What is lighting Types of lighting in architecture interior and how to achieve it Lamps and luminaries Office lighting

1. TYPE OF LIGHTING AND
THEIR USES
BY: PRAGYA GOSWAMI
4TH SEMESTER B.ARCH

2. Lighting or illumination is the deliberate use of light to achieve a practical or aesthetic effect.
Lighting includes the use of both artificial light sources like lamps and light fixtures, as well as
natural illumination by capturing daylight.
Daylighting (using windows, skylights, or light shelves) is sometimes used as the main source of
light during daytime in buildings. This can save energy in place of using artificial lighting, which
represents a major component of energy consumption in buildings.
Proper lighting can enhance task performance, improve the appearance of an area, or have positive
psychological effects on occupants.
Indoor lighting is usually accomplished using light fixtures, and is a key part of interior design.
Lighting can also be an intrinsic component of landscape projects.
WHAT IS LIGHTING?

3. Direct lighting
• About 80% to 90% of the total light flux is made to fall directly upon the working plane with the help
of suitable reflectors.
• Causes hard shadows and glare.
• Used for general outdoor lighting.

4. Semi-Direct Lighting
• 60% to 90% of the total light flux is made to fall directly downwards with the help of semi-direct
reflectors.
• Remaining light is used for illuminate ceilings and walls.
• Causes soothing brightness.

5. Semi-Indirect Lighting
• 60% to 90% of the total light flux is thrown upwards to the ceiling for diffused reflection by using
inverted reflectors.
• The remaining light reaches the work plane directly except for some absorption by the reflectors.
• Causes soft shadows and glare free lighting scheme.
• Used for indoor light decorations.

6. Indirect lighting
• More than 90% of the total light flux is thrown upwards to the ceiling for diffused reflection by bowl
reflectors.
• Causes soft, glare-free, diffused illumination.
• Used in cinemas, hotels, theatres, etc.

7. THREE MAIN TYPES OF LIGHTING
1. Ambient Lighting
(General Lighting)
This is one of the most common types of lighting.
• Ambient light is a soft glow that blankets your space just enough for you to
function without causing a harsh glare.
• In photography and cinematography, ambient light is considered the “natural
light” within a room.
• In décor, ambient light is very similar, except you create the ambient light by
making the room’s lighting as natural and flat as possible.
• While ambient light is meant to get you safely from point A-to-B, it is not ideal
for working closely with things or to highlight things around your space.
Atmosphere: When used correctly, ambient light creates a fantastic environment to relax from an overly stressful
day. Ambient lighting is often referred to as mood lighting, because this light captures the soft curves of your face
and allows your pupils to dilate slightly (a physical sign of affection). Some yoga studios have even begun using the
softer ambient lighting in their classes to help draw stress from the body.

8. How to Get This Look
Recessed or Track Lights.
Try using a series of these throughout your
space. These work well with all types of ceilings,
but if your ceiling is lower make sure the light isn’t
too harsh for the room.
Be careful not to over light the space.
Try these in your bedroom, den, kitchen or living
room.

9. Chandeliers and Pendants.
• These light fixtures work fantastic with
taller ceilings.
• The chandeliers below are placed lower in
areas people will not be walking near.
• They are also very classic pieces that
work well in foyers, over the tub in the
bathroom.

10. Wall Sconces and Wall Lights.
• These are so versatile they work almost
anywhere.
• If you use too many in one location it may
cause a harsher light.
• But when placed sparingly these work great
in hallways, patios and porches.

11. 2. Task Lighting
This is a smaller more concentrated light.
• You want task lighting around when you’re working.
• Task lighting is meant to help you see when you’re doing
projects in which you need a finer light, such as, reading,
cooking, writing, sewing and many other things.
• Task lighting only works well when it is used as a contrasting
light.
For example, if you have a low lit room with a table lamp turned
on, the light in that area will be more effective with less glare than
if the entire room was lit with a brighter light.
Atmosphere. Task lighting helps naturally stimulate your brain. The contrasting light allows you to be more
alert and concentrated. This will help you see more details as you work, creating higher quality results. This is
why many businesses choose to use task lighting in their offices.

