Simon Wardley at SpringOne Platform 2017

Crossing the river by
feeling the stones
@swardley

Fotango website, 2005, courtesy of CEO.

Fotango,2003
Our strategy is customer focused. We will lead a
innovative effort in the market through our use of
agile techniques and open source to become a leading
provider of open standard solutions to the digital
world. To develop products of the highest standards
we make our clients part of the team. Our final
measure of success is the satisfaction of the team
at the end of the project.

Business
Level
Abstractions of a
Healthy
Strategy

digital business, big data, disruptive,
innovative, collaborative, competitive
advantage, ecosystem, open source,
networked, efficiency, learning
organisation, social
media, revolution, cloud based, agile,
secure, internet of things, growth, value,
customer focused, open,
digital first, data leaders, agile, insight
from data, platform,
sustainable, revolution, culture.
Common Blahs

Blah Template
Our strategy is [Blah]. We will lead
a [Blah] effort of the market through our use
of [Blah] and [Blah] to build a [Blah]. By being
both [Blah] and [Blah], our [Blah] approach will
drive [Bah] throughout the organisation.
Synergies between our [Blah] and [Blah] will
enable us to capture the upside by
becoming [Blah] in a [Blah] world. These
transformations combined with [Blah] due to
our [Blah] will create
a [Blah] through [Blah] and [Blah].

Blahs
+
Blah template
=
auto generate
64 strategies

Strategy 1 / 64
Our strategy is customer focused. We will lead a
disruptive effort of the market through our use of
innovative social media and big data to build a
collaborative cloud based ecosystem. By being both
digital first and agile, our open approach will
drive efficiency throughout the organisation.
Synergies between our culture revolution
and networked learning organisation will enable us
to capture the upside by becoming data leaders in
a digital business world.

Strategy 2 / 64
Our strategy is innovative digital business. We
will lead a growth effort of the market through our
use of customer focused competitive
advantage and disruptive social media to build
a collaborative revolution. By being both data
leaders and cloud based, our ecosystem approach
will drive insight from data throughout the
organisation. Synergies between
our platform and open culture will enable us to
capture the upside by becoming digital first in
a networked world.

1. This is the exact wording from
our business plan.
2. I’ve seen two of these used
already.
3. Are you for hire?

http://strategy-madlibs.herokuapp.com/

Julian Mason, APR 2011, CC by 2.0
https://www.flickr.com/photos/meandmyshadow/5687986018/

The Strategy Cycle
Sun Tzu's five factors
Purpose

The Strategy Cycle
Purpose
Landscape

The Strategy Cycle
Purpose
Landscape
Climate

The Strategy Cycle
Purpose
Landscape
Climate
Doctrine

The Strategy Cycle
Purpose
Landscape
Climate
Doctrine
Leadership

John Boyd, USAF
Public Domain, US Gov, 2012

The Strategy Cycle
John Boyd’s OODA loop
Purpose
Landscape
Climate
Doctrine
Leadership
The “game”

Observe
The Strategy Cycle
Purpose
Landscape
Climate
Doctrine
Leadership
The “game”

Observe
The Strategy Cycle
Orient
Purpose
Landscape
Climate
Doctrine
Leadership
The “game”

Observe
Decide
The Strategy Cycle
Orient
Purpose
Landscape
Climate
Doctrine
Leadership
The “game”
Act

Observe
Decide
The Strategy Cycle
The two types of why
Orient
Purpose
Landscape
Climate
Doctrine
Leadership
The “game”
why of
purpose
Act

Orient
Purpose
Landscape
Climate
Doctrine
Leadership
Observe
Decide
The “game”
why of
purpose
why of
movement
Act
The Strategy Cycle
The two types of why

Purpose
Landscape
Observe
The “game”
why of
purpose

X Thermopylae
Athens
Thebes
X
X
Artemisium
NPersians

X Thermopylae
Athens
Thebes
X
X
Artemisium
N
Army
Navy
Persians

Strengths Weaknesses
Opportunities Threats
A well trained Spartan army
Get rid of the Spartans
Get rid of the Persians Persians get rid of us
The Oracle says a really
dodgy film might be
produced over 2,000
years later
A lot of Persians ARE
turning up
A high level of motivation
not to become a Persian
slave
The Ephors might stop the
Spartans turning up

magic frameworkvisual map
What would you use to communicate and
determine strategy in battle?

