1.
For Your Safety, Protection and Knowledge
• PPE Coveralls; Aprons; Gloves;
Hats; Boots; Goggles; Face Shields
Respiratory Protection & Devices
IPM Basics
Application Equipment
Pesticides & The Environment
Bees and Other Pollinators
Fish and Other Vertebrates

2.
FOR YOUR
SAFETY,
PROTECTION
&
KNOWLEDGE
• Protective Clothing and Personal
Protective Equipment
• Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)
• The type of protective clothing and
equipment needed depends on the
job being done and the type of
chemical being used. READ THE LABEL
on the pesticide container carefully
and follow all directions concerning
necessary protective clothing and
equipment.

3.
FOR YOUR
SAFETY,
PROTECTION &
KNOWLEDGE
• Protective Clothing and Personal
Protective Equipment
• Applying and disposing of the
pesticide. In some cases, special
equipment may be required, such as
a self-contained air system when
using fumigants. In many cases, the
handler is required to wear a
chemical-resistant apron while
mixing, loading, or disposing of a
product, in addition to the required
personal protective equipment (PPE)
designated for the applicator.

4.
FOR YOUR SAFETY, PROTECTION &
KNOWLEDGE
• Recommended Clothing:
• The minimum protective clothing recommended by the United
States Department of Agriculture (USDA), the National Agricultural
Chemical Dealers Association (NACA), and the Environmental
Protection Agency (EPA) when handling dilute (mixed) pesticides
includes a long-sleeved shirt, long pants, underwear, chemically
resistant gloves, socks, and shoes (boots). When handling
concentrates, particularly pesticides with DANGER or WARNING
labels, a face shield, goggles, or respirator (full face and eye
protection), chemical resistant apron, and chemical resistant boots
are necessary.

5.
FOR YOUR SAFETY, PROTECTION &
KNOWLEDGE
• Required PPE that must be worn during each stage of
handling and using the pesticide (mixing, loading,
applying, repairing, clean-up, disposal).
• Read the label.

6.
FOR YOUR SAFETY, PROTECTION &
KNOWLEDGE
• Coveralls Cotton coveralls over regular work clothing are helpful
protection when applying and/or handling pesticides. Sleeves should
reach the wrist and the pant legs should reach the ankle. Coveralls
should be closed (e.g. buttoned or zipped) in the front. They must be
laundered after every wearing and should be replaced annually to
prevent pesticide carry-over in the clothing from one season to the
next.
• When wearing gloves and boots with coveralls, the garments are to be
worn outside (over) the gloves and boots. This prevents pesticides from
getting into the gloves or boots. Disposable coveralls, such as regular
Tyvek® or Polylaminated Tyvek® (polyethylene coated), are suitable for
handling granular or powdered formulations and less toxic liquid
pesticides.

7.
FOR YOUR SAFETY, PROTECTION & KNOWLEDGE
They also can be worn over other work clothing, and
offer protection similar to cotton coveralls, but are
water resistant. Tyvek® coated with Saranex 23P® offers
better protection for handling undiluted and highly toxic
pesticides, but does not "breathe." In some weather
conditions, they must be used with discretion to avoid
heat exhaustion.
Disposable coveralls are relatively inexpensive, so for
many situations they are a good safety investment.
Disposable coveralls are durable, but cannot be
effectively decontaminated and should be disposed of in
the same way as empty pesticide containers or
hazardous waste.

8.
FOR YOUR SAFETY, PROTECTION &
KNOWLEDGE
worn outside (over) the gloves and the boots preventing pesticides
from getting into the gloves and boots. Always follow label directions
for laundering work clothing.
If c•overalls are not warn, long-sleeved shirts and long pants made of a
closely woven fabric are a must when handling pesticides. The sleeves
should reach the wrist and the pant legs should reach the ankle. The
shirt should be closed (e.g. buttoned or zipped) in the front. If a shirt is
worn outside the pants, it should reach below the top of the pants.
Both the shirt and pants should be cleaned daily and should not have
any holes in them. Same as with coveralls, when wearing gloves and
boots with long-sleeved shirts and long pants, the garments are to be
This Photo by Unknown author is licensed under CC
BY-NC.

9.
FOR YOUR SAFETY, PROTECTION &
KNOWLEDGE
Ap•rons When handling pesticide concentrates a liquid proof
chemical resistant apron should be worn. Aprons should cover the
body from the chest to the boots. Read the label to see if a chemical
resistant apron is required.
This Photo by Unknown author is
licensed under CC BY-SA-NC.

10.
FOR YOUR SAFETY, PROTECTION &
KNOWLEDGE
Glo• ves have been shown to reduce pesticide contamination of skin
if properly maintained and replaced frequently. Hands should always
be protected when working with pesticides. A USDA study showed that
applicators handling concentrated pesticides received 85 percent of
their pesticide exposure on their hands. When handling
concentrated or highly toxic pesticides, wear gloves made of neoprene,
nitrile or butyl rubber. For most pesticides, nitrile gloves or natural
rubber gloves provide the best protection. Always follow the label
recommendation.

11.
FOR YOUR
SAFETY,
PROTECTION &
KNOWLEDGE
•The label may require a specific kind of
glove to be worn. Gloves should not be
lined with a fabric. The lining is hard to
clean if a chemical gets on it. Do not
wear cotton or leather gloves.
•They absorb the pesticide, which
provide a continuous source of exposure,
and can be more hazardous than
wearing no gloves at all.

12.
FOR YOUR SAFETY, PROTECTION & KNOWLEDGE
• Gloves with a “wristband” should never be
worn. Gloves can get contaminated on the
inside, and the moist warm conditions there
may foster pesticide absorption into the skin.
• To avoid this problem, discard or clean gloves
often. Before removing gloves, rinse them with
water and detergent to prevent contaminating
hands.

