1. P.E4

2.  Volleyball is a team sport in which two teams
of six players are separated by a net. Each
team tries to score points by grounding a ball
on the other team's court under organized
rules. It has been a part of the official
program of the Summer Olympic Games
since 1964.

3. History
 Origin of volleyball
 On February 9, 1895, in Holyoke, Massachusetts
(USA), William G. Morgan, a YMCA physical
education director, created a new game called
Mintonette as a pastime to be played (preferably)
indoors and by any number of players. The game
took some of its characteristics from tennis and
handball. Another indoor sport, basketball, was
catching on in the area, having been invented just
ten miles (sixteen kilometers) away in the city of
Springfield, Massachusetts, only four years before.
Mintonette was designed to be an indoor sport,
less rough than basketball, for older members of
the YMCA, while still requiring a bit of athletic
effort.

4.  The first rules, written down by William G
Morgan, called for a net 6 ft 6 in (1.98 m) high, a
25 ft × 50 ft (7.6 m × 15.2 m) court, and any
number of players. A match was composed of
nine innings with three serves for each team in
each inning, and no limit to the number of ball
contacts for each team before sending the ball
to the opponents' court. In case of a serving
error, a second try was allowed. Hitting the ball
into the net was considered a foul (with loss of
the point or a side-out)—except in the case of
the first-try serve.

5.  After an observer, Alfred Halstead, noticed the
volleying nature of the game at its first
exhibition match in 1896, played at the
International YMCA Training School (now called
Springfield College), the game quickly became
known as volleyball (it was originally spelled as
two words: "volley ball"). Volleyball rules were
slightly modified by the International YMCA
Training School and the game spread around the
country to variousYMCAs.

6.  Refinements and later developments
 The first official ball used in
volleyball is disputed; some sources
say that Spalding created the first
official ball in 1896, while others
claim it was created in 1900. The
rules evolved over time: in the
Philippines by 1916, the skill and
power of the set and spike had been
introduced, and four years later a
"three hits" rule and a rule against
hitting from the back row were
established. In 1917, the game was
changed from 21 to 15 points. In
1919, about 16,000 volleyballs were
distributed by the American
Expeditionary Forces to their troops
and allies, which sparked the growth
of volleyball in new countries.

7.  The first country outside the
United States to adopt
volleyball was Canada in 1900.
An international federation, the
Fédération Internationale de
Volleyball (FIVB), was founded
in 1947, and the first World
Championships were held in
1949 for men and 1952 for
women. The sport is nItaly, the
Netherlands, and countries from
Eastern Europe have been major
forces since the late 1980s), in
Russia, and in other countries
including China and the rest of
Asia, as well as in the United
States.ow popular in Brazil, in
Europe.

8.  Beach volleyball, a
variation of the game
played on sand and with
only two players per
team, became a FIVB-
endorsed variation in
1987 and was added to
the Olympic program at
the 1996 Summer
Olympics. Volleyball is
also a sport at the
Paralympics managed by
the World Organization
Volleyball for Disabled.

9.  Nudists were early
adopters of the game
with regular organized
play in clubs as early as
the late 1920s. By the
1960s, a volleyball
court had become
standard in almost all
nudist/naturist clubs.

10. The Ball
 The standard volleyball is
made of leather or synthetic
leather, weighs between 9
and 10 ounces and has a
circumference of 25.6 to 26.4
inches. The ball has a rubber
bladder and can be one color
or a combination of colors.
Synthetic leather is lighter
and is fine for beginner
players. Junior volleyballs for
children 12 years old and
younger weigh between 7
and 8 ounces.

11. The Net and Court
 The outdoor volleyball court
measures 18 x 9 m, surrounded
by a free zone that is 2 meters
wide on all sides. The minimum
playing space for U.S. volleyball
competitions is 7 meters. The
volleyball net is 32 feet long by 3
feet wide. For women, the net
should be 7 feet, 4 1/8 inches
high. For men, the net should be
7 feet, 11 5/8 inches high. U.S.
regulation volleyball playing
surfaces must be flat and not
present any hazards to the
players.

12. Lines
 The playing court is
marked by two sidelines
and two end lines. All lines
must be 2 inches wide and
must be created with a
light color that is easy to
discern from the playing
court. An attack line should
be placed three meters
from the center line. The
center line divides the
court into two 9 x 9 meter
courts.

13. Posts and Cables
 The volleyball net structure is
held together with metal
cables and posts. Posts are
placed 0.5 to 1.0 meter
outside the sidelines and 2.55
meters high. Posts should be
round, smooth and padded,
to prevent injury to the
players should they dive or
crash into them. Metal wires
and cables may need to be
covered if it is determined
that they present a danger to
the players.

