1. Principles of Teaching

2. Introduction
Teaching is a skilled job and a complex task. By
all means, it is done for the benefit of the pupils
i.e. to bring desirable changes or improvement
in their behavior by following principles of
teaching.
Principles are the pathways which helps the
individual to achieve targets.

3. Principles of Teaching
There are some principles of teaching which help
teachers to achieve their goals.
It can be categorized into two:
 General Principles
 Psychological Principles

4. General Principles
There are some general principles of teaching that
have emerged from the general experiences,
traditions and new researches in the field of education
and pedagogy. Some of these broad principles may
be summarized as follows:
 Principle of Planning
 Principle of Definiteness of Goals/ Objectives
 Principle of Flexibility
 Principle of Utilizing Past Experiences
 Principle of Child Centeredness

5. General Principles
 Principle of Making Provisions for Individual Differences
 Principle of Linking with actual Life
 Principle of Correlation with other Subjects
 Principle of Active Participation
 Principle of Effective Strategies and Instructional
Material
 Principle of Conducive Environment and Proper Control

6. Priniciple of Planning
The success of any task or activity depends upon the
quality of planning. The desired goals in a teaching act
may be achieved smoothly and effectively through
proper planning.
Teacher should go in the class with proper lesson plan
that include the establishment of instructional
objectives in behavioral terms and the relevant and
organized subject matter. The method, techniques or
strategies of presentation, instructions and evaluation
should also be specified in advance.

7. Principle of Definiteness of Goals or
Objectives
Definiteness of objectives helps to teacher at every stage,
phase or act of teaching. After defining the goal he may
plan, execute and evaluate all the aspects of his teaching
like method, techniques, evaluation strategies etc.
Ex. A teacher without having clear knowledge of the goals
or purpose of his teaching is similar to that sailor who
does not know the destination of his boat moving in a
vast ocean.

8. Principle of Flexibility
 The teaching act requires proper planning before hand
but it does not mean that it should become rigid and
stereotyped. At the execution stage, the possibilities of
alteration in planned situations or environment cannot
be ruled out and therefore, the principle of flexibility
needs to be observed for enabling the teacher to deal
effectively with the aroused situation.
 Teacher must be quite resourceful, imaginative, original
and creative for adapting himself as well as his teaching
to the requirements of the situation.

9. Principle of Utilising Past Experiences
Past experiences may be regarded as a base or foundation
on which the structure of a new knowledge can be safely
built. Therefore, what a teacher should be properly linked
with the already acquired knowledge and experiences. This
facilitates the teaching act.
What is already known or experiences by the child should,
therefore, be always made the starting point of
acquainting him with what he does not know or ought to
know.

10. Principle of Child Centredness
Teaching is aimed to bring about desirable changes in
the behavior of a child. Therefore, it is essential to adopt
child-centered approach in all aspects of teaching. The
planning, implementation and evaluation of a teaching
act should invariably center around the child. The
curriculum, methods and techniques, management of
teaching-learning process and evaluation, all should be
planned to keep the students at center place.

11. Principle of Making Provision for
Individual Differences
In a class, there are variety of students in terms of
intellectual ability and other dimensions. Some students
are slow learners and others are quite fast. In the
continuum of growth and development, entry behavior
and acquisition of abilities in the conative and affective
domains, all children occupy different positions. Therefore
a good teaching should make adequate provision for
individual differences.

12. Principle of Linking with Actual Life
Teacher should connect classroom life with
outside the school. He should correlate the
topics with daily life experiences. Students
should come to know the relevancy,
applicability of the particular concept in their
life. They will take more interest after
associating the classroom life to their daily life.

13. Principle of Correlation with other Subjects
The division of knowledge in the form of different subjects stands
for facilitating the task of teaching and, therefore, should not be
taken as watertight compartments. The study of a particular
subject definitely helps the learning of many things in other
subjects. Teacher should always keep this principle in mind.
 Correlation among Languages
 Correlation of Mathematics with Science Subjects
 Correlation of Mathematics with other subjects

14. Principle of Effective Strategies and
Instructional Material
The products are the outcome of the process, and process
depend heavily on the types of strategies, tactics and
means chosen. Teaching process, for its success, also
demands effective strategies, means and material. What is
suitable for the teaching of a particular subject, topic or
subtopic to a student in a particular situation may or may
not suit in other situations. Therefore great care should be
taken to chose an appropriate strategy and a set of
instructional material.

15. Principle of Active Participation and
involvement
I hear and I forget, I see and I remember, I do and I understand
Above quotation may be concluded that when a person
involved actively in some task than his understanding
increases and retain long lasting.
A good teacher always tries to seek active participation of the
students for effective results in the teaching learning process.
Besides his sincere involvement in the teaching act, he
persuades, inspires and involves the students in realizing the
objectives of his teaching.