13.
FOR YOUR SAFETY, PROTECTION & KNOWLEDGE
• Hat Wear something to protect the
head. A wide-brimmed, waterproof hats
will protect neck, eyes, mouth, and
face. It should not have a cloth or leather
sweatband, or other porous materials
that may absorb pesticides; these
sweatbands are hard to clean if chemicals
get on them. Webbed, mesh, baseball
caps, or similar headgear should not be
used. One of the best hats is the plastic
"hard hat" with a plastic sweatband.

14.
FOR YOUR SAFETY, PROTECTION
& KNOWLEDGE
•Boots As stated above in the gloves section, it is a good idea to
wear unlined rubber or neoprene boots.
•Leather and canvas shoes/boots absorb and hold pesticides which in
turn provide a constant source of skin exposure.
•Wash boots daily and dry thoroughly inside and outside to remove
any pesticide residue.
•Pants or overalls should be worn outside of boots to prevent
pesticides from getting inside them.

15.
FOR YOUR SAFETY,
PROTECTION & KNOWLEDGE
Wear Goggles or a face shield when there is
any chance of getting pesticides in the eyes, or
anytime the label requires their use. These
should completely cover your eyes. Exposure is
likely when handling or applying mists,
dusts, liquid concentrates, or pressurized
equipment.
Tight fitting goggles with anti-fog lenses and
indirect venting are best. Goggles with cloth
headbands should be cleaned frequently.

16.
FOR YOUR SAFETY,
PROTECTION &
KNOWLEDGE
• It is recommended that these headbands
be replaced with ones made of
nonabsorbent materials.
Wash goggles or
face shield with detergent and water at least
once a day. Store in a plastic bag away from
pesticides to avoid contamination. Glasses
and sunglasses with or without side guards
should never be used as eye protection
against pesticides.

17.
OSHA
1910.134(c)
Respiratory
protection
program.
• This paragraph requires the employer to
develop and implement a written
respiratory protection program with
required worksite-specific procedures and
elements for required respirator use. The
program must be administered by a suitably
trained program administrator. In addition,
certain program elements may be required
for voluntary use to prevent potential
hazards associated with the use of the
respirator.

18.
Respiratory Protective Devices
• Respirators provide protection against inhalation
exposure. Pesticides can be inhaled either as mists,
dusts, or vapors. The respiratory tract rapidly and
completely absorbs pesticides, and should be
protected. Wear an approved respiratory device when
directed by the label. Follow the label instructions on
respiratory protection.
• An applicator needs a respirator if exposed to a pesticide
for a long time, if the pesticide used is highly toxic, or if
working in an enclosed area. OSHA requirements are
constantly changing with respect to respirators used in
general industries, which includes the occupation of pest
control.

19.
Respiratory Protective Devices
• A pest control operator is advised to contact OSHA periodically to
obtain the most recent requirements on respirators, or
periodically consult and read the Code of Federal Regulations
(CFR) Chapter 29 Part 1910.134. Depending on respirator usage
and company policies on respirator usage, applicators may want
to consult a physician before using a respirator. In some cases
where respirator usage is mandatory, a medical evaluation may be
necessary because some individuals may have physical problems
that may be aggravated by restricted airflow associated with
respirator usage. If respirator usage is required, the company will
have a written Respirator Protection Program with required work
site-specific procedures and elements.

20.
Commonly Used Respirators
• Dust and Mist Respirators Dust and mist respirators are physical
filters which only protect against pesticide dusts and larger spray
droplets. They are not effective against fumigants and the many
pesticides which emit vapors.
• Chemical Cartridge Respirator Chemical cartridge respirators are
usually designed as a half-face mask which cover the nose and
mouth but not the eyes; therefore, eye protection is required when
using them. They have one or two cartridges attached to the face
piece. In the cartridge, the inhaled air comes through both a filter
pad and an absorbing material such as activated charcoal which
removes most of the pesticide vapors, gases and particles.

21.
Commonly Used Respirators
Two commonly used types;
 Disposable
 Cartridge
They should not be used with
fumigant gases or in areas with
deficient oxygen levels.

22.
Chemical Canister
Respirator (Gas Mask)
• Gas masks are normally designed
to cover the eyes, nose and
mouth. The canister is either attached
directly to the face piece or is worn on a
belt and is connected to the face piece
by a flexible hose.
• These respirators are to be worn when
applicators are exposed to a continuous
concentration of a toxic pesticide.

23.
Chemical Canister Respirator
(Gas Mask)
• Normally, the canister has longer lasting
absorbent material and filters compared to a
cartridge respirator. Gas masks usually protect
the face better than cartridge types, but
neither kind provides protection when the
oxygen supply is low. Gas masks should not be
used where oxygen deficiency or high gas
concentrations may occur, such as in a
structure undergoing a fumigation.

24.
Supplied Air
Respirators and
Positive-pressure Self
Contained Breathing
Apparatus (SCBA)
•Supplied Air Respirators and Positive-pressure
•Self-Contained Breathing Apparatus (SCBA) Supplied
Air Respirators and SCBA (not SCUBA) respirators,
such as those manufactured by Survivair, Ranger,
Scott, or MSA, are used primarily used in fumigation
or where the oxygen supply is low.
• Both of these respirator types have full face masks
and do not require additional eye protection.

25.
Selection of Respirators
• Specific types of cartridges and canisters protect against specific chemical
gases and vapors. Be sure to choose one to protect against the pesticide being
used. Use only those approved by the National Institute for Occupational
Safety and Health (NIOSH), or the Mine Safety and Health Administration
(MSHA).
• An example or an organic vapor respirator for pesticide use would be a
“NIOSH-MSHA Approval No. TC-23C-860 issued to 3M, St. Paul, Minnesota,
USA.” All respirators, even dust masks, have these approvals. Read the
pesticide label and the respirator for appropriate NIOSH-MSHA approval
before using a pesticide which requires the use of a respirator.

