Safe drinking water and sanitation in the absence of hygienic behavior will not prevent feco-oral infections. Many households have no other option than to store water before use. Even if the original source of the water is safe, the water is frequently contaminated by unhygienic conditions and practices in the home. Basically, poor sanitation and inadequate water supply play a role in keeping countries poor. The burden of water-related diseases curtails efforts to improve public health. Exposure to unsafe drinking water, poor sanitation and inadequate hygiene have a significant impact on stunting. This comes about as a result of intestinal worm infections, diarrheal diseases and environmental enteropathy which lead to a poor nutritional status. Through a push for more funding allocation and better policy design, tangible health benefits could be realized and improvements will be made in the lives of the people. All these have been addressed in the current articlethrougha Household Infrastructure, Domestic Water, Health and Hygiene in the light of SBM: A Case Study of Sankchura-Bagundi GP, North 24 Parganas, West Bengal Indian Journal of Spatial Science EISSN: 2249 - 4316 ISSN: 2249 - 3921homepage: www.indiansss.org www.h-net.org/.....ID=201577 108 Advanced Science Index...ID=1260 Indian Journal of Spatial Science Vol - 8.0 No. 2 Autumn Issue 2017 pp. 108 - 114
  • 2. tap water, river and canals. Consequently, there are some areas of deep interrelationships among these triumvirates, namely population, household infrastructure and sources of domestic water in the perspective of sustainable development andgoodqualityoflife. Themainobjectivesare─ 1. toexaminethenaturalsetup,socialstructure ,2. to find the nature of household infrastructure, and awareness of the villagers about domestic use of waterandhealthhygiene, Usually in Indian villages the Household Infrastructure is not so good in everywhere and the supply of water for domestic purpose is not sufficient in comparison to optimum demand. Therefore, as a Null Hypothesis (H ) it is taken that the Household Infrastructure and the supply of Domestic Water in the study area is sufficient and the villagers are satisfied withtheexistingHouseholdInfrastructureandwatersupply. The study has been based on household survey with a stratified random sampling design using a Structured Questionnaire. In addition Direct Observation, Group Discussion and Taking Photographs are supporting tools for primary data collection. Secondary data as of information are obtained from the Local Panchayat and the Census Organization of India. Instead of Door To Door Survey for primary data collection Dakshin Bagundi P.L. High School students from class VIII to X are chosen to examine the reliability of the objectives as mentioned above. They are the children of the village and are scattered in different parts of the study area. Therefore, if they each brought their own household information through specific questionnaire, the situation of the whole village will be found at a glance. On the other hand, the methodology is very effective to save time and money. Thus, for data storage, 222 families (which are 5% households of the entire village) are chosen.After collecting the data, appropriate tabulation, proper inventories of scientific and cartographic expressions and different techniques of interpretation and analysis of the data have been done with the help of SPSS 10.1, QGIS 2.12, MS Excel and MS Word. Z-score, Rank-correlation, Bivariate and Multivariate Analysis etc. are the statistical approaches to establishtheresearchhypothesisandsatisfytheobjectives. Sankchura-Bagundi Gram Panchayat (GP) is situated at the eastern edge of Basirhat-I block in the district of North 24parganas of West Bengal and lies at the west bank of the Ichhamati River. The GP extends from 22°28′17″ North to 22°50′13″ North of latitude and from 88°46′57″ East to 89°00′07″ East of longitude. It is a borderline village with covering an area of 15.07 sq. km. Here, the river Ichhamati itself makes the borderline between India and Bangladesh. Longish towards north-south Sankchura-Bagundi