12. How to Get This Look:
Desk, Swing Arm and Floor Lamps.
• Use lamps on your desks, bedside tables,
coffee tables or anywhere you need a little
extra light for working.
• Swing arm lamps allow you to adjust the
light anyway you’d like.
• Since these floor lamps are lightweight
and adjustable these are the ideal task
lights.

13. Under Cabinet and Vanity Lights.
These are the ultimate task lights.
• Under cabinet lights work great in your
kitchen, like below.
• They add a flare to your kitchen and give the
extra light you need for chopping and
cleaning.
• Vanity lighting works well in the bathroom
and on dressing mirrors.
• These lights also work in garages or
workstations.

14. Pendant and Track Lights.
• Pendants are great because they can be
placed in a lot of areas and can hang
directly about work spaces.
• Track lights are great for the same
reason, except they can typically cover a
little more space.
• These lights are great for offices with
rows of desks, above kitchen islands and
in children’s play/homework areas.

15. 3. Accent Lighting
This is a very concentrated light with the intention of drawing the
eye to its focal point.
• Accent lighting is a way of adding style and drama to your home.
• This will help you illuminate the pieces you want on display,
while shadowing dull areas.
• People use accenting for wall washing, artwork, bookcase
displays, pieces of furniture, collections and the general
architecture of their homes.
• Outdoor accent lighting is when you highlight parts of the
architecture of your home or yard.
Atmosphere. Accent lighting is one of the types of lighting that creates a very sophisticated atmosphere. It
evokes feelings of meaning and importance to the images it displays. This lighting type is used a lot for
museums, historical buildings and art shows.

16. How to Get This Look:
Wall Lights.
• Wall lights are fantastic for designing accent
lighting.
• They come in a range of sizes that allow you
the highlight big or small pieces of art.
• These work great on art walls and for
showcasing the architecture of your space.

17. Recessed Lighting and Spot Lighting.
These lights are often used for wall
washing (when you illuminate an entire
wall with light).
• Recessed lights are great for
accenting.
• Place them at the base of your wall to
illuminate a beautiful brick texture, a
colorful paint design or display a huge
bay window.

18. Landscape Lighting.
• These lights are the best for showing
off the outside of your home.
• Use landscape lighting to light up a
pathway, prized garden or statue.

19. The quality and quantity of lighting affects the ambience, security and function of your facility as well as the
performance of your employees. Advances in lighting technology can make significant reductions in the amount
of money you spend to light your space or building.
LAMPS AND LUMINAIRIES
LAMPS
Any of various devices furnishing artificial
light, as by electricity or gas. Compare
fluorescent lamp, incandescent lamp. a
container for an inflammable liquid, as oil,
which is burned at a wick as a means of
illumination.
LUMINAIRES
A luminaire is a complete lighting unit,
comprised of a light source (lamp or lamps),
together with the parts that distribute the
light, position and protect the lamps, and
connect the lamps to the power supply.

20. Different types of lights or lamps in a lighting system
•Incandescent lamps
•Compact fluorescent lamps
•Halogen lamps
•Metal halide Lamps
•Light Emitting Diode
•Fluorescent tube
•Neon lamps
•High intensity discharge lamps
•Low pressure sodium lamps

22. Incandescent Lamps
Incandescent bulbs are standard bulbs and many people are quite
familiar with these bulbs.
 These incandescent bulbs are available in a broad range of
sizes and voltages.
 An incandescent bulb glows and produces heat when
electricity passes through the tungsten filament present inside
the bulb.
 The filament of this bulb is placed either in a mixture of
nitrogen gas or in a vacuum.
 These bulbs are being gradually replaced by LEDs, fluorescent
lamps, and other service based new technologies.
 The reason for this is that when this bulb is switched on, the
sudden flow of current, energy and heat penetrate the thin
areas, which in turn heat up the filament; once the filament
heats up, it tends to break and burns out the bulb.
 Incandescent bulbs can last for 700 – 1000 hours and can also
be used with a dimmer.
 Incandescent bulbs generate steady heat, which is quite good
for house hold applications.