X Thermopylae
Athens
Thebes
X
X
Artemisium
N
Army
Navy
Persians
Visual Yes
Context Yes
Position Yes
Anchor Yes
Movement Yes

Photo Storage
Data Centre
Power
Print
Web Site
Platform
CRM
Image
Manipulation
Compute
Customer
Systems
Map

Photo Storage Power
Print
Web Site
Platform
CRM
Image
Manipulation
Compute
Customer
Data Centre
Systems
Map

Photo Storage Power
Print
Web Site
Platform
CRM
Image
Manipulation
Compute
Customer
Data Centre
Visual Yes
Context Yes
Position NO
Anchor NO
Movement NO
NOT Map

Photo Storage Power
Print
Web Site
Platform
CRM
Image
Manipulation
Compute
Customer
Data Centre
NOT Map
Visual Yes
Context Yes
Position NO
Anchor NO
Movement NO

Online Photo
Storage
Print
Web Site
Online Image
Manipulation
Customer
Needs
Needs
Anchor

Online Photo
Storage
Data Centre
Power
Print
Web Site
Platform
CRM
Online Image
Manipulation
Compute
Customer
Needs
Needs
Needs
Needs
Needs
Needs
Needs
Needs
Needs
Needs
Needs
Needs
Needs
Needs
ValueChain
VisibleInvisible
Position
Anchor

Genesis Custom Built Product (+ rental) Commodity (+ utility) Evolution
ValueChain
VisibleInvisible
Online Photo
Storage
Data Centre
Power
Print
Web Site
CRM
Online Image
Manipulation
Compute
Customer
Platform
Movement
Position
Anchor

ValueChain
VisibleInvisible
Online Photo
Storage
Data Centre
Power
Print
Web Site
CRM
Online Image
Manipulation
Compute
Customer
Platform
2005

Purpose
Landscape
Climate
Observe
The “game”
why of
purpose
why of
movement

Climate
Rules that influence
the game

ValueChain
VisibleInvisible
Customer
Platform
Past Future
Climatic pattern
Everything
evolves

Uncharted Industrialised
ValueChain
VisibleInvisible
Platform
Customer
Past Future
Experimentation
Chaotic
Uncertain
Unpredictable
Changing
Different
Exciting
Future Worth
Unusual
Rare
Poorly understood
Differential
Competitive Advantage
Volume Operations
Ordered
Known
Measured
Stable
Standard
Obvious
Low Margin
Essential
Ubiquitous
Defined
Operational efficiency
Cost of doing business
Climatic pattern
Characteristics
change

ValueChain
VisibleInvisible
AGILE / In-house
Strong Weak
focus on reducing cost of change

ValueChain
VisibleInvisible
SIX SIGMA / Outsource
StrongWeak
AGILE / In-house
Strong Weak
focus on reducing deviation

ValueChain
VisibleInvisible
StrongWeak
AGILE / In-house
Strong Weak
Strong WeakWeak
LEAN / Off the shelf product
focus on learning & reducing waste

ValueChain
VisibleInvisible
StrongWeak
AGILE / In-house
Strong Weak
Climatic pattern
No one size
fits all
Strong WeakWeak
LEAN / Off the shelf product
focus on learning & reducing waste

Orient
Purpose
Landscape
Climate
Doctrine
Observe
The “game”
why of
purpose
why of
movement
Act

Doctrine
universally applicable
principles

ValueChain
VisibleInvisible
Online Photo
Storage
Data Centre
Power
Print
Web Site
Platform
CRM
Compute
Customer
Doctrine
Focus on user
needs
Online Image
Manipulation

ValueChain
VisibleInvisible
Online Photo
Storage
Data Centre
Power
Print
Web Site
Platform
CRM
Compute
Customer
Online Image
Manipulation
outsource to utility
suppliers, Six Sigma
use off the shelf
products, Lean
build in-house with
Agile techniques
Doctrine
Use
appropriate
methods

ValueChain
VisibleInvisible
Team 5
Team 6
Team 1
Team 3
Team 4
Team 2
Online Photo
Storage
Data Centre
Power
Print
Web Site
Platform
CRM
Compute
Customer
Online Image
Manipulation
outsource to utility
suppliers, Six Sigma
use off the shelf
products, Lean
build in-house with
Agile techniques
Doctrine
Think small

