SLUMS
Origin, Growth, Problems & Solution

INTRODUCTION
WHAT IS A SLUM?
 A slum is predominantly residential area where the dwellings which by reason of dilapidation, overcrowding, faulty arrangement
of design, lack of ventilation, light or sanitary facilities or any combination of these factors are detrimental to safety, health and
morals.
 A Slum is an area that combines to various extents the following characteristic-
- Inadequate access to safe water
- Inadequate access to sanitation and other infrastructure
- Poor structural quality of housing
- Overcrowding
- Insecure residential status.
 Examples – Dharavi , Mumbai
- Bhalswa, Delhi
Housing | Indo Global College of Architecture

EXAMPLES OF SLUM
MUMBAI - DHARAVI
 Second largest slum in Asia.
 Third largest slum in the world.
 Population – 7 lac
 Area -2.1 sq km (520 acres)
 One of the densest area in the world
Housing | Indo Global College of Architecture
Bhalswa - Delhi
 Population – 151,427( 2001)
 One of the largest child labors.

CAUSES OF SLUM
DECENTRALISATION
 Rich and middle class people move out to the extended
portions of the town and thus, the poor people are left with
unattended in the overcrowded central area of the town.
Housing | Indo Global College of Architecture
ECONOMIC CONDITIONS
 Most important and universal characteristic of slum is poverty.
 Unemployment & growth of population may force the affected
persons to stay in unhealthy conditions.
IMPROPER USE OF LAND
 Lack of education drags the inhabitants into social evils.
 Lack of attention to improve the living conditions.
EDUCATION
 If land fit for any other purpose, is used for another purpose, the slums may be formed.
LACK OF ZONING
 If the town of the area is not divided into suitable zones and development is allowed to place at random, the
slums may be created

CAUSES OF SLUM
INDUSTRIALIZATION
 The slums may be said to be the direct evil result from industrializations which in the early
stages never took care of planning houses for labourers
Housing | Indo Global College of Architecture
MIGRANTS
 Squatter is a person who illegally occupy the land without the title.
 The colonies of squatters may result into slums.
 Flow of migrants increases per day in metropolitan cities.
 About one-third of the population live in ramshackle huts with no civic amenetities.
REPAIR AND MAINTENANCE
 If local authority does not have adequate powers to control the development of the town, the slums
may be formed.
POWERS AND LOCAL AUTHORITY
 Cheap houses are made for collecting rents are not maintained properly, slum favoring conditions may occur.

CHARACTERISTICS OF SLUMS
1. Appearance :
This is rather the universal mark of the slum and
its unpleasant appearance offends the eyes,
nose and conscience .The Structure appear
to be deteriorated and to be over-age.
Housing | Indo Global College of Architecture
2.Fire hazards:
The slum area is often exposed to fire accidents
and consequent damages. One stick of
matchstick may prove to be Sufficient
to reduce the whole slum to ashes in no time.
3.Health and sanitation:
The slum is characterized by low standards of
sanitation and is often neglected most by the
public services for Sanitation. It also refers
an area of high sickness and death rates.

CHARACTERISTICS OF SLUMS
Housing | Indo Global College of Architecture
4.Income criteria :
The slum is a poverty area and it is occupied by people of the lowest income group of the society.
5.Morals :
The society disorganized slum may be prove to be area of delinquency, crime and vice.

CHARACTERISTICS OF SLUMS
6. Overcrowding :
The slum is overcrowded with buildings or the building are overcrowded with people or in the worst condition
Both the conditions prevail in the slum .
7. Population :
If the slum population is racial or cultural , it grants a degree of social organization even though the area looks poverty
Stricken slum area. For a heterogeneous occupancy, the inhabitants are of different categories which are not welcome
in other localities or they cannot afford to live elsewhere
8. Social isolation :
The slum area is of the lowest social status and it is usually linked up with the rest of the community through
its labor force. In a democratic Society, the slum dwellers can identify themselves with certain political groups
because of their equality of voting and other legal rights with The rest of the community.
9. Way of life:
Depending upon the manner in which the alum has come up. The way of life of the inhabitants may be such that they
Are strangers to one another or they form a family slum with thick acquaintance with one another.
Housing | Indo Global College of Architecture

EFFECTS OF SLUMS
1. Lack of amenities :
The surroundings area of slum is lacking
is essential amenities in required proportions
because of overcrowding.
Housing | Indo Global College of Architecture

EFFECTS OF SLUMS
Housing | Indo Global College of Architecture
2.Health:
The persons residing in slums are easily attacked
by various types of disease. The climate of slum
is such that it easily leads to unhealthy conditions
of living.
3.Surroundings locality :
The working of institutions like library, school, hospital etc.
located nearby slums , is seriously affected.
4.Undesirable spots:
The slums as such on a city plan forms undesirable spots
and is a sense, disturbs the appearance of good features
of a city plan.
5.Working conditions :
It is not possible to work peacefully in slums because the whole area Is full of noise, traffic congestion smoke, duct and
darkness It is an accepted fact that if housing conditions are improved, there is considerable improvement in the
community welfare. A good mind becomes a devil’s workshop in an unfavorable environment . The above endorsed by
social workers, magistrates health authorities And police departments. It is therefore, more advisable to spend the public
money in the slum clearance projects proves to be better than cure.