GP is bounded by Basirhat Municipality and Itinda-Panitar GP in the north; Taki Municipality in the south; Nimdaria-Kodalia (Patilachandra) GP in the west and Ichhamati with Shreepur of Bangladesh in the east. Sankchura-Bagundi Gram Panchayat has 13 Gram Sansads (GS) among 8 Census Villages(Fig.1). Physiographically, Sankchura-Bagundi Gram Panchayat is a part of the Active Ganga Delta. Most of the Gram Sansads (GS) of the GP are under the flood plains of Icchamati River. Average land slope of the GP is less than 5 meters per kilometer and the dip of the slop is towards eastward. Here, Icchamati River is tidal in nature. Soils of the area are mostly new alluvium and sandy loam, which are very fertile for agriculture.Therefore, most of the cultivated lands of the area are multi-cropped. Paddy, jute, oil seeds and vegetables are major crops in this region. Here, the water table is 0.6 to 8.9 m. bellow the ground surface. Earth for brick making purpose is readily available along the Ichhamati River banks. The mean annual maximum and minimum temperature of the GP are 40°C and 10°C respectively. The mean annual rainfall is 1759 mm.According to the land use survey (2013) conducted with the help of D.B.P.L. High School it was known that 68% of the total land area is under agriculture, 9% area is under wet land, 2% area is under brick field, 4.5% area is under fallow land, 15.5% of the land area is under residential purpose along with household garden and the rest of the land is used as commonplacesofthevillagers. The study area, Sankchura-Bagundi GP, was belonging to or , an island of twelve islands of ancient . In 1857 AD, it was found that a road had been passing through Soladana from Nadia to Taki via Baduria and Basirhat. The study area was the pastureland of freedom fighters of BangladeshWar (1971). Before the Naval Battle of Dhumghat (1609-10) between the Moghul Army and Pratapaditya, the entire area was belonging to the Kingdom of Pratapaditya.At that time, the innocent villagers of this region was outraged by the military of Moghul under the command of Mirza Nathan as a marshal. From the past, Ichhamati River had a great importance and it was the lifeline of the region.According to Bengali Dictionary, ' means and means Therefore, Until 1926, the two costly items could be found in this river, so it was named after. Pearl oysters could be found from the river. There was a large business center of oyster lime at Sankchura. The name of the village derives from two Bengali words, i.e. ' and ' , which are meaning and . During the British period, salt factory was found at Soladana. Sankchura was an important railway station of Martin Railway (1909-55), through which Dandirhat, Basirhat, Dhanyakuriya, Deganga, Baguihati, and Shyambazar via Patipukur with the communication system was developed in the region. In 1962, Barasat-Basirhat railway line was extended to Hasnabad. The village was flourished under the landlordship of the Ghosh Family. Sankchura-BagundiGPwas foundedbytheirkeeninterest. According to the Census 2011, there are about 4,522 families in Sankchura-Bagundi GP with a total population of 20,647, of which 51.5% male and 48.5% female. The average density of population is 1,376 persons / km and the crude sex ratio is 941/ '000males (Fig.2). The proportion of child population (<5years) is 12.2% with a sex ratio of 925/'000boys. The proportion of SC and ST are respectively 12.2% and 0.5%. About 62% of total population is literate while only 38% of Objectives Hypothesis Methodology StudyArea Historical Background Social Conditions 0 Kushdweep Kushdah Nawadweep Kingdoms Ichha' 'Lobster' 'Moti' 'Pearl'. Ichha + Moti = Ichhamoti. Sankha' Churna' 'Conch Shell' 'Powdered' www.h-net.org/.....ID=201577 109 Advanced Science Index...ID=1260 Indian Journal of Spatial Science Vol - 8.0 No. 2 Autumn Issue 2017 pp. 108 - 114