ValueChain
VisibleInvisible
Team 5
Team 6
Team 1
Team 3
Team 4
Team 2
Online Photo
Storage
Data Centre
Power
Print
Web Site
Platform
CRM
Compute
Customer
Online Image
Manipulation Doctrine
Think aptitude
and attitude
Pioneers
Settlers
Town Planners

ValueChain
VisibleInvisible
Team 5
Team 6
Team 1
Team 3
Team 4
Team 2
Online Photo
Storage
Data Centre
Power
Print
Web Site
Platform
CRM
Compute
Customer
Online Image
Manipulation Doctrine
Think aptitude
and attitude
Pioneers
Settlers
Town Planners
2005

GCHQ, Boiling Frogs, 2016, Crown Copyright, https://github.com/gchq/BoilingFrogs

Orient
Purpose
Landscape
Climate
Doctrine
Leadership
Observe
Decide
The “game”
why of
purpose
why of
movement
Act

Strategy
Context specific
gameplay

ValueChain
VisibleInvisible
Online Photo
Storage
Data Centre
Power
Print
Web Site
CRM
Online Image
Manipulation
Compute
Customer
Platform

ValueChain
VisibleInvisible
Online Photo
Storage
Data Centre
Power
Print
Web Site
CRM
Compute
Customer
Online Image
Manipulation
Platform

ValueChain
VisibleInvisible
Here?
Here?
Here?
Here?
Online Photo
Storage
Data Centre
Power
Print
Web Site
CRM
Compute
Customer
Online Image
Manipulation
Platform

ValueChain
VisibleInvisible
Online Photo
Storage
Data Centre
Power
Print
Web Site
CRM
Compute
Customer
Online Image
Manipulation
Open
Fear, uncertainty
& doubt
Platform

Mark Fowler, Dec 2006,
https://www.flickr.com/photos/twoshortplanks/314161151
Anita Hart, April 2007, CC BY-NC-ND 2.0
https://www.flickr.com/photos/anitakhart/472099476

Ubuntu Logo,
https://www.ubuntu.com/legal/terms-and-policies/intellectual-property-policy

Cloud 20102008
Windows
Other
RHEL
70% Ubuntu
Windows
RHEL

“Crossing the river by feeling the stones”
Deng Xiaoping
manhhai, Mar 2016, CC BY 2.0
https://www.flickr.com/photos/13476480@N07/26020947416/

Thank you
@swardley
leadingedgeforum.com
simon.wardley@leadingedgeforum.com
medium.com/wardleymaps
CC by SA

Serverless
Ecosystems
Flow
Fool’s Mate
Trump

ValueChain
VisibleInvisible
compute

ValueChain
VisibleInvisible
compute
Application
High MTTR
emerging
architectural
practice
(Scale UP)

ValueChain
VisibleInvisible
emerging
architectural
practice
(Scale UP)
compute
Application

ValueChain
VisibleInvisible
best
architectural
practice
(Scale UP)
compute
Application

ValueChain
VisibleInvisible
CLOUD
compute
Application

ValueChain
VisibleInvisible
emerging
architectural
practice
(Scale OUT)
Low MTTR
CLOUD
compute
Application

ValueChain
VisibleInvisible
DEVOPS
Application
CLOUD

ValueChain
VisibleInvisible
compute
Application
High MTTR
good
architectural
practice
(DevOps)
best
architectural
practice
(Legacy)
Low MTTR
Climatic pattern
co-evolution
CLOUD

Shouldn't
our
architecture
evolve as
well?

ValueChain
VisibleInvisible
Application
CLOUD
best
architectural
practice
(Legacy)
compute

Scotty,
I want an Enterprise
cloud. All the benefits
of volume operations
using commodity components
but built with non-
commodity hardware
customised to my
needs!

Aye laddy but you canna change
the laws of physics
Commodity ≠ Non-Commodity
Volume Operations ≠ Customisation

ValueChain
VisibleInvisible
Application
platform
best coding
practice
compute
CLOUD

ValueChain
VisibleInvisible
Application
platform
emerging coding
practice
(JEFF)
best coding
practice
(Legacy)
SERVERLESS
compute
CLOUD

ValueChain
VisibleInvisible
Here
Here
Application
platform
emerging coding
practice
(JEFF)
best coding
practice
(Legacy)
SERVERLESS
compute
CLOUD

ValueChain
VisibleInvisible
Application
platform
best coding
practice
(Legacy)
DevOps
(Legacy)
best
architectural
practice
(Legacy)
emerging coding
practice
(JEFF)
SERVERLESS
compute
CLOUD