SLUM CLEARANCE
Introduction and Objectives
• The process of improving the existing conditions of slum is known as slum clearance.
Housing | Indo Global College of Architecture
Objectives
of
Slum Clearance
To bring down the
disparity in the living
standards of people of
various classes.
To prevent the
occurrence of epidemics
in the town or city.
To provide the absolute
basic minimum
standards of essential
amenities for healthy
living.
To remove the ugly
spots or slums from the
map of town or city

SLUM CLEARANCE
Methods
• It should, however, be remembered that the slum clearance,if not
properly carried out,
does not abolish slums, but contrary, it shifts and spreads them.
Complete removal method
• ill- constructed houses are demolished, only those in really good
condition are retained.
• open spaces left are sed for widening of roads, providing recreation
grounds or building new houses of approved standards.
• this method is too costly as alternative housing facilites are provided.
selection of slums for this method:
• the degree of public health hazards involved ;
• the economic potential of the land i.e., the full use to which the land
can be economically exploited after removal of the slum
Housing | Indo Global College of Architecture
Methods
of
Slum Clearance
Complete removal method Improvement method

SLUM CLEARANCE
Improvement method
• certain areas where slum are due to poor drainage arrangement and insanitary enviornments need not necessarily be demolished
• if the houses are fairly good, certain steps such as improvement of :
• the street system,
• filling up low ground,
• modifications of drainage arangements
• removal of obstructing structures; may be taken up to implement slum clearance scheme.
• by proper selection of improvement works, the desired resluts can be achieved with minimum expenditure.
Important points to be carefully attenden to in any slum clearance or improvement project:
• Amenities- water, drainage and electricity.
the minimum basic standards fixed by govt. of India for enviornmental improvement of slums:
a) one water tap for every 150 persons living in the slum.
b)two latrines for every 20 to 25 persons living in slum.
c)one street light for every 30m.
Housing | Indo Global College of Architecture

SLUM CLEARANCE
Improvement method
• Legal aspects-
- the legal formalities to implement slum clearance project should be stricly followed.
-the unnecessary haste results into serious legal complications and considerable time is required to correct the mistakes made.
-the legal aspects include publication and circulation of slum clearance projects,
 acquisition of lands,
 compensation of the acquired properties,
 arrangement for evicted population.
• Transit campus- when slum clearance scheme is taken in hand, the persons occupying the slums will have
to be dishoused.
-the transit campus in the form of semi- permanent or temporary buildings are constructed
in some other parts of the town to accomodate such persons temporarily.
-transit campus should be designed in simplest way possible to bring down the cost
-they should be strong to satisfy the requirerment of the floating population likely to pass
continously through them.
Housing | Indo Global College of Architecture

SLUM CLEARANCE
Improvement method
• Unauthorized persons- to arrest the unauthorized persons to take advantage during the transit period, it is desirable to issue the slum
dweller, who is qualified to get a tenement after slum improvement scheme, a pass book containing complete data of family.
-such practice will avoid falsification.
Works of improvement
• construction of open or covered drains;
• necessary repairs;
• opening up or paving of courtyards;
• provision of additional or improved fixtures or fittings;
• provision of bathing places, water taps and light points;
• provision of toilets including conversion of dry toilets into flush toilets.
• realignment or replotting and debris;
• structural additions and alterations;
• demolition of any building or any part of building for execution of any improvement work.
Housing | Indo Global College of Architecture

SLUM CLEARANCE
THE SLUM AREAS (IMPROVEMENT AND CLEARANCE) ACT, 1956
• An Act to provide for the improvement and clearance of slum areas in certain Union Territories and for the protection of tenants in such
areas from eviction.
• To facilitate inclusive growth and slum-free cities.
• To provide assured security of tenure, basic amenities and affordable housing for slum dwellers.
• To assign a “legal document of entitlement” to every landless person in a slum area entitled to a dwelling space.
• To give mortgageable rights to allottees of dwelling space. however, tradability of dwelling space limited to the Government or the slum
collectives.
• To provide compensation for acquisition of land, wherever necessary, in the form of concessional building.
Guiding Policy
• Slum improvement and upgrading is a necessary condition
• for slum-free cities; however, it is not a sufficient condition;
• Several complementary steps to accompany this policy.
• Complements to Slum Improvement and Upgrading
• Bring in additional lands for urban usage on a continual basis
Housing | Indo Global College of Architecture

SLUM CLEARANCE
THE SLUM AREAS (IMPROVEMENT AND CLEARANCE) ACT, 1956
• Revise upwards the floor space index (FSI)
• Provide tenurial society
• Extend basic services to slum areas
• Involve the community in the process of upgradation
• Integrate slum improvement strategies (RAY) with the JNNURM
Legislative Imperatives
Simplify the process of converting rural land for urban usage
• Change cumbersome land acquisition procedures
• Modify building bye-laws and zoning laws
• Put in a transparent land record system
The proposed legislative framework constitutes a major step towards a
formal recognition of slums and implicitly their contribution to the national
socioeconomic system.
Housing | Indo Global College of Architecture

SLUM CLEARANCE
THE SLUM AREAS (IMPROVEMENT AND CLEARANCE) ACT, 1956
There are several important disconnects:
• The proposed Act is, a best, a partial response to the problem of slums. It misses out on slum prevention strategy as a complement to slum
upgradation strategy which could prove “counter-productive”.
• The properties rights of “slum dwellers”under the proposed Act are inferior.
• Global experience suggests that formalization of property rights does not necessarily lead to access to credit;
• Upgraded settlements will have an incomplete formal status; and
• Creating a separate Act to grant property rights to slum dwellers rather than to amend the existing Acts (which do not recognize informality
and which are adverse to the interests of the poor) would make it difficult to integrate slum dwellers and settlements into the local fiscal
system.
• A long term sustainable approach lies in a legislative framework that aims at integration of slums with the city economy rather than to
formalize the existing division between slum and non-slums. Legislative reforms lag behind the policy initiatives for slum upgradation and
urban poverty alleviation
Housing | Indo Global College of Architecture