  • 3. the females are literate. The working population comprise 36.9% of which about 87% main workers (male : female = 4:1) and the remaining marginal workers. Among the main workers 639 are cultivators, 849 are agricultural laborers, 350 are engaged in cottage industries such as, bamboo works, clay works, woven meshes, etc. and 4,794 are other workers (Fig.3). According to Sample Survey 2016 done on 222 households, the total population is 1,157, of which 46.2% is male and 53.8% female.About 55% of total population is youthful (18- 60 years), which is about eight times the number of child (0-6 years) and old (60+ years) population, and almost one-and-a- half times the teenage (6-18 years) population.About 20% of the population belong to General Caste, 62% to OBC, 16% SC and only 2% to ST category (Fig.4). About 60% of the total population is Muslim and 40% is Hindu by religion (Fig.4). Sex ratio of Muslim population is more than the Hindu population. BPL listed is almost twice the population of APL. About 89% are literate. Of these, 34% are educated up to primary level, 47% up to secondary level and only 5% up to higher secondary level signifying a huge number of dropouts. Out of 1,157 people surveyed, only eight males and one female received post-graduate education (Fig.5). The villagers are employed in a variety of occupations like farmers, traders, common labourers, construction workers, brick kilns workers, daily wagers, transport worker, fishermen, basket makers, bidi workers, priests, road builders, tailors, color mechanics, bicycle repairers, barbers, fellers, private tutors, etc (Fig.5). It is found that the sex ratios, literacy, and worker percent changed during 1991 2016 period. Household Infrastructure is an essential part of social infrastructure. It includes nature and structure of houses, number of living rooms, existence of separate kitchen, bathroom and latrine, presence of tube well, electrification, television, mobile phones and domestic vehicles are the major components of household infrastructure. Any residential house has three major structural components floor, walls and roof. About 52% houses of the village floors are made of concretes, 32% are of earth materials, 11% are of unfolding bricks and the rest of 5% are made by either marbles or mosaics.At 38% houses have walls made of bricks with cements, 34% are of bricks with plasters, 21% of bricks with muds, 4% of earth materials and the rest of 3% of either wickers or macadam. About 56% houses have concrete roof, 34% tiles, 9% tins and the remaining of eiher polythene or jute twigs (Fig. 6 - 8). At 26% houses have only one bedroom, 46% two bedrooms, 14% three bedrooms, 11% four bedrooms and the remaining more bedrooms. However, about 75% of the households have a separate kitchen. About 72% of households use wood, dry leaves, jute twigs and cow dung stick as domestic fuel that often causes health hazards among the female members (Fig.9). Currently, the Government of India has launched a free gas connection project, named "Pradhan Mantri Ujjwala Yojana (PMUY)" that is likely to bring some changes in future. About 80% householdshaveasizeof4-7members. Sanitation facility is satisfactory as 96% have toilet facilities (66% sanitary toilet and 34% kachha toilet). However, many families have expensive mobile phones, refrigerator, motorcycle and TV at home Almost every household in the village have electricity and mobile phones and more than half of households have televisions. The village is quite far from the nearest railway station and the market; hence about 73% of households bicycle, 18% bike or motorcycle, and the remainingusepaddlerickshaws,motorvans,autorickshaws. About 86% of households have personal tube wells but the remaining depend on public deep tube wells and roadside water taps. The daily consumption depends on the social status of a particular family that creates specific demands. (Fig.10) 1. About 48% households use deep tube wells, 42% from shallow tube wells, 4% roadside water taps as the sources of drinking water. It is an arsenic-contaminated area and there were some arsenic-free drinking water plants which are non-functional now. For cooking about 45% households use shallow tube wells, 21% deep tube wells, 23% roadside water taps and 11% pond water for cooking. 2. For bathing, about 56% households use shallow tube wells, 24% pond, 17% roadside water taps and 3% deep tubewells. 