ValueChain
VisibleInvisible
Component service
+Commoditise “pre-existing act”

ValueChain
VisibleInvisible
Componentisation effect
Component service

ValueChain
VisibleInvisible
Component service
Component service

ValueChain
VisibleInvisible
Component service
Component service
Others build new
things (innovate)

ValueChain
VisibleInvisible
Component service
Component service
Identify patterns
through meta data
(leverage)

ValueChain
VisibleInvisible
The ever growing
platform
(commoditise)
Component service
Component service

ValueChain
VisibleInvisible
Component service
Component serviceSize of
Ecosystem
(Apparent) rate of innovation
customer focus
efficiency

WATER
USER
Needs
CUP OF TEA
Needs
HOT WATER
TEA
Needs
KETTLE
Needs
Needs
POWER
ValueChain
VisibleInvisible
Needs

WATER
USER
Needs
CUP OF TEA
Needs
HOT WATER
TEA
Needs
KETTLE
Needs
Needs
POWER
ValueChain
VisibleInvisible
Needs
Capital
Financial
Physical
Social
Risk
Knowledge
+flow

WATER
USER
CUP OF TEA
HOT WATER
TEA
KETTLE
POWER
ValueChain
VisibleInvisible
+financial
+physical
+financial
+physical

WATER
USER
CUP OF TEA
HOT WATER
TEA
KETTLE
POWER
ValueChain
VisibleInvisible
+$
+$
+$
+$
+$
+$

WATER
USER
CUP OF TEA
HOT WATER
TEA
KETTLE
POWER
ValueChain
VisibleInvisible
+$0.35
+$0.15
+$0.20
+$0.15
+$0.05
+$0.05
What’s wrong?

ValueChain
VisibleInvisible
USER
CUP OF TEA
TEA
KETTLE
POWER
ValueChain
VisibleInvisible
+$0.35
+$0.20
+$0.15
+$0.15
+$0.05
WATER
HOT WATER
+$0.05
What’s wrong?

ValueChain
VisibleInvisible
+impact
USER
CUP OF TEA
TEA
KETTLE
POWER
ValueChain
VisibleInvisible
+$0.35
+$0.20
+$0.15
+$0.15
+$0.05
WATER
HOT WATER
+$0.05

ValueChain
VisibleInvisible
USER
CUP OF TEA
TEA
KETTLE
POWER
ValueChain
VisibleInvisible
+$0.35
+$0.20
+$0.15
+$0.15
+$0.05
+Inertia
WATER
HOT WATER
+$0.05
+impact

ValueChain
VisibleInvisible
+impact
(30% cost reduction)
WATER
USER
CUP OF TEA
HOT WATER
TEA
KETTLE
POWER
ValueChain
VisibleInvisible
+$0.25
+$0.10
+$0.15
+$0.05
+$0.05
+$0.02

Order
Server
Goods In Modify Mount
New
Capacity
Compute
Needed
Rack
Process flow

Order
Server
New
Capacity
Bottleneck
Compute
Needed
Rack
Process flow

Order
Server
New
Capacity
Bottleneck
Compute
Needed
Rack
+Robotics
(automate)
Current Robotic
Cost per install failure $2,500.00 $2,500.00
% likelihood of failure 8.0% 0.5%
Average cost of failure per install $200 $13
Time to install (mins) 120 30
Labour cost per install $129 $11
Annual number of install 8,000 8,000
Total annual cost of Install $1,028,571 $85,714
Total annual cost of failures $1,600,000 $100,000
Total annual cost $2,628,571 $185,714
Investment / Capex $0 $2,000,000
ROI < 1 year
Question : Would you invest?
Process flow

ValueChain
VisibleInvisible
Compute
User
Needs

ValueChain
VisibleInvisible
Compute
User
Needs
Order
Server
Goods In
Server
Needs
Needs
Needs

ValueChain
VisibleInvisible
Compute
Modify
Rack
User
Mount
Order
Server
Goods In
Server

ValueChain
VisibleInvisible
Compute
Modify
Rack
User
Mount
Order
Server
Goods In
Server
+flow

ValueChain
VisibleInvisible
Compute
Rack
User
Mount
Order
Server
Goods In
Server
Modify
+flow

ValueChain
VisibleInvisible
Compute
Rack
User
Mount
Order
Server
Goods In
Server
Modify
Cost of racks
Cost of mounting
Cost of modification Cost of physical
storage & handling
Capital cost of
equipment
+flow