SLUM CLEARANCE
RENT CONTROL ACT
• Rent Control Act was an attempt by the Government of India to eliminate the exploitation of tenants by landlords. Rent legislation tends to
providing payment of fair rent to landlords and protection of tenants against eviction
• The practice of imposing a legal maximum upon the rent in a particular housing market, below the equilibrium rent is called rent control.
• If this maximum is above that market’s equilibrium rent (different rental housing markets may have different equilibrium rents), then the
control is null and void.
• But if the rent is set at a level below the equilibrium rent, it will necessarily lead to a situation of excess demand or shortage.
• In a free market, prices (here, rents) would rise automatically filling the gap between the demand and the supply. But rent controls prevent
prices from rising up to the equilibrium level and thus, alternative rationing mechanisms such as black and uncontrolled markets evolve.
The Legal Aspects of Rent Control
Under the Indian Constitution, housing is a state subject. Thus, the enactment and enforcement of rent control laws is the responsibility of the
individual states. While this is in accordance with the federal nature of the Indian Republic, it makes a comparative analysis of the rent control
laws that much more difficult.
Housing | Indo Global College of Architecture

SLUM CLEARANCE
RENT CONTROL ACT
• The common thread running through almost all rent control Acts and legislations is that they are intended to serve two purposes:
1. To protect the tenant from eviction from the house where he is living except for defined reasons and on defined conditions; and
2.To protect him from having to pay more than a fair/standard rent.
• The landlord is required to specify the exact provision of the relevant act under which he is seeking the eviction of the tenant, to enable the tenant to
take any remedial action provided in the act. The whole idea of a rent control act is to control and regulate eviction of tenants and not to stop it
altogether.
Arguments against Rent Control
The arguments for rent deregulation and the reasons for its repeal or nonexistence are divided into three parts – economic, social and legal.
1. Fixation of standard/ fair rent (Worked out on the basis of the value of land and cost of construction when built, as per the provisions of the Rent
Control Act) as a percentage of the cost of construction is a major disincentive for those wanting to invest in rental housing as it gives a very low rate of
return as compared to other assets.
2. The low rate of return also leads to rapid deterioration of existing housing stock,as landlords have no incentive to invest any funds in the upkeep of
their apartments.
3. It’s difficult to evict a tenant once the house has been rented, thanks to the provisions of the RCA. Thus, the fear of losing perpetual control of their
houses might lead them to withdraw their vacant premises from the rental market, leading to reduced supply
4. It’s difficult to resell a tenanted house from which it’s difficult to evict tenants. This reduces liquidity in the market for ownership housing.
5. As any other price control, rent controls also distort incentives and price signals, leading to inefficient allocation of resources (here, land and building).
This is because in presence of rent controls, houses don’t always get allocated to those who are willing to pay the highest rent.
Housing | Indo Global College of Architecture

Re-housing is an urban renewal strategy used to transform low income settlements with poor reputation into another type of
development or housing.
It destroys low income homes as well as illegal squatting sites, displacing inhabitants into different housing areas with the intent of
breaking up continuous zones of poverty.
Measures to make re-housing schemes successful:
- In the surrounding areas of metropolitan city, a chain
of growth canters, known as satellite towns should be
formed.
- The slum rehabilitation scheme may be combined with
commercial schemes so as to make it self-supporting in
finance.
- The minimum carpet area including sanitary
convenience should be decided for a family.
- The state government should make enough provision
in the budget every year for the construction of
minimum houses for the slum population.
RE-HOUSING
Introduction
Housing | Indo Global College of Architecture
Political Economy in Re-Housing:

RE-HOUSING
Introduction
Housing | Indo Global College of Architecture

RE-HOUSING SCHEMES
Rajiv Awas Yojana (RAY)
With a vision to move towards a Slum Free India, Rajiv Awas Yojana ( RAY) was launched.
Continuation of implementation phase of Rajiv Awas Yojana (RAY) as a Centrally Sponsored Scheme (CSS), in Mission mode during
2013-2022 and continuation of Affordable Housing in Partnership (AHP) Scheme with modifications as an integral part of RAY, with
an allocation of Rs. 32,230 crore for implementation of RAY during 12th Five Year Plan by the Planning Commission of India.
Objective:
- Bringing all existing slums within the formal system and enabling them to avail the basic amenities that is available for the rest of
the city
- Redressing the failures of the formal system that lie behind the creation of slums by planning for affordable housing stock for the
urban poor and initiating crucial policy changes required for facilitating the same.
Target Groups:
- RAY will cover all towns, cities and urban agglomerations in the country.
- The selection of which will be made by the States in consultation with the Centre giving priority to District headquarters, cities of
religious, heritage and tourist importance with due consideration to the criterion of pace of growth of the city
- Slums within the city and predominance of Scheduled Caste, Scheduled Tribe and minority population and other weaker and
vulnerable section of the society.
Housing | Indo Global College of Architecture

RE-HOUSING SCHEMES
Rajiv Awas Yojana (RAY)
Reservation:
- Giving long term, mortgageable, renewable leasehold rights to slum dwellers
- Reserving 15% of Floor Space Index or 35% of Dwelling Units, whichever is higher for Economically Weaker Sections
- Reserving 25% of municipal budget to provide basic services to the urban poor
Funding Pattern:
- The modified Scheme will provide a subsidy of Rs. 75,000 per Economically Weaker Section (EWS) or Low Income Group (LIG)
Dwelling Units of size 21-40 sqm. for housing and internal development components in affordable housing projects taken up
under various kinds of partnerships.
- The projects would have a minimum size of 250 affordable dwelling units (DUs) with a mix of EWS, LIG, Middle Income Group
and Higher Income Groups along with Commercial space of which at least 60 percent of the Floor Space Index is to be
reserved for dwelling units of Carpet Area of not more than 60 sq. mts.
- The project shall also mandatorily reserve 35 percent of the total number of dwelling units for EWS category (21-27 sqm.)
- The average size of the loan has been assumed to be @ Rs.3 lakhs for EWS and 5 lakhs for the LIG
- The scheme will be demand-driven with women, SCs, STs, minorities and persons with disabilities to be given preference.
- 100% funding done by the Central Government.
Housing | Indo Global College of Architecture