26.
Selection of Respirators
• A respirator or mask should be fitted properly to the face. Long
sideburns, beard, or glasses may prevent a good seal. Adjust
headbands tightly enough to obtain a good seal. Before using, read
the manufacturer's instructions on the use and care of the
respirator and its parts.
• The manufacturer's instructions will suggest procedures to test for
a proper seal. This may be similar to the following
inhalation/exhalation test.

27.
Inhalation
Test
• Place the palm of the hands over the
cartridge assemblies or inhalation points
and inhale. If no air enters and the
facepiece collapses slightly, the respirator is
properly fitted and the exhalation valve is
closing property.
• Exhalation Test: Place the palm of the hand
or thumb over the exhalation valve guard
and press lightly. Exhale to cause a slight
pressure inside the face-piece. If no air
escapes, the face-piece is properly fitted
and the inhalation valves are closing
correctly. If air escapes, readjust the
headbands.

28.
Respirator
Maintenance
• During heavy spraying, the filters in chemical
cartridge respirators should be changed at
least two times a day - more often if
breathing becomes difficult. Cartridges
should be changed after eight hours use, or
when the manufacturer recommends
replacement. If the applicator detects
pesticide odor or feels nose or throat
irritation, the applicator should leave the
work area immediately and change the
canister or cartridge.

29.
Respirator
Maintenance
Filters and cartridges should be removed after each
use.
Remember, once cartridges have been removed
from their original wrapping they lose their
absorptive capacity rapidly. If disposable
respirators are used, follow directions on the
package Filters/cartridges on disposable
respirators are not replaceable. Use a new
respirator as needed or recommended by the
manufacturer.

30.
Respirator
Maintenance
• The face piece on all types of respirators
(including disposable respirators) should be
washed with soap and water, rinsed, dried
with a clean cloth, and stored in a clean, dry
place away from pesticides after every use.
A tightly closed plastic bag works well for
storage. The useful life of a cartridge or
canister depends on the amount of
absorbent material, the concentration of
contaminants in the air, the breathing rate
of the wearer, and the temperature and
humidity.

31.
Respirator Maintenance
As a general rule, a canister, cartridge, or disposable respirator should never be reused even if used for just a few
minutes. These filters are easily replaced, but lungs are not. Remember— a disposable respirator or cartridges
should be changed:
When the manufacturer recommends;
If breathing is troublesome;
If pesticide odors can be smelled;
If the last time it was used is unknown.

32.
Storage of respirators
• Shall be in a compartment away
from pesticide materials
• Shall be in a protective container,
such as a sealable plastic bag or box.
This Photo by Unknown author is licensed under CC BY-SA-NC.

33.
Definitions
• Respirator: A device designed to protect the wearer from inhalation of
hazardous atmospheres.
• Air purifying respirator: A respirator that removes contaminants from the
inhaled air stream. There are two major sub-categories of air purifying
respirator systems: Mechanical filter type, used to remove particulates (dusts,
mists, fogs, smokes and fumes) and chemical cartridge type (absorption or
adsorption or modification of gasses or vapors). Some respirators combine
both types of systems.

34.
Definitions
• IDLH: Immediately Dangerous to Life or Health. Conditions that can
pose an immediate threat to life or health OR conditions that pose an
immediate threat of severe exposure to contaminants such as
carcinogens or neurotoxins which are likely to have adverse
cumulative or delayed effects on health. All fumigant-confining
structures shall be considered IDLH until proven safe by appropriate
monitoring equipment.
• Atmosphere-supplying respirator: A respirator that supplies the
respirator user with breathing air from a source independent of the
ambient atmosphere. This includes supplied-air respirators (SAR) and
self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA) units.

35.
Definitions
• Atmosphere-supplying respirator: A respirator that supplies the respirator
user with breathing air from a source independent of the ambient
atmosphere. This includes supplied-air respirators (SAR) and self-contained
breathing apparatus (SCBA) units.
• Confidential reader: A person chosen by an employee required to wear a
respirator to read to him/her the Medical Evaluation Questionnaire
required under 3 CCR Section 6739 in a language primarily understood by
the employee. This includes, but is not limited to, a coworker, family
member, friend, or an independent translator provided by the employer.
The employer or the employer’s direct agent, such as a supervisor,
manager, foreman, or secretary, are not included and are prohibited from
being confidential readers.

36.
Definitions
• Filter or air purifying element: A component used in respirators to remove solid
or liquid aerosols from the inspired air.
• Filtering facepiece (dust mask): A negative pressure particulate respirator with a
filter as an integral part of the facepiece or with the entire facepiece composed
of the filtering medium.
• Physician or other licensed health care professional (PLHCP): An individual
whose legally permitted scope of practice allows him or her to independently
provide, or be delegated the responsibility to provide, some or all of the health
care services required by these regulations. This can include Physicians,
(including Occupational Medicine Physicians), Doctors of Osteopathy, Physician
Assistants, Registered Nurses, Nurse Practitioners and Occupational Health
Nurses.

37.
Definitions
• Qualitative fit test (QLFT): A pass/fail fit test to assess the adequacy
of respirator fit that relies on the individual's response to the test
agent.
• Quantitative fit test (QNFT): An assessment of the adequacy of
respirator fit by numerically measuring the amount of leakage into
the respirator.

38.
Employees who are required to use respirators must be trained such
that they can demonstrate knowledge of at least:
Why the respirator is necessary and how improper fit, use, or maintenance can compromise its protective effect.
Limitations and capabilities of the respirator
Effective use in emergency situations
How to inspect, put on and remove, use and check the seals
Maintenance and storage
Recognition of medical signs and symptoms that may limit or prevent effective use

39.
Practice demonstrations should include
• Inspecting, donning, wearing and removing the respirator.
• Adjusting the respirator to minimize discomfort to the wearer.
• Wearing during training for an adequate period time to ensure that
the wearer is familiar with the operational characteristics of the
respirator.
• Each respirator user will be retrained at least annually. Record of
training will be kept by the RPA.