3. For washing clothes, 48% households use STW, 33% nearby ponds, 17% roadside water taps and 2% DTW. For kitchen and dish washing, 74% use STW, 16% roadsidewatertaps,7%nearbyponds. 4. In 83% of the households water from STW is used for toilets while only 4% from DTW. For cleaning and wiping rooms, 82% use STW, 13% roadside water taps, 4%DTWand1%nearbypondwater 5. For cattle to drink and bathe, vehicles to wash and wipe, irrigation to kitchen gardening and for other purposes 73% families use shallow tube wells, 16% roadside water taps, 7% deep tube wells and only 4% pondwater. 6. "For which domestic purpose you consume water": about 41% for bathing, 25% for washing clothes, 19% fordrinking,4%forcooking. Individual health and hygiene is largely dependent upon adequate availability of health infrastructure along with their level of awareness. Inadequacies in health infrastructure and absence of awareness about health and hygiene seriously affect mental health, physical health, fertility and working days. Thus ensuring optimum health infrastructure and proper bona fides and awareness would make safeguarding income of the poor and ultimately contributing to the national income. According to the Sample Survey 2016, it is found that in spite of belonging to an arsenic prone area about 52% of the villagers do not have any idea about arsenic contamination. Out of every five villagers only four are conscious about safe drinking water. There is only one out of every eight person's who do not wash hands before meal. About two out of every five villagers are not aware about sanitation and health hygiene. Only 16% of the villagers wash their mouth after dinner and about 84% before breakfast. On the other hand, about 87% of villagers reported that they are aware of cleanliness.Thus, there are huge discrepancies between their response and actions as revealed by keen observation method inthefieldofcleanliness. – Household Infrastructure Domestic Water Health and Hygiene Themajorobservationsare ― www.h-net.org/.....ID=201577 110 Advanced Science Index...ID=1260 Indian Journal of Spatial Science Vol - 8.0 No. 2 Autumn Issue 2017 pp. 108 - 114
  • 4. About 20% of the villagers are suffering from chronic diseases; about 49% suffer from cold and cough, 25% from seasonal fever and others from asthma, diarrhea, itch and wounds, small pox, malaria and others. The effect of hot and humid climate, inadequate living rooms, and lack of clothing material are thought to be responsible for this. Villagers mainly depend on homeopathy (20%), allopathic treatments (34%), and specialist doctors (15%). About 12% visit the nearest Basirhat Hospital and remaining on local health centres, drug houses and quacks. There are about 35 ICDS Centres with 27 staff members and 7 ANMs under only three Health Sub-Centres, viz., Sankchura, Soladana and Dhaltitha (Fig.11). There are many problems about the sources of the water used for domestic purposes and household infrastructure in this region.Aquarter of them does not have any separate kitchen. As a result, the entire family, especially children and women suffer from respiratory problems. To mitigate this, a separate kitchen should be introduced; use of fossil fuels should be reduced; nonconventional energy resources like biogas and solar energy should be encouraged.About 75% of households do not have a bathroom, which should be included in the Govt. initiatives like 'Swachh Bharat Mission' or 'Nirmal Bangla Abhiyan'. Even bedrooms are also inadequate for healthy living. To resolve these, programmes like Indira Awasa Yojana (IAY) or Pradhan Mantri Awasa Yojana Gramin (PMAYG) may be most beneficial to the villagers. Most of the households do not have sanitary toilets; a Total Sanitation Campaign by the Govt., local Panchayat and NGOs may play a pioneering role in this regard. In each Gram Samsad of the Gram Panchayat special kind of arsenic treatment plants should be set up. Most often, the roadside water taps are either non-functional / dry or without a key causing loss of water. Under the supervision of Gram Panchayat the