1.
Mr. Prabhakar Kumar
Regd No- 1403267059
B.Pharm ,8th semester
ROLAND INSTITUTE OF PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES,
BERHAMPUR, ODISHA, 2016-2017
Affiliated to
Biju Patnaik University of Technology, Rourkela, Odisha.
Submitted by:
Under the guidance of :
Mr. Rabinarayan Rana
M.Pharm. Asst. Professor,
Dept.of Pharmacology
Evaluation Of Analgesic Activity Of Ether Extract Of
Roots Of Solanum trilobatum In Albino Rats
Submitted for Partial fulfillment of the requirement of 8th Semester B .Pharm.
1

2.
2
I
N
T
R
O
D
U
C
T
I
O
N
The pharmaceutical
industry is one of the
pillar industries for
economic development
worldwide.
Herbals are emerging as a
wider, safer source of
drug discovery.
Approx. 80% of
antimicrobial,
cardiovascular,
immunosuppressive and
anticancer drugs are of
plant origin.
Drugs used for pain
managements are of
Narcotics analgesics (eg.
Opioids), NSAIDs (eg.
Salicylates) and
corticosteroids.
All these synthetic drugs have
serious adverse effects like
gastric lesions, opiates
induced tolerance and
depedance etc.
Plants & Phyto-
medicines
symbolized safety
and are serving
several purposes
whether health,
protection from
diseases or nutrition.

3.
3
Literature Review…..
ALGESIA
Algesia, from the Greek word algesis, is the sensitivity to pain.
The term is sometimes used to refer to hyper-algesia (an extreme sensitivity).
Pain is due to the endogenous substances like prostaglandins and peptides
involves in inflammatory process.
The sensitivity of pain might be due to damage of nociceptors or peripheral
nerves or a part of infection and inflammation.
Pain may be defined as an unpleasant sensory or emotional experience
associated with actual or potential tissue damage.
Chronic pain is defined as pain still present after three months despite
appropriate treatment.

4.
4
Literature Review…..
ANALGESIA
An analgesic or painkiller is any member of the group of drugs
used to achieve analgesia, relief from pain.
Analgesic drugs act in various ways on the peripheral and central
nervous systems.
• At site of injury (e.g. NSAIDs)
• By blocking peripheral nerves (local anaesthetics)
• By choosing the ‘gates’ in the dorsal horn and thalamus ( one action of opiods and
of tri-cyclic antidepressants that inhibit axonal re-uptake of 5HT and nor-
adrenaline)
• By alternating the central appreciation of pain (another effect of opioids)
The site of action of analgesic:

5.
5
Literature Review…..
List of Herbals having Analgesic Properties.....

6.
6
List of Herbals having Analgesic Properties
Sr.
No
Plants
(Botanical Name)
Common
Name
Family Parts
Used
Active Chemical Constituents
1 Solanum trilobatum Climbing
Brinjal
Solanaceae Seeds,
roots, stems
sobatum, β- solamarine ,solasodine,
solaine, disogenin, tomatidine
2 Kaempferia galangal Aromatic
ginger
Zingiberaceae Fresh
rhizome
Ethyl-p-methoxycinnamate,
methylcinnamate, Carvone
3 Polyalthia longifolia Devadaru Annonaceae Leaves Diterpenes, alkaloids.
4 Sida acuta Bariara Malvaceae whole plant Alkaloids, flavanoids, steroids,
tannins,terpenoids
5 Sinapis arvensis Field mustard Solanaceae Aerial Essential oil, glucosinolates
6 Bauhinia racemosa Asoda Caesalpiniaceae Stem bark Flavonoids, coumarins, triterpenoids,
stilbens, steroids.
7 Cissampelos pareira Akanadi Menispermaceae Aerial parts Alkaloids, flavon curine, volatile oil,
Quercitol
8 Thesium chinense Bai rui cao Santalaceae Leaves Flavanoids, glycosides, essential oils,
Alkaloids, Steroids
9 Sphaeranthus indicus Mundi Compositae whole
plants
Sesquiterpens, sesquiterpene
glycoside,steroid.chavicol
10 Mangifera indica Am Anarcardiaceae Leaves Flavonoids, polyphenolics, triterpenes

7.
Evaluation of Anti inflammatory and Analgesic activity of roots of Rubia cordifolia in
rats.
Anar Patel , Timir Patel, Carol Macwan1, Mayuree Patel , Khushbu Chauhan , Jatin Patel
(2004)
ABSTRACT :- The present study was aimed to investigate the analgesic and anti-
inflammatory effect of the methanolic extract of root of Rubia cordifolia in rats. Rubia
cordifolia (100-300 mg/kg, p.o.) was evaluated for its anti-inflammatory activity by
carrageenan induced rat paw edema and Rubia cordifolia (200-400 mg/kg) for its
analgesic activity by tail flick method. Rubia cordifolia (100-300 mg/kg, p.o.) showed
significant (P<0.05) reduction in the paw edema produced by the carrageenan and
significant (P<0.05) increased reaction time in tail flick test.
7
LITERATURE REVIEW (ANALGESIC ACITIVITY PLANTS)