23. Compact Fluorescent Lamps
 A compact fluorescent lamp is a modern type of light bulb that works like a fluorescent lamp.
 It contains mercury, which cause difficulties to its disposal.
 A CFL is designed to replace an Incandescent lamp.
 Generally, CFLs use less power, produce same amount of light and have long lifespan.
 Most of the compact fluorescent lamps consist of two or three tubular loops.
 These lamps cannot be used with dimmers, and usually they can last for 10,000 hours.

24. Halogen Lamps
A halogen lamp consists of a
tungsten filament, which is sealed
with a compact transparent envelop
and filled with an inert gas and small
amount of halogen (bromine or
iodine).
These lamps are smaller than the
conventional lamps.
Halogen increases the lifetime and
brightness of the lamps.

25. Metal Halide Lamps
Metal halide lamps consist of a discharge tube
or arc tube within a bulb.
This tube can be made from either ceramic or
quartz and contains mercury, MH salts and a
starting gas.
Metal halide lamps produce a great amount of
light for their size, and these lamps are one of
the most efficient lamps.
These lamps are most commonly used in halls,
traffic lights, on stages and in outdoor lighting
systems for commercial purposes.

26. LED lamp
LED lamp is an electrical component that emits light
through the movement of electrons in a
semiconductor device.
 It lacks a filament,uses less power and has a long
lifespan.
 LEDs produce more light than incandescent
lamps and help save energy in energy-conserving
devices.
 These diodes can emit light of an intended color
without the use of color filters.
 The initial cost of a LED is generally high and
these are used to build electronic projects.

27. Fluorescent Tube
A fluorescent tube is a gas discharge tube that uses a
fluorescence to produce visible light.
Luminous efficiency of a fluorescent tube is about 45 to 100
lumens per watt.
Compared with the incandescent bulbs, fluorescent tubes use
less power for the same amount of light, and are usually more
complex and expensive than the incandescent lamps.
Fluorescent lamps do not have good color representation
ability, but these tubes are cool in appearance and color.
Fluorescent tubes can be used in many places around a
home, but cannot be used with dimmers.

28. Neon Lamps
A neon lamp is a gas-discharge lamp that contains gas at low
pressure.
 It is assembled by mounting two electrodes within a small glass
envelop.
 Standard brightness bulbs are filled with an argon or neon gas
mixture, and high-brightness lamps are filled with a pure neon
gas.
 When a voltage is applied, then the gas ionizes and starts to
glow allowing a very small current to travel from one electrode
to the other electrode.
 Once the gas ionizes, the operation of the lamp can be
maintained at a lower voltage, and the maintaining voltage
may vary between 10-20 volts depending on the lamp and
operating current.

29. High Intensity Discharge Lamps
Metal halide, mercury vapor, self-ballasted-mercury lamps
and high-pressure-sodium lamps all are high intensity
discharge lamps.
These lamps are specially designed with inner glass
tubes that include tungsten electrodes with electrical arc.
This inner glass tube is filled with both metals and gas.
These lamps produce a large quantity of light compared
to the fluorescent and incandescent lamps.
High-intensity-discharge lamps are normally used when
high levels of light are required over large areas which
include outdoor activity areas, gymnasiums, large public
areas, pathways, roadways and parking lots.

30. Low Pressure Sodium Lamps
Low-pressure-sodium lamp is the first sodium lamp
which has the maximum efficiency than all the other
lighting systems.
These lamps operate much like a fluorescent lamp
and there is a brief heat up period for the lamp to
reach full brightness.
Low pressure sodium lamps are commonly used in
places like roads, pathways, outdoor areas and
parking lot wherein color is not important as such.