Jalbandhus (water taps and tube well mechanics) and voluntary organizations may build proper coordination to resolve this problem. The '100-Days' Working Project' may be effective to mitigate the problems of bathingandwashingthroughrainwaterharvesting. There is a true proverb in Hindi, "Jal hai to Kal hai" which means if there is water then only our future is safe. It is high time to realize water cycle and life cycle are synonymous. Villagers should be more aware about the selection of the sources of water according to the importance of domestic use of water. Besides, they should be more conscious about the domestic and social hygiene with cleanliness. To achieve this goal, 'Nirmal Vidyalaya Saptaha (School Hygiene Week)', 'Hand Wash Day', 'Jal Dharo- Jal Bharo' etc. are the programs as the extended part of the 'Swachh Bharat Mission' or 'Nirmal Bangla Abhiyan' through which more widespread awarenessamongthevillagerscanbetaken. 1. Conclusion References Ahmed, R., and Hossion, M. (1990): “Developmental impact of rural infrastructure in Bangladesh,” Research Report 83, Washington D.C.: International Food Policy ResearchInstitute. 2. Annual Report (2010-11): Department of Women and Child Development and Social Welfare, Govt. of West Bengal. 3. Bose, S. C. (1968), Geography of West Bengal, National BookTrust,India,New Delhi. 4. Calderon, C., and L. Serven (2003), “The Output Cost of Latin America's Infrastructure Gap,” in Easterly, W., and L. Serven, ed., The Limits of Stabilization: Infrastructure, Public Deficits, and Growth in Latin America,StanfordUniversityPress. 5. Chowdhuri, K.(2013): Chabbish Pargana, Day's Publishing,Kolkata. 6. District Census Handbook, North 24-Parganas, West Bengal, Census of India 2011, Series 20, Part XII-B, p.504-509. 7. District Gazetteer of the 24-pargans (1968): Director of Register,WestBengal,India. 8. District Human Development Report: North 24- parganas (2010), Development and Planning Department,GovernmentofWestBengal. 9. Estache, A. (2006), Infrastructure: A Survey of Recent and Upcoming Issues, The World Bank, Washington D.C. 10. Ghosh, N.C. (2000), Pattern of Resource Use and Its Role on Rural Development in North 24-parganas District,WestBengal,aPh.D.Thesis. 11. Ghosh, N.C., and Sarkar, A. (1998), “Management of Water Resource System in North 24-Parganas District, West Bengal,” Indian Journal of Landscape Systems and Ecological Studies, 21(1), p. 149-161, ISSN0971- 4170. 12. Http://banglarmukh.gov.in 13. https:/wikipedia.org/.../North_24_Parganas p.733&755. 14. Kalkoti, K. (2017), Social Security For Better Health, Ministry of Rural Development, New Delhi, Kurukshetra,Vol.5,No. 5,March2016,p.45 15. Mallick, P. (2008), Basirhat Mahakumar Etikatha: 1 volume, A collection of socio cultural history of Basirhat Subdivision, Swadesh, Basirhat, North 24- Parganas,WestBengal 16. Mitra, S.C. (1922), History of Jashor-Khulna, 2 volume,Day' Publishing,Kolkata, 17. Monorama Yearbook (2014), 19 Edition, Malyala Monorama,Kerala,India,p.590-593. 18. Sahoo. P., and Dash, R.K. (2009), “Infrastructure Development and Economic Growth in India,” Journal oftheAsiaPacificEconomy,14(4),351-365. 19. Sahoo. P., and Dash, R.K. (2010), “Economic Growth in India: Role of Physical and Human Infrastructure,” JournalofEconomicPolicyReforms,13(4),351-365. 20. Sahoo. P., and Dash, R.K. (2011), “Economic Growth in South Asia: Role of Infrastructure,” The Journal of International Trade And Economic Development, 15(2),1-36. 21. Sarkar, A. (1998), Urban System, Urban Growth and Urbanization in the 20 Century West Bengal, New Academic Publishers, New Delhi, ISBN81-86772-03- 0. 22. Sarkar, A. (supervised, 2008), “Population and Infrastructure of North 24-parganas a cartographic analysis,”M.Sc. Dissertation,2007-2008. st nd th th www.h-net.org/.....ID=201577 111 Advanced Science Index...ID=1260 Indian Journal of Spatial Science Vol - 8.0 No. 2 Autumn Issue 2017 pp. 108 - 114