ValueChain
VisibleInvisible
CRM
Creative
Studios
Traditional
Media (DVDs
etc)
Customer
Leisure TimeAggregator
Branded
Commissioned Acquired
Internet
Broadcast
Artistic
Direction
Production
Talent
Production
Systems
Market
Analysis
Content
Web Site
Streaming
ServiceRecommendation
Engine
Web
Server
Compute
Power
Content Pipeline

ValueChain
VisibleInvisible
CRM
Creative
Studios
Traditional
Media (DVDs
etc)
Customer
Branded
Internet
Broadcast
Artistic
Direction
Production
Talent
Production
Systems
Market
Analysis
Content
Web Site
Streaming
Engine
Web
Server
Compute
Power
Content Pipeline
+ Constraint

ValueChain
VisibleInvisible
CRM
Creative
Studios
Traditional
Media (DVDs
etc)
Customer
Branded
Internet
Broadcast
Artistic
Direction
Production
Talent
Production
Systems
Market
Analysis
Content
Web Site
Streaming
Engine
Web
Server
Compute
Power
Content Pipeline
+ Constraint
+ Constraint
+ Constraint
+ Constraint

ValueChain
VisibleInvisible
CRM
Creative
Studios
Traditional
Media (DVDs
etc)
Customer
Branded
Internet
Broadcast
Artistic
Direction
Production
Talent
Production
Systems
Market
Analysis
Content
Web Site
Streaming
Engine
Web
Server
Compute
Power
Content Pipeline
+ Constraint
+ Constraint
+ Constraint
+ Constraint
Open

ValueChain
VisibleInvisible
CRM
Creative
Studios
Traditional
Media (DVDs
etc)
Customer
Branded
Internet
Broadcast
Artistic
Direction
Production
Talent
Production
Systems
Market
Analysis
Content
Web Site
Streaming
Engine
Web
Server
Compute
Power
Content Pipeline
+ Constraint
+ Constraint
+ Constraint
+ Constraint
Do you think
Creative Studios
will oppose this?
Open

ValueChain
VisibleInvisible
CRM
Creative
Studios
Traditional
Media (DVDs
etc)
Customer
Branded
Internet
Broadcast
Artistic
Direction
Production
Talent
Production
Systems
Market
Analysis
Content
Web Site
Streaming
Engine
Web
Server
Compute
Power
Content Pipeline
+ Constraint
+ Constraint
+ Constraint
+ Constraint
Gameplay
Fool’s mate
Open

ValueChain
VisibleInvisible
Gamer
Entertainment

ValueChain
VisibleInvisible
Gamer
Entertainment
Access
Device

ValueChain
VisibleInvisible
Gamer
2D Immersion3D Immersion (VR / AR)
Content
Entertainment
Access
Device

ValueChain
VisibleInvisible
Gamer
Content
Entertainment
Access
Device
Commissioned Old
Pipeline

ValueChain
VisibleInvisible
Gamer
Content
Entertainment
Access
App store
Device
CDN
Gaming
Engine
Design Tools
Compute
Content
APIs
Game
Platform
Identity
Management
Data Centre
Commissioned Old
Pipeline

ValueChain
VisibleInvisible
Gamer
Content
Entertainment
Access
App store
Device
CDN
Gaming
Engine
Artistic
Direction
Design Tools
Compute
Content
APIs
Game
Platform
Identity
Management
Data Centre
Commissioned Old
Pipeline Creative
Studios
Game
Designers

ValueChain
VisibleInvisible
Gamer
Content
Entertainment
Access
App store
Device
CDN
Gaming
Engine
Artistic
Direction
Design Tools
Compute
Content
APIs
Game
Platform
Identity
Management
Data Centre
Commissioned Old
Pipeline Creative
Studios
Game
Designers
Lumberyard

ValueChain
VisibleInvisible
Gamer
Content
Entertainment
Access
App store
Device
CDN
Gaming
Engine
Design Tools
Compute
Content
APIs
Game
Platform
Identity
Management
Data Centre
Commissioned Old
Pipeline
Game
Designers
Artistic
Direction
Creative
Studios

ValueChain
VisibleInvisible
Gamer
Content
Entertainment
Access
App store
Device
Gaming Platform
Commissioned Old
Pipeline
Game
Designers
Artistic
Direction
Creative
Studios