40.
Cleaning, Sanitizing and Storage
•Individual respirator users are responsible
for cleaning their own respirators.
Respirators will be cleaned when
appropriate. Cleaning will be done following
manufacturer’s recommendations as
described below.
•Respirator Safety
•Procedures for Cleaning Respirators.
•A. Remove filters, cartridges, or canisters.
Disassemble face pieces by removing
speaking diaphragms, demand and
pressure-demand valve assemblies, hoses,
or any components recommended by the
manufacturer. Discard or repair any
defective parts.

41.
Cleaning, Sanitizing and Storage
• B. Wash components in warm (43 deg. C [110 deg. F] maximum)
water with a mild detergent or with a cleaner recommended by the
manufacturer. A stiff bristle (not wire) brush may be used to facilitate
the removal of dirt.
• C. Rinse components thoroughly in clean, warm (43 deg. C [110 deg.
F] maximum), preferably running water. Drain.
• D. When the cleaner used does not contain a disinfecting agent,
respirator components should be immersed for two minutes in one of
the following:

42.
Cleaning, Sanitizing and Storage
• 1. Hypochlorite solution (50 ppm of chlorine) made by adding
approximately one milliliter of laundry bleach to one liter of water at
43 deg. C (110 deg. F); or,
• 2. Aqueous solution of iodine (50 ppm iodine) made by adding
approximately 0.8 milliliters of tincture of iodine (6-8 grams
ammonium and/or potassium iodide/100 cc of 45% alcohol) to one
liter of water at 43 deg. C (110 deg. F); or,
• 3. Other commercially available cleansers of equivalent disinfectant
quality when used as directed, if their use is recommended or
approved by the respirator manufacturer.

43.
Cleaning, Sanitizing and Storage
• Rinse components thoroughly in clean, warm (43 deg. C [110 deg. F]
maximum), preferably running water. Drain. The importance of
thorough rinsing cannot be overemphasized. Detergents or
disinfectants that dry on face pieces may result in dermatitis. In
addition, some disinfectants may cause deterioration of rubber or
corrosion of metal parts if not completely removed.
• Components should be hand-dried with a clean lint-free cloth or air-
dried.

44.
Cleaning, Sanitizing and Storage
• Reassemble face piece, replacing filters, cartridges, and canisters
where necessary.
• Test the respirator to ensure that all components work properly.
• These procedures shall be performed after each use or when the
device becomes contaminated.
• Respirators with changeable filters must be worn in any confined
spaces or when applying pesticides in confined spaces. Respirators
must be worn in attics during rodent inspections or decontamination.
Respirators must be worn when working with or applying dusts. Use
the correct filter for the requirements of the job.

45.
Cleaning, Sanitizing and Storage
• Cleaning of respirator daily:
• Wash in mild soap solution (face piece only)
• Immerse in sanitary solution for two minutes, usually a chlorine
solution.
• Rinse thoroughly in clean, warm water
• Air dry
• Do Not wash filters or cartridges

46.
Cleaning, Sanitizing and Storage
Repair and Maintenance
of respirators:
Pre-filters should be
replaced when breathing
becomes more difficult,
per manufacturer's
instructions.
Cartridges should be
replaced when wearer
begins to taste or smell
chemical being used
Only those filters and
cartridges designed for
the specific respirator
will be used.

47.
Cleaning,
Sanitizing
and
Storage
Single-use respirators will be properly disposed
of in a company trash container
After cleaning (and, if required, sanitizing), respirators
will be stored in disposable, resealable plastic bags.
Respirators and their filters/cartridges will be stored so
that they are protected from sunlight, dust, chemical
contamination, moisture, and temperature extremes.
Maintenance, Inspection and Repair
(Policy on maintenance, inspection and repair
of respirators can be either or both of the
following)

48.
Cleaning, Sanitizing and Storage
• Individual respirator users are directed to perform routine maintenance and
inspection of respirators issued to them. The respirator user is directed to
identify and deliver to the RPA any respirator in need of repair/replacement.
Damaged or defective respirators will be properly disposed according to
company policy. The RPA will also make random inspections of the respirators.
For SCBA type, there will be a minimum inspection period of one month.
Respirator inspections will cover the following items:
• General condition of mask, straps, valves, air hoses (no cracks, tears, holes,
deformations, loss of elasticity).
• Filter elements (proper filter or cartridge), air tanks (full tanks), regulators, low-
pressure warning device.
• Hose clamps, gaskets (in place and properly seated)
• Mask cleanliness (no debris, especially on sealing surfaces)

49.
Cleaning, Sanitizing and Storage & Use
• Employees with facial hair (heavy stubble, drooping mustache,
long sideburns, beards) that prevent a gas-tight seal shall not wear
respiratory protective equipment that requires a tight face to
face-piece seal for proper operation. Other types of non-face-
sealing respirators, if adequate for mitigating the hazard, may be
chosen.
• Cartridges, filters and filtering face-pieces will be discarded daily,
absent other information on the end-of-service-life indication
from the respiratory protection equipment manufacturer or
specific end-of-service-life information on the pesticide label.
• Air-purifying respirators shall not be worn when an oxygen-
deficient atmosphere (less than 19.5% oxygen) is known or
suspected, or in environments where high concentrations of air
contaminant may be present.

50.
Qualitative Fit Testing
Quantitative Fit Testing
Positive/Negative Pressure User Seal-Check
In all cases, the respirator wearer should select a respirator that feels comfortable. If there are any
doubts about the condition or integrity of the respirator or filters, the respirator should be
rejected.
As required by 3 CCR Section 6739(e)(4), all fit testing is done in accordance with the requirements
found in Department of Industrial Relations Title 8 CCR Section 5144, Appendix A.