14. Antenna and Side Bands
 Antenna are flexible rods
that are 1.8 meters long
made of fiberglass,
fastened at the outer
edge of each side band.
Side bands are two white
bands attached vertically
to the net and placed
above each sideline.

15. Knee pads
 Knee pads should be sturdy enough
to protect your knees from falls,
slides and dives, but flexible enough
to allow you to bend comfortably.
Your volleyball knee pads must be
made of fabric that breathes and
manages moisture. Good quality
pads have a gel or foam shock-
absorbing material that will cover
and protect your patella. It is best to
purchase your pads from a reliable
sporting goods store that will allow
you to try them on. If you have
difficulty finding the right fit, have
the store professional measure you
and order custom-fit pads. Popular
volleyball knee pad brands include
Asics, Mizuno, adidas, Nike and
Mikasa.

16. Shoes
 Arch and ankle support is key
when choosing a volleyball
shoe. Mizuno, Asics and Nike
are just a few of the popular
brands of volleyball shoes,
which are lightweight,
allowing you to be faster on
your feet, as well as bearing
good shock absorption on
your toes. Volleyball shoes
also provide for better lateral
movement than typical
running or cross-training
shoes.

17. Clothing and Jewelry
 All clothing should be
lightweight to allow maximum
flexibility and breath-ability, as
well as made of a material that
absorbs sweat and keeps skin
dry. Spandex shorts are a good
option, as they are flexible, light
and absorb odor. Socks, while
not required, absorb sweat and
prevent blisters. Jewelry is not
permitted in volleyball, with the
exception of smooth wedding
bands. Glasses must be worn
with a strap to keep them
secure.

18.  A volleyball team has six players.
Competitive volleyball is
traditionally divided into men's
teams and women's teams, though
recreational play can be code. Two
teams stand on opposite sides of a
net in a volleyball court. Although
the rules are extensive, the basic
idea is a back-and-forth of the ball
over the net, trying to keep it off the
ground. Basic play consists of one
team beginning a rally by serving
the ball, which means tossing it in
the air and hitting it with the palm
or arm over the net. Then players hit
the ball back and forth over the net,
trying to score a point by grounding
the ball on the opponent's court.
Each team has three touches on its
side during a rally.

19.  The six players stand in two rows facing the
net in what are known as their rotational
positions. The three players in the front row
form the attack zone, and the three players in
the back row form the defense zone. The
back player on the left is called the server.
She begins the rally to score a point. Players
rotate clockwise on the court after the team
wins a rally on the opponent's serve.

20.  After a serve, players are allowed to move from
their rotational positions into their playing
positions. These positions are also called zones.
Covering the two sides of the court are the
outside hitter and the right-side hitter, also
known as the wing spikers. In between the wing
spikers is the center or middle blocker. Other
positions include the opposite hitter, the setter
and the libero. The libero often plays left back
position and is allowed to play backcourt only.

22.  In 1998 the libero player was introduced internationally.[20] The
libero is a player specialized in defensive skills: the libero must
wear a contrasting jersey color from his or her teammates and
cannot block or attack the ball when it is entirely above net height.
When the ball is not in play, the libero can replace any back-row
player, without prior notice to the officials.This replacement does
not count against the substitution limit each team is allowed per
set, although the libero may be replaced only by the player whom
he or she replaced.
 The libero may function as a setter only under certain restrictions.
If she/he makes an overhand set, she/he must be standing behind
(and not stepping on) the 3-meter line; otherwise, the ball cannot
be attacked above the net in front of the 3-meter line. An
underhand pass is allowed from any part of the court.

23.  The libero is, generally, the
most skilled defensive
player on the team.There
is also a libero tracking
sheet, where the referees
or officiating team must
keep track of whom the
libero subs in and out for.
There may only be one
libero per set (game),
although there may be a
different libero in the
beginning of any new set
(game).

24.  Furthermore, a libero is not allowed to serve,
according to international rules, with the
exception of the NCAA women's volleyball
games, where a 2004 rule change allows the
libero to serve, but only in a specific rotation.
That is, the libero can only serve for one
person, not for all of the people for whom she
goes in.That rule change was also applied to
high school and junior high play soon after.

25. Volleyball officials have a number of different
responsibilities, and they must keep a
watchful eye on every point for the duration
of the match. Two people form an officiating
team for each match, with one acting as the
head referee who stands on the referee
stand, while the other is "down" referee
assisting with monitoring substitutions and
plays at the net.

27.  The first referee carries out his or
her responsibilities from a position
standing located at the opposite
end of the net from the
scorekeeper's table.
It's recommended that the first
referee remain on the stand during
the entire match except for a
protest, for personal reasons, or to
handle a scorekeeping difficulty
that the second referee is unable to
resolve.
The first referee directs the match
from the first moment arriving to
the court until the end of the
match.

28.  Having authority over all team members.
 Having final authority over all decisions
including those that don't specifically address
the rules.