ValueChain
VisibleInvisible
Gamer
Content
Entertainment
Access
App store
Device
Gaming Platform
Commissioned Old
Pipeline
Game
Designers
Artistic
Direction
Creative
Studios
+constraint

ValueChain
VisibleInvisible
Gamer
Content
Entertainment
Access
App store
Device
Gaming Platform
Commissioned Old
Pipeline
Game
Designers
Artistic
Direction
Creative
Studios
+constraint
+constraint

ValueChain
VisibleInvisible
Gamer
Content
Entertainment
Access
App store
Device
Gaming Platform
Commissioned Old
Pipeline
Game
Designers
Artistic
Direction
Creative
Studios
+speed

ValueChain
VisibleInvisible
Gamer
Content
Entertainment
Access
App store
Device
Gaming Platform
Commissioned Old
Pipeline
Game
Designers
Artistic
Direction
Creative
Studios
+speed
+constraint
+value

ValueChain
VisibleInvisible
Gamer
Content
Entertainment
Access
App store
Device
Gaming Platform
Commissioned Old
Pipeline
Game
Designers
Artistic
Direction
Creative
Studios
+speed
+value
+Capital

ValueChain
VisibleInvisible
Gamer
Content
Entertainment
Access
App store
Device
Gaming Platform
Commissioned Old
Pipeline
Game
Designers
Creative
Studios
+speed
Artistic
Direction
+separation
+constraint

ValueChain
VisibleInvisible
Gamer
Content
Entertainment
Access
App store
Device
Gaming Platform
Commissioned Old
Pipeline
Game
Designers
Creative
Studios
+speed
Artistic
Direction
+separation
+constraint
Climatic pattern
Patterns can be
applied across
contexts

Doctrine
Use a common
language

ValueChain
VisibleInvisible A to B
Comfort
Route
Management
Status
Affordable
Car
2015

ValueChain
VisibleInvisible
Comfort
Route
Management
Intelligent
agents
LBS
IS
Maintenance
IoT
Affordable
OEM
Design
Simulation
Manufacturers
Assembly
Fabrication
Power supply
CPU
Car
Material
Sensors
Infotainment Entertainment
HUD
Screen
2015
A to BStatus

ValueChain
VisibleInvisible
Comfort
Route
Management
LBS
IS
Maintenance
IoT
Affordable
OEM
Design
Simulation
Manufacturers
Assembly
Fabrication
Power supply
CPU
Car
Material
Sensors
Infotainment
Entertainment
Immersive
2025
A to BStatus
Intelligent
agents

ValueChain
VisibleInvisible
Comfort
Route
Management
LBS
IS
Maintenance
IoT
Affordable
OEM
Design
Simulation
Manufacturers
Assembly
Fabrication
Power supply
CPU
Car
Material
Sensors
Infotainment
Entertainment
Immersive
2025
Digital
subscription
model
A to BStatus
Intelligent
agents

ValueChain
VisibleInvisible
War
Wonder Peace
Climatic pattern
Peace, War and
Wonder

ValueChain
VisibleInvisible
War
Wonder Peace

War
Points of Change 2014 2015-2020 2020-2025 2025-2030 2030-2035 2035-2040 2040-2045 2045-2050
Now Near Far
IaaS War
PaaS War
SaaS War
Big Data War
Robotics War
Currency (blockchain) War
Sensor as a Service War
IoT War
Immersive War
3D printing War
Social Change War
GMO War
Genetic Engineering War
Intelligent Agents War
Printed Electronics War
Hybrid Printing War
Bio Manufacturing War
Epigenetics War
Materials War
Unpredictable Predictable
Weak signal analysis, 2014

ValueChain
VisibleInvisible
Comfort
Route
Management
LBS
IS
Maintenance
IoT
Affordable
OEM
Design
Simulation
Manufacturers
Assembly
Fabrication
Power supply
CPU
Car
Material
Sensors
Infotainment
Entertainment
Immersive
2025
Digital
subscription
model
A to BStatus
Intelligent
agents
Constraint
Last man standing
Directed investment
Directed investment
Directed investment
Directed investment

Factor Industry 2015 2025
Leadership
Cloud
Automotive
Train
Aero
Nuclear
Solar
Wind
Biomedical
US advantage
China advantage
Equal footing

Simon Wardley at SpringOne Platform 2017

Simon Wardley at SpringOne Platform 2017

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Simon Wardley at SpringOne Platform 2017