51.
Respirator Fit Test
• Qualitative Fit Testing: The following protocols are cited in regulation
3 CCR Section 6739(e)(4) as authorized to fit test respirators:
• For testing against organic vapors cartridges:
• Isoamyl acetate test (“Banana oil”)
• For testing against particulate filters:
• Saccharin test
• Bitrex® test
• Irritant smoke test

52.
Respirator Fit Test
• Positive Pressure User Seal-Check: This test will be conducted by
blocking the exhalation valve with the palm of the hand to prevent air
escaping from the mask. Do not press so hard on the exhalation valve
that the mask is moved from its proper face-fit position. A slight
positive pressure is then created in the mask by gently exhaling until
the facepiece starts to pull away from the face. If the mask does not
“balloon” up or otherwise pull away, there may be a leak in the mask
or in the face seal. However, if there is neither loss of pressure nor
outward leakage of air, the wearer and the respirator have passed
the positive pressure fit-check.

53.
Respirator Fit Test
• Negative Pressure User Seal-Check: This test will be conducted by
blocking the air purifying element(s) with either the palm of each
hand or covering it with a plastic wrap. A negative pressure will be
created inside the facepiece by gently inhaling and holding the breath
for several seconds. The mask should collapse against the face and
remain in that position during the test. If the mask does not collapse
or otherwise tighten against the face, there may be a leak in the mask
or in the face seal. If there is no loss of vacuum or inward movement
of air, the wearer and the respirator have passed the negative
pressure fit-check.

54.
Respirator Fit Test
•Caution!
• The positive/negative pressure user seal-checks are not considered
“fit-testing”. A qualitative or quantitative fit test must be performed
before a respirator can be assigned to a worker. Persons with facial
hair that interferes with the sealing surfaces of the respirator will be
recorded as unsatisfactory for respirator use without further testing.

55.
IPM BASICS
• In recent years, the term "Integrated Pest Management" and its acronym
"IPM" have received much press in the pest control arena. There have
been dozens of articles written on the subject during the past decade. It
has been heralded as the "new approach" to pest control. Those who have
been less than encouraging have generally cited its lack of acceptance by
the pest control industry. Neither view is correct. Integrated Pest
Management (IPM) is neither a "new approach" to pest control, nor is it
practiced by only a limited number of pest management companies. It
predates recorded history and is practiced universally.

56.
The original
IPM

57.
IPM BASICS
• The IPM approach to pest management differs in several ways from
"conventional" or "traditional" urban pest control that relies primarily
upon pesticide use. First, it is not merely a reaction to a pest
problem. It is a process which when followed, provides effective
control. Second, it considers threshold levels of pest presence. The
Third difference between conventional pest control and the IPM
approach is the application of two or more pest management
procedures to reduce or limit population levels. A fourth difference is
that pest management involves a truly integrated approach where all
pests are considered in the development of the pest management
process.

58.
IPM BASICS INSPECTION
The first step in any IPM
program is thorough
inspection. There are
several reasons for
inspecting the premises
including:
Determine the location of
the infestation
Determine the extent of the
infestation
Note damage to the
structure or commodities
Determine conditions
conducive to the
infestation
Identify harborage areas
Identify sanitation
deficiencies
Identify avenues of possible
entry
Identify items or factors
which would impact
program development

59.
IPM BASICS INSPECTION
• The inspection should be an orderly, organized procedure to determine the above
information. It should include all areas of the premises - both indoors and outdoors. All
levels of the structure should be inspected including attics, living or public floors,
basements, crawl spaces, etc. No area should be overlooked because an infestation may
have its beginnings in such an area or may, because of favorable conditions, move into
this area.

60.
IPM BASICS
Identification
•Before an effective integrated pest management
program can be developed and implemented, it is
necessary to know the pest or pests with which we
are dealing. Identification is an integral part of any
IPM program. This knowledge enables us to
determine what control measures to employ and
when, where and how to employ them.
•Without a thorough understanding of the pest
and its habits, habitat, life cycle and biology, we
cannot be effective. In addition, several states
require that any chemical applications performed
be for a specific pest and that this pest be listed on
the treatment record.

61.
IPM BASICS Identification
While the customer can often identify many pests by general categories such
as cockroach, fly, beetle or rodent; they are seldom able to make more specific
identification. Such specific information is necessary so that the proper
management program can be developed. The reason for this is simple: even
though two pests may be of the same group or family (cockroach, fly, etc.) their
food, shelter and habitat requirements may be quite different. In addition, the
damage they may cause can vary greatly. Similar looking beetles, for example,
may damage wood members, stored products, carpets and houseplants. Each
would require a different control method. It is important, therefore, to assure
that proper identification is made.

62.
IPM BASICS
Identification
• Once a pest has been
correctly identified, its
food preferences,
harborage sites,
behavioral patterns,
biology, habits, potential
for damage the options
for control measures may
be determined.

63.
Establishment of Thresholds
• The concept of threshold levels originated in the
area of agricultural pest control. The pest
population levels at which control measures are
undertaken are called "economic thresholds"
and are based upon the value of the commodity
(or its anticipated market value), the amount of
damage the pest population could cause, and
the cost associated with implementing particular
control measures.

64.
Establishment of Thresholds
• Although the cost of potential control measures in an urban
setting can be determined, it is difficult to assign a value to
the economic consequences of an infestation. For example,
while the presence of cockroaches in some locations within a
facility may be tolerated, their presence in the food
preparation or consumption areas would not. Consequently,
in this case, the threshold level would be zero. Occasionally, a
pest management decision may depend upon the cost of
potential control measures as weighed against the benefits
received.