8.
2. Analgesic activity of ethanolic extract of Pongamia pinnata Linn. Leaves
Rahul Deo Yadav, S. K. Jain, Shashi Alok, Shallu Sharma (2002)
ABSTRACT :- The dry leaves of Pongamia pinnata Linn. is used in traditional medicines for the
treatment of diarrhoea, diabetes and inflammatory disorder. In the present study, we
investigated the analgesic activity of the standardized ethanolic extract was evaluated for its
in-vivo analgesic activity by using the Eddy’s Hot plate method in mice. In both of the cases
Diclofenac sodium was used as standard drug. The extract at the doses of 250 and 500 mg/kg
elicited a significant analgesic activity in a dose-dependent manner by using Eddy’s Hot plate
method. The analgesic mechanism of activity of the standardized ethanolic extract of P.
Pinnata Linn. pain mediators may be the main mechanisms of action of P. Pinnata ethanolic
extract.
8

9.
9
Phyto-constituents having analgesic property…
• Alkaloids
• Glycosides
• Terpenoids
• Resins
• Essential Oils
• Polysaccharides
• Flavonoids
• Phenolic Compounds
• Cannabinoids
• Steroids
• Fatty Acids
• Plant Glycoproteins

10.
10
Plant Profile of Climbing brinjal (Solanum trilobatum)

11.
11
Scientific Classification
Kingdom Plantae
Sub-kingdom Viridiplantae
Super-divison Embryophyte
Divison Tracheophyta
Class Mangnoliopsida
Super- order Asteranae
Order Solanales
Family Solanaceae
Genus Solanum L.
Species Solanum
trilobatum L.
Taxonomical Classification
The scientific taxonomical classification of Solanum trilobatum ....
English- Climbing Brinjal
Sanskrit- Achuda
Odia- Bryhoti, Bheji baigan
Kannada- Mullu Kaaka Munchi
Malayalam- Tutavalam
Marathi- Thoodalam
Tamil- Tuduvalai
Telugu- Mullamusti
Vernacular Names:
Plant Profile of Climing Brinjal (Solanum trilobatum)

12.
12
Active Chemical Constituents:
Plant Profile of Climbing brinjal (Solanum trilobatum)
The screened extracts are attempted for Qualitative tests
to prove the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids,
carbohydrates, glycosides, saponins, tannins, terpenoids,
proteins, anthraquinone and are proved by phytochemical
analysis
The plant also shows the presence of chemical
components like sobatum, β- solamarine ,solasodine,
solaine, glycol, and disogenin, tomatidine.

13.
Structure of Sobatum
Structure of diosgenin Structure of β- solamarine
13
Chemical constituent of Climbing Brinjal (Solanum
trilobatum)

14.
1. Antihyperlipideamic effect of Solanum trilobatum L. leaves extract on streptozotocin
induced diabetic rats
Kumar Ganesan,, Maheswaran Ramasamy, Sharmila Banu Gani 2013
ABSTRACT :- The present study was undertaken as antihyperlipidaemic effect of an aqueous
leaves extract of Solanum trilobatum L. on streptozotocin (STZ)- induced diabetic rats. Repeated
administration of the leaves extract of S.trilobatum (100mg and 200mg/kg b.w) for 21 days resulted in
significant reduction in serum and tissue triglycerides, cholesterol, free fatty acids and phospholipids in
STZ diabetic rats. In addition to that, significant (P<0.05) decrease in high density lipoprotein (HDL)
whereas significant increase (P<0.05) in low density lipoprotein (LDL) and very low density lipoprotein
(VLDL) were observed in STZ diabetic rats, which were normalized after 21 days of leaves extract
treatment. The leaves extract at a dose of 200mg/kg.body wt. showed much significant
antihyperlipidaemic effect than at the dose of 100mg/kg-body wt. The study was compared with a
standard drug, tolbutamide (100mg/kg b.w)
2. Antiinflammatory activity of Solanum trilobatum
S.Emmanuel, S.Ignacimuthu, R.Perumalsamy ,T.Amalraj (2006)
Abstract :- The antiinflammatory effect of solasodine (50 mg/kg p.o.), of a purified component
named sobatum (50 mg/kg p.o.) and of methanol extract of Solanum trilobatum(100 mg/kg
p.o.) was evaluated. All the tested articles showed significant antiinflammatory activity.
14
Literature review Climbing Brinjal (Solanum
trilobatum)

15.
15
AIM
From the above literature review on Solanum trilobatum,
it is observed the plant contains active constituents like
sobatum, β- solamarine ,solasodine, solaine,glycol, and
disogenin, tomatidine, showing pharmacological activity
like Anti-microbial, Anti-inflammatory, Anti- diabetic,
Anti- bacterial .
According to these literature reviews it has also has analgesic
activity. The present aim of this study is to evaluate analgesic
activity of different root extracts of Solanum trilobatum
roots in suitable animal models.