RE-HOUSING SCHEMES
Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana – Gramin/Rural (PMAY-G)
PMAY-G aims to provide a pucca house with basic amenities to all houseless and households living in kutcha houses in rural areas
by 2022.
Objective:
- To achieve the objective of “Housing For All” the target number of houses to be constructed by the year 2021-22 is 2.95 cr.
- The immediate objective is to cover 1 cr households in rural areas, that are houseless or living in kutcha house in the three years
from 2016-17 to 2018-19
- To enable construction of quality houses by using local materials,, designs and trained masons.
Funding Pattern:
- Enhancement of unit assistance from Rs. 70,000 to Rs 1.20 Lacs in plains and from Rs 75,000 to Rs. 1.30 Lacs in hilly states and
difficult areas
- The cost of unit assistance is to be shares between Central and State Governments in the ratio 60:40 in plains and 90:10 for
North-Eastern and 3 Himalayan States (J&K, Himachal Pradesh and Uttarakhand)
- Provision of assistance (Rs 12,000) for toilets through convergence with Swacch Bharat Mission – Gramin (SBM-G)
- If the beneficiary so chooses, he/she will be facilitated to avail loan of upto Rs. 70,000 from financial institutions.
Housing | Indo Global College of Architecture

RE-HOUSING SCHEMES
Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana – Gramin/Rural (PMAY-G)
Reservations:
SC/ST : 60%
Minorities : 15%
Categories for Beneficiary:
- Households with no adult member between age 16 to 59
- Female headed households with no adult male member between age 16 to 59
- Households with no literate adult above 25 years
- Households with any disables member and no able bodied adult member
- Landless households deriving the major part of their income from manual casual labor
Type Design:
- The minimum size of a house is to be 25 sq.m, including a dedicated area for hygienic cooking
- It is also desirable that the house design incorporated the following features:
Adequate space for pursuing livelihood activities
Rain Water Harvesting System
A Verandah
Housing | Indo Global College of Architecture

RE-HOUSING SCHEMES
Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana – Gramin/Rural (PMAY-G)
Housing | Indo Global College of Architecture
Jharkhand: with adobe
walls, RCC roof and
bamboo roof for
verandah
Himachal Pradesh:
For lahaul-spiti and
Kinnaur districts
Chhattisgarh:
With terra-cotta roof
and reinforced mud
plaster
Assam:
With half-brick thick walls
confined with RCC posts
held together with
horizontal RCC bands
for earthquake
resilience

RE-HOUSING SCHEMES
Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana – Gramin/Rural (PMAY-G)
Housing | Indo Global College of Architecture
Rajasthan:
For Barmar, Pali,
Jodhpur and
Jaisalmer districts
West Bengal:
For Ganga flood plain
area with high
temperature zones
and falling in
seismic zone 3
Meghalaya: Raised
bamboo houses with
bamboo walls
Manipur: L-shaped
house with verandah as
in traditional naga tribal
houses having timber
flooring with raised floor

RE-HOUSING SCHEMES
Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana – Gramin/Rural (PMAY-G)
Housing | Indo Global College of Architecture
Odhisha: with flat roof RCC frame with staircase for vertical
expansion suitable for regions close to urban areas
Uttar Pradesh: for high seismic risk and wind hazard areas in UP
with innovated ferro cement channels to achieve flat slabs

RE-HOUSING SCHEMES
Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission (JNNURM)
Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission (JNNURM), the most ambitious urban program in the history of India.
It is a Government of India initiative aiming at encouraging reforms and fast track planned development of identified cities.
Objective:
Focus is on efficiency in urban infrastructure and service delivery mechanisms, community participation and accountability
“To create economically productive, efficient, equitable and responsive cities”
- Integrated development of infrastructure services
- Ensure adequate funds to fulfil deficiencies
- Planned development of cities
- Provision of services for the urban poor
- Redevelopment of old cities
- Secure effective linkages between asset creation & asset management
Housing | Indo Global College of Architecture

RE-HOUSING SCHEMES
Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission (JNNURM)
Funding Pattern:
Housing | Indo Global College of Architecture
Urban Infrastructure and
Governance Funding Pattern
Centre State Loan from Financial Institution
Cities with 4 million plus population 35% 15% 50%
Cities with million plus but less than
4 million population
50% 20% 30%
Cities in North Eastern States and
J&K
90% 10% -
Other Cities 80% 10% 10%
Setting up de-salination plants 80% 10% 10%

RE-HOUSING SCHEMES
Valmiki Ambedkar Awas Yojana (VAMBAY)
Valmiki Ambedkar Awas Yojana (VAMBAY) is a centrally sponsored scheme for the benefit of Slum Dwellers. The scheme is
primarily aimed at ameliorating the housing problems for the Slum Dwellers living Below Poverty Line in different towns and cities of
the state.
Objective:
- The objective of VAMBAY is primarily to provide shelter or upgrade the existing shelter for people living Below Poverty Line in
Urban Slums, with a view to achieve the goal of “Shelter for All”
- The objective is also to utilize this initiative to achieve the Habitat goal of slumless cities. Equally important is the objective to
provide not just shelter for the urban poor but also a healthy and enabling urban environment, to help them to come out of
their poverty level
Target Group:
The target group under the VAMBAY will be slum dwellers in Urban areas who are below the poverty line including members of the
EWS who do not posses adequate shelter. However, preference is to be given to people below poverty line.
Reservations:
SC/ST : Not less than 50% Other weaker Sections: 15% (OBC, BC, etc as defined by the State Govt.)
Backward classes : 30% Physically & Mentally disabled And handicapped persons : 5%
Housing | Indo Global College of Architecture