  • 5. 23. Sarkar, A. (supervised, 2009), “Infrastructure and Human Development in the Goghat Blocks of Hooghly District, West Bengal a geographical appraisal,” M.Sc. Dissertation' 2008-2009. 24. Saxena, R.K. (2016), Rural Sanitation: The Way Forward, Ministry of Rural Development, New Delhi, Kurukshetra,Vol.64,No. 12,October2016,p.67 25. Sharma, H.L. (2017), Boosting Health Expenditure In Rural India, Ministry of Rural Development, New Delhi,Kurukshetra,Vol.5,No. 5,March2016,p.41 26. Smits, S., and Mekala, S. (2015), “The effects and costs of support to community-managed hand pumps in Patherpratima,West Bengal,”AustralianAID, managed by Cranfield University on behalf of the Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade (DFAT) of the Australian Government,IRC. 27. Soares, H., Sequeira, T.N., Marques, P.M., Gomes, O., and Ferreira-Lopes, A. (2004), “Social Infrastructure and the Preservation of Physical Capital: Equilibria and Transitional Dynamics” Business Research Unit (UNIDE-IUL), Working Paper-12/04, ISCTE-Instituto Universitário de Lisboa, 1649-126 Lisbon-Portugal, FCTStrategicProjectUI 315PEst-OE/EGE/UI0315. 28. Sreedathan, G. (2017), Swachh Bharat Mission And Rural Drinking Water, Ministry of Rural Development, New Delhi, Kurukshetra, Vol. 5, No. 5, March 2016, p.38 29. Teriman, S., and Yigitcanlar, T. (2011), “Social Infrastructure Planning and Sustainable Communities: Example from South East Queensland, Australia,” World Journal of Social Sciences, 1(4), September 2011,23-32. 30. Tomar, N.S., Swachh Bharat Mission: From behavior changetosocialchange 31. Wanmali, S. (1968), “Hierarchy of towns in Vidarbha, India, and its significance for regional planning,” Discussion Papers No. 23 and 24, Graduate School of Geography, London School of Economics and Political Science,London. 32. Wanmali, S. (1983a), “Service provision and rural development in India: A study of Miryalguda Taluka, Andhra Pradesh,” Research Report 37, Washington D.C.:InternationalFood PolicyResearchInstitute. 33. Wanmali, S. (1983b.), “Service provision, spatial intervention and settlement systems: The case of Nagpur metropolitan region, India” Annals of the NationalAssociation of Geographers of India, 3(2), 27- 65. 34. Wanmali, S. (1992), Rural Infrastructure, the Settlement System and Development of the Regional Economy in Southern India, Research report 91, InternationalFood PolicyResearchInstitute. 35. World Bank (1994), World Development Report 1994: Infrastructure for development, New York: Oxford UniversityPress. 36. World Bank (2006), World Development Report: Equity and Development, Washington D.C., The WorldBank. www.h-net.org/.....ID=201577 112 Advanced Science Index...ID=1260 Fig. 1: Location of the Study Area Indian Journal of Spatial Science Vol - 8.0 No. 2 Autumn Issue 2017 pp. 108 - 114
  • 6. www.h-net.org/.....ID=201577 113 Advanced Science Index...ID=1260 10% 13% 5% 72% Cultivator Ag.Labourer Household Industry Other paultry jobs 0 5 10 15 20 25 M F M F M F M F M F GC SC ST OBC-A OBC-B % o f P o p u la tio n Castes Fig. 4: Social Structure of Population Fig. 3: Occupational Pattern of Working Population Fig. 2: Distribution of Density of Population Fig. 5: Educational Status 52% 32% 11% 3% 2% Concrete Layers Earth Materials Unfolding Bricks Marbles Mosaics Fig. 6: Types of Flooring Material 38% 34% 21% 4% 2% 1% Bricks& Cements Bricks& Plasters Bricks& Muds Earth Materials Wickers Bricks& Macadams Fig. 7: Types of Walling Material 56% 34% 9% 1% Concretes Tiles Tins Polythenes& Jute Twigs Fig. 8: Types of Roofing Material Indian Journal of Spatial Science Vol - 8.0 No. 2 Autumn Issue 2017 pp. 108 - 114
  • 7. www.h-net.org/.....ID=201577 114 Advanced Science Index...ID=1260 Indian Journal of Spatial Science Vol - 8.0 No. 2 Autumn Issue 2017 pp. 108 - 114 Drinking 19% Bathing 41% Cooking 4% Dishwashing 1% Cloth washing 25% Latrine Use 1% Room washing 1% Don't Know 8% Other 10% 14% 8% 35% 14% 13% 10% 6% Gas Coal Fuel Wood Dry Leaf Jute-stick Muck-stick Cow Dung Cake Pabitrajyoti Mondal Scholar, , WBResearch Department of Geography, University of Burdwan Email: @gmail.com Assistant Teacher, Dakshin Bagundi P.L. High School, North 24 Parganas, WB pabitrajyotim Fig. 9: Types of Domestic Fuel used Fig. 10: Types of Domestic Water Usage Fig. 11: Available Health Infrastructure