31. Control of lighting systems
Forms of automatic lighting control include:
• Time clocks and photocells, simple, reliable and cost-effective methods of controlling
systems. • Occupancy sensors, sound and heat-sensing technology used to detect the
presence of people in a space and turn lights off when spaces are unoccupied.
• Dimming technologies include common manual dimming switches as well as more
sophisticated technology that automatically reduce light output according to the availability
daylight or other ambient light.
• Daylighting controls adjust light output levels from fixtures in perimeter areas next to
windows or under skylights in response to natural outdoor light entering the building.
• Automated lighting management systems provide centralized computer control of lighting
systems.

32. • The luminaire’s function is to direct light to appropriate locations, without causing
glare or discomfort.
• Choosing luminaires that efficiently provide appropriate luminance patterns for
the application is an important part of energy efficient lighting design.
Luminaire Components
1. Lamps and lamp holders or sockets
2. Ballasts to start and operate the lamps
3. Reflectors to direct the light
4. Shielding/diffusion components (lens, diffuser, louver,
or the like) to shield the lamps from the eyes at normal
viewing angles, reduce discomfort and disability glare,
and to distribute light evenly
5. Housings to contain the above elements as well as
electrical components, such as wiring connections
Luminaires

33. Categories of Luminaires
•DIRECT LIGHTS
•DOWNLIGHTS
•ACCENT LIGHTS
•INDIRECT LIGHTS

34. Catalog of Types of Direct Lights
These include most surface-mounted fixtures on walls and ceilings, often with a diffusing globe or lens to
reduce glare.
In general, these are very efficient sources of light, but may also produce a lot of glare.
Common types include surface-mounted ceiling fixtures, pendants, chandeliers, and sconces.
Surface-mounted ceiling lights. Either incandescent or fluorescent fixtures mounted directly on the
ceiling are a very efficient source for ambient lighting. Some, such as fluorescent “clouds,” use rounded
diffusers that cast light on the ceiling as well as downward.
Pendant ceiling lights. Pendant fixtures are often used to provide task lighting above kitchen tables or
eating counters and may also project light sideways and upward to the ceiling.
Mini-pendants with halogen spots are often used to accent breakfast bars and kitchen islands.
Chandeliers. When used over dining room tables,
Some fixtures contain a central downlight to provide task lighting to the table.
Sconces. Wall sconces provide soft lighting in living and dining areas and hallways.
Most provide some direct lighting as well as an indirect “wash” of light upward onto walls and ceilings.

36. What are Downlights & How are they Used?
• These are predominantly recessed ceiling lights
that create a dramatic effect by casting pools of
bright light on floors and work surfaces while
leaving the ceiling in shadow.
• Used with A lamps, floods, or compact fluorescent,
and spaced properly, downlights can create even
general lighting.
• With more focused spot bulbs and special trims,
they can function as task lighting, accent lighting,
or wall washers.

37. What are Accent Lights?
• When lighting a picture or single object, use a directional spot
lamp in a shielded fixture.
• These are often track-mounted or adjustable recessed fixtures,
such as “eyeballs.”
• To create even lighting over a large picture or group of pictures,
it is best to use special “wall washer” fixtures, or non directional
lamps such as A-bulbs or compact fluorescent's

38. What are Indirect Lights & how is Indirect Lighting
Best Used?
• Bouncing light off light-colored walls and ceilings creates a soft and diffused illumination with little glare and gives
a room a feeling of spaciousness.
• Examples include upward directed floor lamps and wall sconces, as well as site-built coves and valences, which
can make use of cost-effective fluorescent tubes.
• Coves reflect light off the upper walls and ceiling and dramatize a high or cathedral ceiling. Brackets provide
down lighting as well to emphasize wall surfaces or artwork.
• The shield should be designed to protect the bulbs from view within the room.
Best Uses of Recessed and Track Lighting
Recessed lighting can provide either ambient, task, or accent lighting, depending on the lamp type, its beam spread,
and the type of reflector and trim used.
Where recessed fixtures are used for ambient lighting, they should be spaced to provide even lighting without dark
spots.
Track lighting follows the same design principles as recessed, but is best used for accent or task lighting in certain
situations.
It is particularly well-suited to situations where flexibility is required since fixtures may be easily moved as lighting
needs change.