RE-HOUSING SCHEMES
Valmiki Ambedkar Awas Yojana (VAMBAY)
Within this reservation, preference will be given to women headed households, urban poor who are members of Self Help Groups
and persons eligible for old age pension as defined by the State Government.
Categories for Beneficiary:
- Allotment of dwelling units shall be in the name of the female member of the household. Alternatively, it can be allotted in the
name of husband and wife jointly. The title to the land will be in the name of the selected beneficiary.
- The title deed should be in the joint name of husband and wife or in the name of wife alone. Till the repayment of loan, if any,
the house built with VAMBAY funds along with land shall be mortgaged to the Government/concerned Urban Local Body.
Funding Pattern:
The upper financial limit for construction of VAMBAY house will be maximum Rs 40,000/- including provision for sanitation for an
area of not less than 15 Sq.mt. Of which, 50% ie Rs 20,000/- is Central Subsidy and the remaining 50% may be either grant from
State Government or loan from HUDCO
Housing | Indo Global College of Architecture
Construction Type Normal Areas Difficult Areas (low-lying, water-logged)
Construction of house including sanitation Rs 35,000 Rs 37,500
Cost of providing infrastructure and common facilities Rs 5,000 Rs 7,500
Total Rs. Rs 40,000 Rs 45,000

RE-HOUSING SCHEMES
Valmiki Ambedkar Awas Yojana (VAMBAY)
Type Design:
- No hard and fast type design is prescribed for VAMBAY dwelling units. However, the plinth area of a new house should normally
be not less than 15 sq. mtr. The lay out, size and type design of VAMBAY dwelling units would depend on the local condition
and preferences of the beneficiary.
- The barrier free concept may be incorporated in all the VAMBAY houses. In areas frequented by natural calamites such as fire,
flood, cyclones, earthquakes etc. incorporation of disaster resistance features in design shall be made compulsory.
Other Amenities:
- Drinking Water Supply
- Sanitation
- Environment Improvement and Open/Green Spaces
- Involvement of NGOs
Housing | Indo Global College of Architecture

RE-HOUSING SCHEMES
Integrated Low Cost Sanitation (ILCS)
The Centrally Sponsored Scheme of Low Cost Sanitation for Liberation of Scavengers started from 1980-81 initially through the
Ministry of Home Affairs and later on through the Ministry of Welfare.
Objective:
The objective of the Scheme is to convert/ construct low cost sanitation units through sanitary two pit pour flush latrines with
superstructures and appropriate variations to suit local conditions (area specific latrines) and construct new latrines where EWS
household have no latrines and follow the in-human practice of defecating in the open in urban areas. This would improve overall
sanitation in the towns.
Target Groups:
- Towns are to be selected from the various States and Union Territories irrespective of their population criteria and also persons
belonging to EWS households who have no latrines and defecate in the open in urban areas. Depending upon the prevalence
of dry latrines targets will be fixed.
- Priority is to be given to those towns which have a predominance of dry latrines. Scheme will be applicable to all towns where
dry units exist or for persons who have no latrines and defecate in the open.
Housing | Indo Global College of Architecture

RE-HOUSING SCHEMES
Integrated Low Cost Sanitation (ILCS)
Dry-Toilet:
A dry toilet (or non-flush toilet, no flush toilet or toilet without a flush) is
a toilet that operates without flush water, unlike a flush toilet. The dry toilet
may have a raised pedestal on which the user can sit, or a squat pan over
which the user squats in the case of a squat toilet. In both cases, the excreta
(both urine and feces) falls through a drop hole.
Funding Pattern:
Central Subsidy - 75%
State Subsidy - 15%
Beneficiary share -10%
- The upper ceiling cost of Rs. 10,000/- may be fixed for the complete unit of
a two pit pour flush individual latrine with superstructure (excluding States
falling in difficult / hilly areas).
- For the States falling in the category of difficult and hilly areas, 25% extra
cost may be provided for each two pit pour flush latrine. In other words, in
States falling in the category of difficult and hilly areas, the upper ceiling
cost will be Rs. 12,500/- for one complete LCS Unit.
Housing | Indo Global College of Architecture

RE-HOUSING SCHEMES
Integrated Low Cost Sanitation (ILCS)
Housing | Indo Global College of Architecture

RE-HOUSING SCHEMES
Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana – Shahari/Urban (PMAY-S)
Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana (Urban) is an initiative by Prime Minister Narendra Modi of India in which affordable housing will be
provided to the urban poor during the year 2015-2022
The government identified 305 cities and towns have been identified in 9 states for beginning construction of houses for urban
poor.
Objective:
- To provide central assistance to implementing agencies through States and UTs for providing houses to all eligible families/
beneficiaries by 2022.
- Mission with all its components has become effective from the date 17.06.2015 and will be implemented upto 31.03.2022
Target Groups:
- All statutory towns as per Census 2011 and towns notified subsequently would be eligible for coverage under the Mission.
- A beneficiary family will comprise husband, wife, unmarried sons and/or unmarried daughters.
- The beneficiary family should not own a pucca house either in his/her name or in the name of any member of his/her family in
any part of India to be eligible to receive central assistance under the mission.
Housing | Indo Global College of Architecture

