Class 12 Physics Investigatory Project Work, Practical- study of various logic gates. Just edit first and second page of this project and the project is all yours. Please drop a like before downloading...... Watch my video for further explaination https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1IoOGG_SBzw&lc=z22ju3nxqvrvzrghz04t1aokgmmjnqr0ld5exqhxchswrk0h00410

1. PHYSICS
INVESTIGATORY
PROJECT
SESSION2016-17
SUBMITTEDTO:

2. #Mr. GOPAL SETH_SIR
SUBMITTEDBY:
#PRANSHU_DIWAKAR
XII A
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the original and genuine
research work is carried out to investigate about
the subject matter and the related data
collection and has been completed solely and
satisfactorily by this student regarding this
Project.
Signature of

3. External Examiner Physics Teacher

4. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
It gives me great pleasure to express my
gratitude towards our physics teacher for his
guidance, support and encouragement
throughout the duration of the project. Without
his motivation and help the successful completion
of this project would not have been possible.
PRANSHU DIWAKAR
(Name and signature of the student)

6. CONTENTS
 INTRODUCTION
 AIM
 MATERIAL REQUIRED
 THEORY
 PROCEDURE
 OBSERVATIONS
 RESULT
 BIBLIOGRAPHY

7. AIM
TO STUDY THE CIRCUIT AND
EXPRESSION OF LOGIC GATES

8. MATERIAL
REQUIRED
The Logic Gate Apparatus
INRODUCTION

9. The logic gates are building blocks at digital
electronics. They are used in digital electronics
to change on voltage level (input voltage) into
another (output voltage) according to some
logical statement relating them.
A logic gate may have one or more inputs, but it
has only one output. The relationship between
the possible values of input and output voltage is
expressed in the form of a table called truth
table or table of combination.
Truth table of a Logic Gates is a table that shows
all the input and output possibilities for the logic
gate.
George Boole in 1980 invented a different kind
of algebra based on binary nature at the logic,
this algebra of logic called BOOLEAN
ALGEBRA. A logical statement can have only
two values, such as HIGH/LOW, ON/OFF,

10. CLOSED/OPEN, YES/NO, RIGHT/WRONG,
TRUE/FALSE, CONDUCTING/NON-
CONDUCTING etc. The two values of logic
statements one denoted by the binary number 1
and 0. The binary number 1 is used to denote
the high value. The logical statements that logic
gates follow are called Boolean expressions.

11. THEORY
A gate is a digital circuit that is
designed for performing a particular
logical operation. As it works
according to some logical relationship
between input and output voltages, so
it is generally known as LOGIC GATE.

12. PROCEDURE
1) THE OR GATE: It gives high output when
either of the inputs is high. Otherwise it gives
low output.
EXPRESSION: A+B=Y

13. 2) THE AND GATE: It gives high output when
both the inputs are high, otherwise the input
is low.
EXPRESSION: X=A.B
A
B
X=AB

14. 3) THE NOT GATE: It gives high output when
the input is low, and vice-versa.
EXPRESSION: Y = A

15. 4) THE NAND GATE: It gives low output
when both the inputs are high,
otherwise the output is high.
EXPRESSION: Y = A.B
B
Y

16. A
B
Y
5) THE NOR GATE: It gives high output
when boths the inputs are low,
otherwise the output is low.
EXPRESSION: Y= A+B

17. OBSERVATION
OUTPUT WAVEFORM OBTAINED
FROM INPUTS A AND B
OR GATE

18. AND GATE

19. NOT GATE

20. NAND GATE

21. NOR GATE

22. RESULT
TRUTH TABLE OF- 1) OR GATE
Inputs Output
A B X
0 0 0
0 1 1

23. 1 0 1
1 1 1

24. 2) AND GATE -
Inputs Output
A B X
0 0 0
0 1 0
1 0 0
1 1 1

25. 3) NOT GATE –
Input Output
0 1
1 0

26. 4) NAND GATE-
Inputs Output
A B X
0 0 1
0 1 1
1 0 1
1 1 0

27. 5) NOR GATE –
Inputs Output
A B X
0 0 1
0 1 0
1 0 0
1 1 0

28. BIBLIOGRAPHY
Wikipedia: The Free Encyclopaedia
http://whatis.techtarget.com/definition/logic-gate-AND-
OR-XOR-NOT-NAND-NOR-and-XNOR
http://www.ee.surrey.ac.uk/Projects/CAL/digital-
logic/gatesfunc/&grqid=dEy8Gkkt&hl=en-IN
http://whatis.techtarget.com/definition/logic-gate-AND-
OR-XOR-NOT-NAND-NOR-and-XNOR&grqid=h4CXL-
S6&hl=en-IN
https://www.tutorialspoint.com/computer_logical_organ
ization/logic_gates.htm&grqid=5BL8h9Uz&hl=en-IN