40. How office lighting affects worker productivity
The office environment has a significant impact on an individual’s performance at work in a variety of ways.
One of the most influential factors in the office environment is lighting. From concentration to satisfaction
levels, studies have shown that an individual’s health, well-being and performance at work can change at
the flick of a switch.
From eye strain to headaches, a worker’s health can be directly affected by poor lighting. However, it can
also affect employees in more subtle ways. From wakefulness to contentment, well-designed lighting does
much more than address simple health and safety issues. Office worker satisfaction and subsequent
productivity can be positively affected by well-designed lighting.
Our exposure to light is responsible for sleeping and feeling well and as such, it affects our productivity.
Today, most people work indoors and when there is a lack of natural light, our body clock loses pace, often
resulting in tiredness and listlessness. Lighting is therefore much more than simple illumination, it can
inspire and establish mood.
OFFICE LIGHTING

41. Office lighting
Both natural daylight and artificial light play an important
role in creating a healthier and more productive workplace.
 Different activities require different types and levels of
light.
 While task lighting tends to be a given the most thought
in modern office spaces, lighting arrangements for non-
task areas, such as the use of linear lighting, are
receiving more consideration too.
 Consider creating a contrast between different areas of
the office.
 Those spaces not utilized as workstations, such as
walkways, could have a lower level of lighting.
 This contrast can create a more stimulating space and
contribute to a more dynamic design.

42. Office lighting positioning
Lighting position is also an important consideration, as light
shouldn’t reflect directly into the eyes from surfaces or screens.
Rather than uniformly illuminating an office environment, throwing
light on to walls and ceilings will make the space seem larger,
brighter and less claustrophobic.
Reducing glare & headaches from lighting
Glare can severely affect the quality of lighting in an office
environment and is an extreme form of visual discomfort.
It is a key factor when choosing LED office lighting.
With an anti-glare, prismatic diffuser, LED lighting proves a
popular choice for office spaces.
The use of LED lighting gives more choice and flexibility than
previous technologies.

43. Creating contrast with different levels of illumination will achieve a more dynamic space.
Circulation areas don’t require the same level of lighting as workstations.
Warmer lighting works well in break rooms and creates a relaxing atmosphere away from the cool, white light required
for brain-storming and concentrating.
As light synchronises the circadian rhythm, a time-controlled lighting system can be used to vary the colour
temperature and intensity of office lighting during the course of the day.
High illumination levels and cool, indirect white light can be used during the morning and early afternoon to stimulate
employees.
At midday and during the late afternoon, the light levels can fall and become warmer.
Artificial lighting should correspond to the colour temperature of natural daylight.
The sky’s colour is cool during the morning and early afternoon but is much warmer at sunset.
Lighting should also be adapted to the changing daylight hours of the different seasons.
Office lighting & colour temperature

44. Good office lighting should be energy efficient
While the individual comfort of employees is essential, there is still a high demand for energy efficiency. Any
lighting installation needs to strike a balance between worker productivity and energy bills.
The benefits of LED office lighting
Not only does LED lighting offer exceptional performance, it’s also highly efficient, boasting low energy
consumption and maintenance requirements.
Minimising office overheads is a key concern. Therefore, choose your lighting solutions to help maximise energy
savings.
LED office lighting is up to 80% more efficient than fluorescent lights so can significantly reduce running costs.
In addition, intelligent lighting controls can offer an effective way to achieve further energy efficiency.
Dimmable lighting offers a useful solution for your office. If your office benefits from plenty of natural light,
dimmable lighting is ideal for use with daylight harvesting systems, as it can be programmed up or down to a
maintained illumination level – therefore, contributing to energy savings.
Intelligent lighting offers a solution to energy efficiency and can be used in a variety of ways. One solution is to use
daylight harvesting. This system incorporates controls that automatically adjust the light output to achieve the target
level by sensing the amount of natural light in the room. Thereby, making the most of the available natural light and
not wasting energy on unnecessary artificial light.

45. THANKYOU