RE-HOUSING SCHEMES
Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana – Shahari/Urban (PMAY-S)
Type Design:
- The mission will support construction of houses upto 30 square meter carpet area with basic civic infrastructure.
- States/UTs will have flexibility in terms of determining the size of house and other facilities at the state level in consultation with
the Ministry but without any enhanced financial assistance from Centre.
- The houses constructed/acquired with central assistance under the mission should be in the name of the female head of the
household or in the joint name of the male head of the household and his wife, and only in cases when there is no adult female
member in the family, the house can be in the name of male member of the household.
Funding Pattern:
Housing | Indo Global College of Architecture
S.
No.
Vertical of the Mission Central Assistance State Assistance
1 "In-Situ" Slum Redevelopment Rs. 1 Lakh per DU Only Land will be provided
2 Affordable Housing through Credit Linked Subsidy Interest Subsidy @6.5 % on Home
Loan Amount up-to Rs. 6 Lakh
-
3 Affordable Housing in Partnership Rs. 1.5 Lakh per DU For Slum Rs. 1.5 Lakh per DU
4 Subsidy for Beneficiary-Led House Construction. Rs. 1.5 Lakh per DU For Slum Rs. 1.00 Lakh per DU

RE-HOUSING SCHEMES
Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana – Shahari/Urban (PMAY-S)
Implementation Methodology:
The Mission will be implemented through four verticals giving option to beneficiaries, ULBs and State Governments. These four
verticals are as below:
Housing | Indo Global College of Architecture

EXAMPLES OF SLUMS

Housing | Indo Global College of Architecture
Khayelitsha-0.4million
• Khayelitsha in Cape Town (South Africa)
• It is fifth largest slum in the world.
• Area - 38.71 km2 (14.95 sq mi)
• Total population (estimate): 400,000.
• Density - 10,000/km2 (26,000/sq mi)
5 LARGEST SLUMS IN THE WORLD
Kibera-0.7million
• Kibera is in Nairobi (Kenya)
• It is fourth largest slum in the world.
• Total population (estimate) - 700,000

Housing | Indo Global College of Architecture
Dharavi-1million
• Dharavi is in Mumbai (India)
• it is third largest slum in the world.
• Area - 2.165 km2 (0.836 sq mi)
• Total population (estimate) – 1,000,000
• Density - 277,136/km2 (717,780/sq mi)
5 LARGEST SLUMS IN THE WORLD
Ciudad Neza-1.2million
• Ciudad Neza is in (Mexico)
• It is second largest slum in the world.
• Area - 63.74 km²
• Total population (estimate) - 1,200,000
• Major example of rather than being bulldozed –
can be supported and upgraded to create thriving
suburbs.

Housing | Indo Global College of Architecture
Orangi Town-2.4million
• Orangi town is in Karachi (Pakistan)
• It is largest slum in the world
• Area - 57 km²
• Total population (estimate) - 2,400,000
• residents have given up waiting for the government
to install public services - and built them by hand.
• Now more than 90 percent of the slum's nearly 8,000
streets and lanes have sewer pipes.
5 LARGEST SLUMS IN THE WORLD

Housing | Indo Global College of Architecture
Favela
A favela (Brazilian Portuguese for slum), is a low-income historically informal urban area in Brazil.
Formation of favela
• end of slavery and increased urbanization into Latin America cities,
• a lot of people from the Brazilian country-side moved to the big city of Rio.
• These poor and new migrants sought work in the city but with little to no money,
• they could not afford urban housing.
• In the 1920s the favelas grew to such an extent that they were perceived as a
problem for the whole society.
• favela become a local category for the settlements of the urban poor on hills.
• unequal distribution of wealth in the country.
• Brazil is one of the most economically unequal countries in the world
• with the top 10 percent of its population earning 50 percent of the national income
• about 8.5 percent of all people living below the poverty line.
FAVELA IN BRAZIL

Housing | Indo Global College of Architecture
INTODUCTION
• 33% of world’s urban pop live in spontaneous settlements
• 20% of Rio’s pop live in favelas.
• 750 favelas in Rio de janerio, Brazil.
• Rocinha is the largest favela(slum) in Brazil,
• located in Rio de Janeiro's South Zone.
• Area - 143.72 ha (355.14 acres)
• Total population – 180,000
• Density - 48,000/km2(120,000/sq mi)
• Favelas are not illegal settlements In Rio
• there are squatters rights on public land.
• The right to build and own a house.
• After 10 years of ownership the squatter can start procedure to obtain title
of the land.
ROCINHA – FAVELA IN BRAZIL

Housing | Indo Global College of Architecture
Map of Rocinha
ROCINHA – FAVELA IN BRAZIL
BRAZIL

Housing | Indo Global College of Architecture
Formation of Rocinha
ROCINHA – FAVELA IN BRAZIL
• Rocinha developed after the Second World War,
• arrival of Portuguese, French and Italian farmers
• settled in small farms on the hillside.
• Around 1930, it became a supply centre of vegetables for the city’s
Zona Sul.
• At the end of the 1950s, more immigrants came,
• This time from other parts of Brazil,
• The arrival of new residents increased during the 1960s and 70s,
• expansion after the opening of the Rebouças and Dois Irmãos tunnels,
led to increased job offerings in the region.
• An even greater variety of stores and services appeared within the favela
to meet the needs of this population

Housing | Indo Global College of Architecture
Typical favela houses
ROCINHA – FAVELA IN BRAZIL
• Favela houses are built like most of their global counterparts
• via a sporadic construction process that hinges on how much the owner
can invest.
• The money is spent gradually on improving the house.
• The favela owners seldom move between other favela houses
• Instead opting on improving the house they rent or own from the landlord.
• The buildings are relatively unplanned and as such is prone to collapse
very easily.
• Also what is noticeable is the irregular shapes, haphazard power cabling
and no drainage or planned water runoff.
• some buildings as tall as 7, 8, 9, and even 11 stories tall.