65.
Establishment of Thresholds
• As a result of the above, urban pest management decisions
are generally influenced by three factors:
• health and safety danger created by the pest
• legal restrictions on pest infestation
• the levels of pest tolerance exhibited by the customer

66.
Employment Of Two Or More
Control Measures
• It is at this stage of the pest management process
that we see the true integrated approach come into
play. The primary objective of an IPM approach is to
design a program that uses more than one strategy
or control measures.
• The strategies chosen should be ones that are:

67.
Employment Of Two Or More
Control Measures
• least disruptive of natural controls
• least hazardous to human health
• least toxic to non-target organisms
• least damaging to the general environment
• most likely to produce a permanent reduction of the pest
population
• easiest to carry out effectively
• most cost-effective over the short and long term

68.
Employment Of Two Or More
Control Measures
• To qualify as a truly integrated program, at least two types of
control measures must be employed. There are many types of
control measures available to the pest management professional.
These measures fall into several general categories based upon
how pest population suppression is approached and include
habitat modification, changing human behavior, employment of
traps, caulks, etc. and pesticide applications. They may be grouped
into five major pest control types:

69.
SANITATION
• No other non-chemical control measure can have a more
beneficial effect than sanitation. It is the elimination of pest
harborages, water and food sources so as to inhibit the survival of
pests and requires the cooperation of the customer who is
normally the one who provides the sanitary measures. To be
effective in the use of other pest management procedures (i.e.:
mechanical, cultural, biological and chemical), it is first necessary
to ensure sanitation is addressed.

70.
MECHANICAL
• Mechanical, or physical control involves the use of traps, caulks,
seals or barriers to prevent pests from entering, establishing
and living in an undesired location. It may include any or all of
the measures listed next:
• excluding (pest proofing) pests using barriers, including screens,
seals, nets and caulking
• manually removing pests using hands, snares or by vacuuming
• setting traps, including sticky, electric, light, multiple catch and
snap types
• the use of heat or cold to destroy pests

71.
CULTURAL
• Cultural control involves manipulation of the pest's
environment to make it less favorable for the pest to
exist. It may also be referred to as habitat modification
or environmental alteration. To accomplish this, the
customer may have to change some of their normal
practices or habits and thus make it harder for the pest
populations to become established or to spread.

72.
BIOLOGICAL
• Biological control is the use of parasites, predators, or
pathogens to control or manage pests. When available or
sufficiently developed, biological control strategies tend to be
among the least environmentally disruptive pest control
measures. Nematodes, fungus, parasitic wasps, and even
IGR's are all examples of biological control agents in the
urban arena.

73.
CHEMICAL
• The final type of control measure is chemical. It should be the
last control measure to be considered when developing an
integrated pest management program although there may be
times when pesticides will have to be the first control strategy
used because of the immediate need to significantly reduce or
eliminate a pest population. This in no way implies that
pesticides may not be an important part of your program. It
does imply, however, that they should be thought of as one of
several control measures available.

74.
Evaluation of Effectiveness
• The final step in the Integrated Pest Management process is the evaluation of
effectiveness. Follow-up inspections enable the pest management
professional to assess and adjust the control measures that have been
employed. There are several reasons for reinspecting the account:
• Determine effectiveness of previous procedures
• Identify areas overlooked
• Eliminate entry points
• Enhance program effectiveness
• Reapply or revise any pest management procedures as appropriate
• Maintain good customer relations and satisfaction

75.
THE IPM TEMPLATE
The IPM template is a formula with which the pest management professional can determine the
appropriate control measures to use. It may be expressed using the following formula:
Account Type + Pest(s) - Restrictions = Control Measures
The key components of the formula are the account type, the pest or pests for which control is
desired, and any restrictions imposed by various factors including the customer, environmental
and legal restrictions. The result is the appropriate control measure or measures to be employed.

76.
APPLICATION
EQUIPMENT
• The applicator should know how to
choose the correct equipment for the job
at hand.
• Selection criteria should include:
• Knowing the target pest
• Knowing his surroundings
• Knowing what equipment will do the job
with the least amount of chemical at the
lowest toxicity to control the target pest.

77.
APPLICATION
EQUIPMENT
• DUSTERS
• Dust formulations are pesticides in which the
active ingredient is mixed with a substance
which is usually light in weight (talc or clay).
However, heavier weighted carriers are also
essential for the proper distribution in certain
situations. Many lightweight dusts are not
acceptable in many areas since they may be a
hazard to the applicator or vicinity in which the
application is made. Ultimate drift of dispersed
dust must be of considerable concern to the
applicator. Precautionary measures in the use
of dust equipment consist of the following:

78.
APPLICATION EQUIPMENT
Because dusts are usually exerted under some degrees of pressure,
all working parts of the equipment should be carefully examined.
All literature provided by the manufacturer should be carefully
read.
Goggles and respirators should be included in the safety equipment.
The operator should be acquainted with operations and limitations
of each piece of equipment he uses.
Complete removal of dust remaining in the hopper and any
extensions of the duster should be accomplished after the
completion of each job.

79.
APPLICATION EQUIPMENT Hand
Operated Dusters
• Getz Applicator
This is a very simple device in which a spring is
surrounded by a rubber sleeve sealed at one end by a
filler plug and the other by a small release tube.
Contracting the 2 ends compresses the spring and
releases a limited quantity of dust through the tube
orifice. Releasing the grip on the spring forces the
sleeve to resume its original position. The capacity of
this device is very small (6 ounces) and usually it is
only used for crack and crevice treatment. Small void
areas can be expertly treated with this device.