16.
16
OBJECTIVE
• Collection of roots of Solanum trilobatum
• Drying of collected roots
• Preparation of Ether extract of Solanum trilobatum
• Preparation of air-dry powder
• Phyto-chemical evaluation
• Evaluation of analgesic activity by using suitable animal model

17.
17
PLAN OF WORK
Collection of Roots
Phytochemical Study Evalution of analgesic activity
⮚ Hot plate method ⮚ Tail flick Method

18.
18
❖Collection:- Solanum trilobatum were collected from local garden.
The plant roots were air dried under shade, powdered mechanically and
stored in airtight container.
❖Extraction:-
Apparatus Required :- Soxhelt apparatus, Round bottom flask, Heating mantal
Material Required :- Ether (500 ml)
Procedure :-
⮚ Solanum trilobatum roots powder was prepared in which 30 grams of the plant
powder was put in 500 ml flask
⮚ 500 ml of Ether was added , mixed and extracted by hot extraction process by
soxhlet apparatus for 24hour 20 0C with sovent ether, covered with alluminium
Experimental Work

19.
19
⮚ Filtered by using Whatman paper No1 to get rid of residues.
⮚ The filterate dried up by using incubator at 40oc
⮚ The dried extract weighed and kept at -200C in sterile tight container.
⮚ The net weight of dry extract of Solanum trilobatum roots was 30g making the
yield 5%.
Preparation of ST extracts doses :- Dried Solanum trilobatum of ether extract was
dissolved in ether and the concentrations were adjusted for both extract doses to be
given orally to rats at a dose volume of 0.1ml /100gmBW.

20.
20
❖Animal Study:- 5 of albino rats (both sexes) were procured and
weighed. The animals were grouped according to the design of each
experimental study. The animals have been kept in cages housed at
standard condition of light and ventilation and have freely access to
standard rodent diet and tap water. The animals were kept for a week for
acclimatization before subjected any experiment.

21.
21
Screening of Analgesic Activity
⮚Hot Plate Method
⮚Tail Flick Method

22.
22
Hot plate Method
A cut of time of 30 seconds was followed to avoid any thermal injury to the paw.
Pain reaction time was recorded before and at 60, 120, 150 and 180 minutes
after treatment in order to assess the analgesic dose of extract and the time effect
response. The prolongation of latency time of treatment groups were compared
with the value of control one Albino rats were placed on hot plate maintained at
55± 1◦C. The pain reaction time between placing the animal on hot plate and
kickhng ,jumping ,holding hind limbs was measured for each tested rats. A cut
of time of 30 seconds was followed to avoid any thermal injury to the paw. Pain
reaction time was recorded before and at 30, 60 , 90 , 120, and 150 minutes after
treatment in order to assess the analgesic dose of extract and the time effect
response. The prolongation of latency time of treatment groups were compared

23.
23
Tail Flick Method
This test is used to measure the analgesic effect of drug or herbal extract by
applying thermal pain stimuli to animal tail then measure the pain reaction time
(latency) as threshold for acute pain.3 albino rats of both sexes weighing 80-250
gm. equally divided into four groups subjected to the following dosing regimen.
The pain reaction time (latency per second) between placing the animals tail on
heater and flicking was measured for each tested rats. A cut of time of 30
seconds was followed to avoid any thermal injury to the paw. Pain reaction time
(latency) was recorded before and at 60, 120, 150 and 180 minutes after
treatment in order to assess the analgesic dose of extract and the time effect
response. The prolongation of latency time of treatment groups were compared
with the value of control one.

24.
REFERENCES:-
1. Analgesic and antipyretic effects of aqueous extract from Clerodendrum inerme (L.)
Gaertn. leaves in animal models. M. Thirumal*, Surya Srimanthula, G. Kishore, R. Vadivelan
and A. V. S. Anand Kumar Jaya College of Pharmacy, Thiruninravur, Chennai,
Tamilnadu,India(2012)
2. Mosquitocidal properties of Solanum trilobatum L. (Solanaceae) leaf extracts against
three important human vector mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) Selvaraj Premalatha1,
Kuppusamy Elumalai2, Alagarmalai Jeyasankar (2010)
3. Solanum trilobatum (Solanaceae) – An Overview Juhi Sahu*, Bhawana Rathi, Sameksha
Koul, Khosa R. L. (2011)
4. A DETAILED REVIEW ON SOLANACEAE FAMILY R. Yadav*, M. Rathi, A. Pednekar and Y.
Rewachandani (2016)
5. Antimicrobial activity and phytochemicals of Solanum trilobatum Linn. P. Swapna Latha
and K. Kannabiran (2006)
6. perspective on bioactive compounds from Solanum trilobatum Purushothaman
Balakrishnan, Thameem Ansari Musafar Gani, Sreenath Subrahmanyam and *Kumaran
Shanmugam (2015)
7. ISOLATION AND IDENTIFICATION OF ENDOPHYTIC FUNGI FROM SOLANUM TRILOBATUM
LINN Kilavan Packiam Kannan*, Ramya Govindasamy, Revathi Rajendran, Senthamarai
Manogaran and Madhankumar Dhakshinamoorthy. (2016)
8. Indirect Propagation of Solanum trilobatum L using Leaf Explants Kamalanathan Desingu
and Natarajan Devarajan (2013)
(2015) 24

25.
25