Housing | Indo Global College of Architecture
Problems in Rocinha
ROCINHA – FAVELA IN BRAZIL
Some challenges of living in Rocinha are
• the house’s are very compact,
• there are more likely chances of catching a disease or an illness.
• Also the sewage flows directly down the middle of the house’s
• this causes a terrible smell to flow through the streets.
• Sanitation is big issue.
• The area is prone to landslides.
• Some of the lower class house’s are made up from scrap material
such as wood and metal.
• The slum is controlled by Amigos dos amigos (friends of friends;
a criminal organisation),
• although it is often caught in violent disputes among (and within)
different criminal organizations.
• In November 2011, a security operation was undertaken where hundreds
of police and military patrolled the streets of Rocinha to crack down on
rampant drug dealers and bring government control to the
neighbourhood

Housing | Indo Global College of Architecture
Improvement in Rocinha
ROCINHA – FAVELA IN BRAZIL
• There are a number of community organizations at work in Rocinha,
• including neighbourhood associations and numerous NGO’s and non-profit
educational and cultural institutions.
• The majority of the population have running water.
• 99% of the houses have working electricity.
• The houses are made up from brick and cement, this means they are
secure and stable.
• 65% of the favelas slum are part of a new middle class.
• There are four public schools is Rocinha.
• Even with it’s social problems, structural improvements have begun to be
made in Rocinha in recent years.
• There are a handful of small health clinics.
• better developed infrastructure and hundreds of businesses such as banks,
medicine stores, bus routes, cable television, including locally based
channel and, at one time, a McDonald’s franchise

Housing | Indo Global College of Architecture
Minor Improvement in Rocinha
ROCINHA – FAVELA IN BRAZIL
Post office in Rocinha Telephone booths
Bank in Rocinha
Rope way in Rocinha Tourists in Rocinha

Housing | Indo Global College of Architecture
Improvement in Rocinha
• Local communities and NGO’s invest in schools
of Rocinha.
• There are broad band connections, computer labs.
• Children of age group 5-12 study in these schools
for basic knowledge.
ROCINHA – FAVELA IN BRAZIL

Housing | Indo Global College of Architecture
Improvement in Rocinha
• Local government, NGO’s are working on
together in redevelopment of Rocinha.
• Facade of certain areas have been controlled
• Houses are Repainted
• Streets are being paved
ROCINHA – FAVELA IN BRAZIL
Major Improvement in Rocinha
• National and international bodies are
getting involved in redevelopment
projects of Rocinha
• Repotting of certain areas is being planned.

DHARAVI SLUM , MUMBAI

INTRODUCTION
• Dharavi is located in Mumbai in India. India’s and
Mumbai's biggest slum is known as Dharavi. With an
area of just over 2.1 square kilometres
(0.81 sq mi) and a population density of over
277,136/km2 (717,780/sq mi), Dharavi is also one of
the most densely populated areas onEarth.
• Dharavi was once an isolated settlement on the
outskirts of Mumbai. At the edge of Dharavi the
newest arrivals come to make their homes on waste
land next to water pipes in slum areas. They set up
home illegally amongst waste on land that is not
suitable for habitation.
• Dharavi literally overlooks the Bandra-Kurla
Complex which is the new financial and commercial
centre in Mumbai. In a city bound by water and
already fighting to accommodate millions of
inhabitants, the centrally located Dharavi represents
substantial economic value

RESIDENTS
A majority of the residents of Dharavi belong to the dalit caste
especially the Adidravidars of the Tamil people, they had also
built a Ganesh Temple and "Adidravidar mahajana Sangham"
which own the piece of land and the areas adjoining the temple.
Other castes and tribes are also present. Minorities include
Christians, Muslims and Buddhists.
ECONOMY
In addition to the traditional pottery and textile industries in Dharavi,
increasingly large recycling industry, processing recyclable waste from
there is an
other parts
of Mumbai. Recycling in Dharavi is reported to employ approximately 250,000 people. While
recycling is a major industry in the neighborhood, it is also reported to be a source of heavy
pollution in the area. The district has an estimated 5000 businesses and 15,000 single-room
factories. Two major suburban railways feed into Dharavi, making it an important
commuting station for people in the area going to and from work.
POTTERY OIL RECYCLING PLASTIC RECYCLING

CONDITION OF THE SLUM
• In the slum people have to live with many problems. People have to go to the toilet
in the street and there are opensewers.
• Children play amongst sewage waste and doctors deal with 4,000 cases a day of
diphtheria and typhoid. Next to the open sewers are water pipes, which can crack
and take in sewage. Dharavi slum is based around this water pipe built on an old
rubbish tip.
• The people have not planned this settlement and have no legal rights to the land.
• There are also toxic wastes in the slum including hugely dangerous heavy metals.
• People live in very small dwellings (e.g. 12X12ft), often with many members of
their extended families.
• Water is a big problem for Mumbai's population; standpipes come on at 5:30am
for 2 hours as water is rationed.

EPIDEMICS AND OTHER DISASTERS
 Dharavi has experienced a long history of epidemics and natural disasters,
sometimes with significant loss of lives. The first plague to devastate Dharavi,
along with other settlements of Mumbai happened in 1896, when nearly half of
the population perished.
 Dysentery epidemics have been common throughout the years and explained
by the high population density of Dharavi.
 Other epidemics reported include typhoid, cholera, leprosy, jaundice and polio,
through recent years. In 1986, a children cholera epidemic was reported, where
most patients were residents of Dharavi. Typical patients to arrive in hospitals
were in late and critical care condition, and the mortality rates were abnormally
high.
 In recent years, cases of drug resistant tuberculosis have been reported in
Dharavi.
 Fires and other disasters are common. In January 2013, a fire destroyed many
slum properties and caused injuries.
 In 2005, massive floods caused deaths and extensive propertydamage.