Having authority over other officials of volleyball
and overruling other officials if certain they
made an incorrect decision.

Replacing an official that isn't performing
functions properly.

29.  Examine the ball that will be
used for the match.

Inspect the net, playing area,
and other equipment to ensure
they meet specifications.

Conduct the coin toss and
meeting of referees and team
representatives.

Control the warm up conduct of
teams.

Establish ground rules as
needed.

30.  The second referee takes position facing the
first referee on the opposite side of the court.
Should the first referee be indisposed, the
second referee assumes the responsibilities
and duties of the first referee.

31. Second referee responsibilities before the match
include...
 Ensure the names of the officials of volleyball
appear on the first set score sheet.

Ensure the coaches have line up sheets at least
10 minutes before the end of each team's timed
warm up periods.The second referee collects the
line up sheets from each team at the 3 minute
mark on the clock timing the pre-match warm
ups and submits them to the scorekeeper.

32.  The scorekeeper’s main job is to make sure
the score is correct at all times.The scorekeeper
uses a score sheet to keep track of the game.
 If there is a difference between the score on the
score sheet and the visual score (flip score,
electronic scoreboard, etc.) the visual score
should be changed to match the score on the
scoresheet unless the mistake on the scoresheet
can be determined and corrected.
 One of the referees should check the accuracy of
the scoresheet at the end of each set.

33. Pre-match,
 Before the match starts, the scorekeeper should fill in
the pre-match info –team names, starting line ups,
etc.
During the match,
 Records points when they are scored
 Watches the servers and indicates immediately to
the referees when a server has served out of order. It's
also good preventive officiating to watch
teams rotation in case assistance is needed for the
second referee to determine the correct team
alignment.

34.  Records player substitutions and team timeouts
 Records any sanctions
 Records all other events as instructed by the referees
 Records the final result of the set
 In the case of a protest, after the first referee gives
authorization, the scorekeeper lets the game captain
write a statement for protest on the scoresheet.
 After the match,
 Records the final result of the match
 Signs the scoresheet

35.  The assistant scorer (or libero tracker) sits at
the scorer’s table next to the scorekeeper.
 The assistant scorer’s main function is
to record libero replacements on to a libero
tracking sheet.

36.  Notifies any fault with libero replacements
 Operates the manual scoreboard on the
scorer’s table
 Checks the score on the scoreboard with the
score on the scoresheet

37.  If only two line judges are used, theystand at the
corner of the endlinethat is closest to the right hand
of each referee, diagonally from the corner.
 The line judges watch the endline and sideline of their
respective corners.
 For FIVB and Official Competitions, four line judges
are used. Each line judge stands in the free zone 1 to 3
meters, lined up with the imaginary extension of their
respective line.
 Line judge’s main responsibility is to make signals to
help out the referees in making judgment calls.
 Line judges may be instructed to use flags to make
the signals.

38. THE LINE JUDGES SIGNAL…
 Ball “in”and “out”whenever the ball lands near the lines
 Touches of “out”balls by players receiving the ball
 Ball touching the antennae
 A served ball crossing the net outside the crossing space
(the space between the antennae’s)
 Any player standing off the court at the moment of service
 Server foot faults

39. Step 1
 Learn the rules and the nuances of the game,
and pass a certification course to become a
recognized referee. The United States is broken
up into a number of different member regions of
USA Volleyball, and each region is sanctioned to
certify referees. Referees typically have to pass
written tests and receive the approval from the
USA Volleyball region chair and commissioner to
become certified.

40. Step 2
 Practice the hand signals and understand
when to make them. Referees need to know
the signals for substitutions, illegal contact
and fault. They also need to know how to
signal whether the ball landed in or out of
play. Officials are expected to make the
correct call in a convincing matter almost
immediately after each play ends.

41. Step 3
 Maintain order throughout the match. Be in
constant communication with your assistant
referee and the scorekeepers to make sure
that both teams are following the rules about
substitutions and formations. Be open in
communicating with the captains for each
team. Understand when is appropriate to
give a yellow card for a penalty or a red card
for an expulsion.

42. Step 4
 Start the game by marking down the lineup
and rotation for each team, flipping a coin
with the captains to see which team serves
first and signaling the game to begin by
blowing your whistle.

43.  When the ball contacts the floor within the court
boundaries or an error is made, the team that did not
make the error is awarded a point, whether they served
the ball or not. If the ball hits the line, the ball is counted as
in.The team that won the point serves for the next point.
If the team that won the point served in the previous
point, the same player serves again. If the team that won
the point did not serve the previous point, the players of
the serving team rotate their position on the court in a
clockwise manner.The game continues, with the first
team to score 25 points by a two-point margin is awarded
the set. Matches are best-of-five sets and the fifth set, if
necessary, is usually played to 15 points.