16. Principle of Conducive environment
and proper control
The role of a conducive and effective management or
control of the teaching-learning situations can never
be denied in any teaching. Environmental factors like
proper seating arrangements, ventilation, light,
classroom interaction and group dynamics, discipline
and approach of the school always influence the
teaching-learning process, and therefore care should
be taken for their desirable arrangements and control.

17. Psychological Principles of Teaching
 Principle of Motivation and interest
 Principle of Repetition and Exercise
 Principle of Change, Rest and Recreation
 Principle of Feedback and Reinforcement
 Principle of Sympathy and Cooperation
 Principle of Providing Training to senses
 Principle of Utilizing Group Dynamics
 Principle of Encouraging Self Learning
 Principle of Fostering Creativity and Self Expression
 Principle of Remedial Teaching

18. Principle of Motivation and interest
 Motivation and interest are two central factors in any
process of teaching and learning. The theories of
motivation, interest and laws of learning, like laws of
readiness have established the validity of these two
factors. Motives are the potent forces that energize or
activate all behaviors of an individual.
 Attention capturing and attention giving, the essential
elements of a teaching or learning act, can only be
accomplished through well planned scheme involving
arousal of motivation and interest of the pupils in the
teaching learning process.

19. Principle of Repitition and Excercise
Thorndike given three laws of learning
 Law of Readiness
 Law of Exercise
 Law of Effect
It has been clearly established that the desired changes in
behavior may occur frequently and effectively through the use
of principle of repetition and exercise. The teacher who believes
in providing revision, recapitulation and application of what has
been taught by him may successfully achieve the objectives of
his teaching.
“Practice makes a man perfect.”

20. Principle of Change, Rest and Recreation
Psychological experiments in learning have
demonstrated the ill effects of monotony, fatigue and
lack of attention in any learning task. The remedy in
the form of stimulus variation and other type of
changes in the contents, methods and teaching-
learning environment and provisions of appropriate
rest and recreation had also been proved quite
effective. Therefore a wise teacher should essentially
plan and implement the provision of change, rest and
recreation in his teaching act.

21. Principle of feedback & Reinforcement
Thorndike Law of effect is closely related to this
principle of teaching. The immediate knowledge of
the results and positive reinforcement in the form of
praise, grade, certificates, token economy and other
incentives may play wonder in making the task of
learning a joy, a thing to do again and again and an
experience that is retained long. The behavior
modification of students may be properly achieved by
following this principle of feedback and
reinforcement.

22. Principle of sympathy and Cooperation
Teacher behavior should be sympathetic and cooperative with the
students. He should be a friend, philosopher and guide. He should
not to dictate or direct the students but walk along with them on the
track of learning. He needs to be member of the group and play a
role as a group leader. He is the one who can relied on and
approached by the students for overcoming their difficulties. The task
of teaching can never accomplish its objectives, if a teacher does not
try and secure active participation of the students. The classroom
environment becomes live and fruitful when the teacher and students
work on the same platform, sympathizing and helping each other in
the major task of teaching and learning, therefore, a good teacher
should always take care of the principle of sympathy and cooperation.

23. Principle of providing training to
senses
Senses are said to be gateways of knowledge. The
results are more encouraging when an experience is
acquired through the use of a combination of senses
such as hearing, sight, taste and touch. The power of
observation, discrimination, identification,
generalization and application may only be made
appropriate through the effective functioning of
senses. Therefore a teacher should make a proper
arrangements for the training of the senses of his
students for the realization of better results.

24. Principle of Utiizing Group Dynamics
Group dynamics is a set of behavioral and
psychological processes that occur within a social
group or between groups. It refers to the nature of
the groups, the laws of their development, and their
interrelations with individuals. It plays an effective role
in the attainment of the objectives of teaching. Under
the influence of group behavior, individual think as a
group thinks, feel as the group feels, do as the group
does. Each group works for better performance and it
will be utilized by the teacher for the attainment of
better results.

25. Principle of Encouraging Self
Learning
A good teacher should be able to inculcate the
habit of self study, independent work and self
learning among the students. Self learning is
defined as a process by which individuals take the
initiatives, with or without the assistance of others.
Self learning is very essential to acquire the
knowledge in deep manner. Therefore, a teacher
should always work for creating the environment of
self learning by providing suitable opportunities and
training to his students for this purpose.

26. Principle of fostering creativity and
self expresssion
Fostering creativity and self expression are the highest
level of objective of teaching a concept. It can be
achieved through open ended questions and by
providing opportunities for self expressions to the
learner. A good teacher never promotes cramming and
exact reproduction of the facts. Therefore the principle of
fostering creativity and self expression should be utilized
by a good teacher always to get better performance of
the students.

27. Principle of Remedial Teaching
Remedial teaching is provided to those students who
are lacking behind in some concepts. If some particular
students could not able to learn so in this situation a
teacher has to rethink and revise the methods of
teaching to make those students able who were far
behind due to some gaps. He may arrange for the
remedial education to any particular student or a
group of students for removing their specific difficulties
and providing them adequate opportunities for proper
growth and development.

28. Thanks a Lot!
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