80.
• Bulb Duster
• This is similar to the Getz applicator but does not depend
upon a spring to re-establish its flexibility. Instead, by the
nature of its construction, it resumes its original shape
and upon compressing releases dust through a small
orifice . Depending upon the weight of the dust used, it
may hold slightly more than the Getz applicator. Its uses
are identical as for the Getz applicator.
APPLICATION EQUIPMENT Hand Operated Dusters

81.
• Plunger Tube Dusters
• This is a device in which a plunger forces air
through a cylinder into a small tube of varying
length. Retraction of the plunger allows air
and dust to mix in the cylinder and upon
depression of the cylinder, repeats the above
process. This device is suitable for crack,
crevice, or void applications. Its capacity is
usually greater than both of the previously
mentioned dusters.
APPLICATION EQUIPMENT Hand Operated Dusters

82.
APPLICATION EQUIPMENT
• Power Dusters
• As their name implies, the following equipment either uses electric
motors, gasoline engines, or compressed air as the power to run the
mechanism which propels the dust. Where the hand type units
usually are for small applications, power dusters obviously are used
where large quantities of dust are to be dispersed. In the structural
pest control industry, this type duster is usually restricted for use in
large enclosed areas such as attics or sub-areas.

83.
APPLICATION
EQUIPMENT
• Electric Motor Powered Dusters
This equipment, as indicated by the
name, uses an electric motor which
powers the propeller that creates the
air to force the dust through an
applicator tube. Power must be
accessible for use of the duster.

84.
APPLICATION
EQUIPMENT
• SPRAYERS
• There are many ways to classify
equipment in this category. The
present system is based on the
method by which the pressure is
originated to force the liquid
from any designated holding
container.

85.
APPLICATION EQUIPMENT
• Compressed Air Sprayers
This is probably the most commonly used sprayer in our
industry. It is composed of a tank (usually holding from one-
half gallon to 3 gallons of liquid), a pump to compress air,
and a discharge hose with a valve to control the discharge
through a nozzle.

86.
APPLICATION EQUIPMENT
• Its operation is relatively simple. An airtight tank, preferably
stainless steel, is filled approximately three-fourths of its
capacity with a pesticide. The remaining space is utilized for
the compressed air to be generated by the hand-powered
plunger type cylinder within the tank.

87.
APPLICATION EQUIPMENT
• A check valve is located at the bottom of the cylinder to
allow the air to enter the tank but closes to prevent the
liquid from entering the cylinder. A tube within the tank is
located so that its source originates near the bottom of the
tank but closes to prevent the liquid from entering the
cylinder. Somewhere prior to the nozzle is a hand-
controlled shut-off valve.

88.
APPLICATION EQUIPMENT
• There is usually a pressure valve where the pipe emerges
from the tank and the hose connection. The sprayer should
not be used with pressures exceeding 50 psi nor less than
25 psi. The nozzle can be either a multi-purpose type (pin
stream to fan or hollow cone) or a fixed pattern.

89.
APPLICATION EQUIPMENT
• This type of application is usually confined to inside work
• and sometimes outside in monthly service calls. These are
• excellent for performing crack and crevice treatments
inside a structure.

90.
APPLICATION EQUIPMENT
Electric or Gasoline-
Operated Sprayers
(Powered Spraying)
• For the most part power
spray usually refers to the
typical 30 to 100 gallon spray
rigs owned by most structural
pest control firms. Most will
have some form of agitation,
either jet agitation or blades
mounted inside the tank.

91.
APPLICATION EQUIPMENT
• When spraying either a yard or sub-area, a moderately
low pressure with a relatively high volume will aid in a
safe even distribution. Where grass or weeds are thick
it may be necessary to adjust the pressure upwards to
be sure and drive the pesticide down into the soil or
turf. However, the spray pattern should be kept coarse
to ensure wetness.

92.
APPLICATION EQUIPMENT
• Low pressure-high volume is particularly valuable when
spraying a dry, dusty sub-area. High pressure tends to
ball up the top layer of dust or soft soil and move it
around in a sweeping motion, without ever getting the
soaking action that is desirable. Needless to say, but
some servicemen will use higher pressures to speed up
a job. A conscientious applicator will move about with a
low pressure-high volume type of application and reach
all areas.

93.
APPLICATION EQUIPMENT
• With power spraying the source of power is either an
electric or gasoline engine. This power can be
transmitted to the pump by belts and pulleys, chains
and sprockets, power take-off assemblies, or direct
drive. In all cases, the liquid is ejected by the action of a
pump through hoses or wands and finally through a
nozzle or groups of nozzles. In this industry, the most
commonly used type of pumps are the centrifugal,
gear, and piston pumps. The selection of a sprayer
must obviously be governed by the magnitude of the
job.

94.
APPLICATION EQUIPMENT
• Various types of formulations also play an important
part in deciding the tank, pump, hose, regulator or
nozzle to be used. The following section indicates the
various ramifications of this selection by pointing out
the various components of some of the systems now in
use.

95.
APPLICATION
EQUIPMENT PUMPS
• A pump is the most important part of the spraying system. It
is imperative that it be chosen to satisfy the widest range of
applications unless its use is for a single purpose. In most
instances, the pump comes as an integral part of a complete
unit in which the engineering requirements have all been
satisfied. In other words, it has been specifically designed
and manufactured by a company in this field. As one can
imagine, there are many styles of pumps, some specifically
for high gallon delivery with little pressure, while others are
styled for both small and large delivered quantities and high
pressure. The most common type of pumps are discussed in
the following section.

96.
APPLICATION
EQUIPMENT PUMPS
• Piston Pump
This is one of the most common pumps in existence. It
has the ability to produce large volumes at high
pressures; for example, 55 gallons per minute at 800
psi. However, it can also be regulated to deliver 2
gallons per minute at 150 psi. The only feature which
makes this type pump undesirable is its pulsating action
on hoses and regulators which causes them to wear at
a rate faster than that with other type pumps.

97.
APPLICATION EQUIPMENT PISTON PUMPS

98.
APPLICATION
EQUIPMENT CENTRIFUGAL PUMPS
• Centrifugal Pumps
• This type of pump is best noted for its ability to deliver high volumes
of liquid at low pressures. These are constructed to handle corrosive
and abrasive materials.

99.
APPLICATION EQUIPMENT CENTRIFUGAL PUMPS

100.
APPLICATION EQUIPMENT ROLLER PUMPS
• Roller Pumps
This is a very popular pump in the industry because of its wide
variety of uses. It has either nylon or rubber rollers and can produce a
wide range of volumes and pressures.

101.
APPLICATION EQUIPMENT ROLLER PUMPS

102.
APPLICATION EQUIPMENT HOSES
This Photo by Unknown author is licensed under CC
BY-SA.
• Naturally, such things as capacity of delivery (interior
dimension size and friction loss) and material
composition of the hose are important to know what
the specific gallon delivery is required at the nozzle or
group of nozzles. Much of this information is available
from the manufacturer, but it should be verified by
experimenting with the equipment before it is used.
One method of experimentation is to attach the hose to
the pump outlet, set the pressure regulator to a specific
pressure and attach a nozzle which in turn can be
directed into a container. The quantity delivered per
minute will determine the gallons produced by the
pump.

103.
APPLICATION EQUIPMENT NOZZLES
There are many types of nozzles. Of primary concern is that
the specific type provide the pattern desired. In most cases,
the pattern is confined to a solid or pin stream, to a fan, or to
a hollow or solid cone nozzle. Many of the above
combinations are available in adjustable brass but can also be
made of stainless steel, aluminum, or some wearable parts of
plastic.
Except for nozzles used on small equipment, the gallons
delivered by a specific nozzle, regardless of design, should be
clearly known by the applicator. The capacity of the pump, the
pressure on the liquid, the friction loss and size of the hose,
and the size of the orifice in the nozzle will all govern the
ultimate gallons delivered from the nozzle.

104.
APPLICATION
EQUIPMENT STRAINERS
• These are screens made of various
materials, preferably stainless steel,
which usually are 50 mesh or
coarser. They are located at the
filling opening, suction line to the
pump and at the nozzle tip. Their
presence is to prevent any foreign
substance access to the spraying
system.

105.
APPLICATION
EQUIPMENT STRAINERS
• Should they become clogged,
they can make a serious negative
impact on the performance and
precision of your treatment.
Routine cleaning is imperative not
only for the sprayers to function
properly, but is extremely
important if the calibrated
delivery system is to be accurate.

106.
APPLICATION EQUIPMENT
Pressure Regulators
Pressure Regulators As the name
implies, this unit controls the pressure
of the liquid being delivered to the
nozzle. As with many other parts, there
are numerous types of regulators.
Spring tension which is controlled by a
hand-adjusted screw mechanism exerts
pressure on the liquid as it flows
through the regulator on its way to the
nozzle.

107.
APPLICATION EQUIPMENT
Pressure Regulators
• They can be operated from zero pressure to
as high as 800 psi. The indicator or gauge for
pressure is located adjacent to or is a
component part of the regulator and, as
indicated, records the pressure as pounds
per square inch. In addition to establishing
the pressure, a provision exists for the
excess or overflow to bypass the regulator
and return to the tank. In many sprayers this
return line is located near the bottom of the
tank and can be either the primary or
secondary measure in the agitation of the
spray material in the tank.

108.
APPLICATION
EQUIPMENT
AGITATORS
• This is a means by which the contents of a spray tank
is mixed and agitated. The object is to keep the
pesticide in continuous suspension so that it results in
an even distribution of the material. In some
formulations (wettable powders), mechanical is the
only type of agitation that maintains suspension. In
this method, a set of paddles is attached to a
horizontally located shaft at the lower portion of the
tank.
• Exteriorly, the shaft is connected to the power source.
Bypass agitators are a frequently used method of
agitation. This technique utilizes the overflow from the
regulator to stir the contents of a tank. Obviously, if
the nozzle or nozzles are shut off, this system is quite
effective. However, if one is utilizing the full output of
the pump, very little fluid is bypassing the regulator;
consequently, there is very little agitation.

109.
• Jet agitators are connected to
the pressure side of the pump
and a supply pipe placed
horizontally at the bottom of
the tank.
• The orifice size must be
commensurate with the
capacity of the pump so that
the supply is adequate for it
and the nozzle. In all forms of
agitators, problems may arise
due to the type of the
formation used.
APPLICATION EQUIPMENT AGITATORS

110.
Mechanical Agitators. Mechanical agitators are propellers
or paddles mounted on a shaft that is positioned near
the bottom of a spray tank. The shaft passes through
the tank wall and connects to the drive line by belts or
chains. Mechanical agitators provide constant mixing in
the tank as long as the sprayer is running.
They are usually effective in suspending settled
formulations.

111.
Wood injection systems. Typically used for local or spot
treatments for wood destroying insects.
There are several manufactures of wood injection systems.
Some are small and used for localized treatments for wood injection.
Others are larger and can be used for sub-slab foaming,
wall void injection, including foaming.

112.
•Rodding Equipment for subterranean termite treatments. Two different
examples are shown. Both are similar in use. Both have cone seals for
slab injection and treatments for directing chemical in the direction you
need it to go under a slab.

113.
• HOSES
• The material the hose is constructed of is
important.
•The center core or lining of a spray hose must
be able to convey liquid pesticides which
contain base material capable of deteriorating
some hose linings. Most manufacturers who
make hose for the pesticide applicator take this
into consideration.
•They also rate their hoses as to operating
pressure and bursting pressure.
•The exterior surface of a spray hose is
important to the structural applicator since the
hose may have to be dragged over finished
surfaces.
• The wrong hose could leave ugly black marks
on objects.
• It is important that the correct size hose is
selected.

114.
APPLICATION EQUIPMENT
•Aerosol can dispersal of pesticides,
although not new, has been very
popular both with the public and pest
control operators. The small sizes have
push type release nozzles. Aerosol
applications can be used as a confined
space spray or a directed spray or a
crack and crevice treatment.