• The Dharavi slums face a lot of problems like noise, water and air pollution, it
also has no sewage or drainage systems. Everyday the potters brick kilns send
huge black clouds into the air which pollutes the air and makes the cloud black
and Sion hospital complains about the heavy black smoke that's making their
patients case worse.
• Children play amongst sewage waste and doctors deal with 4,000 cases a day of
diphtheria and typhoid.
• Dharavi slum is based around this water pipe built on an old rubbish tip. The
people have not planned this settlement and have no legal rights to the land.
There are also toxic wastes in the slum including hugely dangerous heavy metals.
• Dharavi is made up of 12 different neighborhoods and there are no maps or road
signs. Those problems exist because those people aren't living on their own
property and because it is a poor piece of land, so the government is trying to kick
them out so that they can start a new project, this cause many problems and
issues to the people such as poverty andhunger.
PROBLEMS OF DHARAVI SLUM

• Dharavi has severe problems with public health. Water access
derives from public standpipes stationed throughout the slum.
Additionally, with the limited lavatories they have, they are
extremely filthy and broken down to the point of being unsafe.
• Mahim Creek is a local river that is widely used by local residents
for urination and defecation causing the spread of contagious
diseases.
• The open sewers in the city drain to the creek causing a spike in
water pollutants, septic conditions, and foulodors.
• Due to the air pollutants, diseases such as lung cancer, tuberculosis,
and asthma are common among residents. There are government
proposals in regards to improving Dharavi's sanitation issues
SANITATION ISSUES
ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES
• Bacteria in the dump produce about 4,251m3/hr of biogas, mostly
methane into the atmosphere. This creates a fire hazard and the
fires release smoke and other harmful products into the air. This is
due to burning of plastics and non-plastics as well as other
unsorted materials that could have dangerous end products.
• Polluted water flows into the ocean and other surrounding bodies
of water, making somesources of fish and water unsafe for
consumption which is a huge problem environmentallyand
economically.

DHARAVI SLUM REDEVELOPMENT PROJECT
 Slum Rehabilitation Authority declared Dharavi as the most difficult area and
provided higher incentive of 1:1.333.
 Inspite of higher incentive, only 15% of Dharavi is developed in 12 years.
 Local developers built extremely poor qualityhousing
STRATEGY
 Formulate sustainable master plan.
 Rehabilitate all the slum families
and business in dharaviitself.
 Rehabilitate all non polluting
industries.
 Integration of slum dwellers with
main stream residents of Mumbai
through hikes.

REDEVELOPMENT PLANS
 There have been many plans since 1997 to redevelop Dharavi like the former slums
of Hong Kong such as Tai Hang.
 In 2004, the cost of redevelopment was estimated to be Rs 5000 crore.
 Companies from around the world have bid to redevelop Dharavi, including
Lehman Brothers, Dubai’s Limitless and Singapore’s CapitalandLtd.
 In 2010, it is estimated to cost Rs 15,000 core to redevelop.
 The latest urban redevelopment plan proposed for the Dharavi area is managed by
American-trained architect Mukesh Mehta.
 The plan involves the construction of 30,000,000 square feet (2,800,000 m2) of
housing, schools, parks and roads to serve the 57,000 families residing in the area,
along with 40,000,000 square feet (3,700,000 m2) of residential and commercial
space for sale.
 Concerns have also been raised by residents who fear that some of their small
businesses in the "informal" sector may not be relocated under the redevelopment
plan. The government has said that it will only legalize and relocate industries that
are not "polluting.“

THE POSITIVES OF DHARAVI SLUM
• There are positives; informal shopping areas exist where it is possible to
buy anything you might need.
• There are also mosques catering for people's religiousneeds.
• There is a pottery area of Dharavi slum which has a community centre.
It was established by potters from Gujarat 70 years ago and has grown
into a settlement of over 10,000 people.
• It has a village feel despite its high population density and has a central
social square.
• Family life dominates, and there can be as many as 5 people perroom.
• The houses often have no windows, asbestos roofs (which are dangerous
if broken) and no planning to fit fire regulations. Rooms within houses
have multiple functions, including living, working and sleeping.
• Many daily chores are done in social spheres because people live close to
one another. This helps to generate a sense ofcommunity.
• The buildings in this part of the slum are all of different heights and
colours, adding interest and diversity.
• This is despite the enormous environmental problems with air and land
pollution.

14 million people live in Mumbai.
Half live in “hutments.”
One family of 12 lives in 90 sq.ft.
“about half the size of an American
car parking lot.”
16 public toilets per 3000 people.
One water tap per 100 people.
.
55% of the population of Mumbai lives in slums. Approximately
seven million people in Mumbai live in slums
Open sewers in the middle of the street.
Sewers are often non-existent. Here
drums of excrement are dumped.
It is believed that 72% of this slum
population is literate.
15,000 “hutment factories”
export goods all over the
world.
FACTS

CASE STUDY

ARANYA LOW COST HOUSING
1

INTRODUCTION
• Aranya is a housing project of Indore Development Authority(IDA) primarily serving the
EWS and other income groups.
• In 1983, the VastuShilpa Foundation was entrusted with preparing a master plan for the
development of a new township in Aranya.
• Aranya is a low income housing settlement conceived as a six self contained
neighborhoods, each incorporating facilities such as schools, medical centres and
shops.the complex provides housing for over 6500 families.
• It is situated on the Delhi-Bombay highway, six kilometres from the centre of Indore.
• ABOUT:
 LOCATION : Aranya Nagar, Vijay Nagar, Indore
 ARCHITECT: B.V Doshi , Vastu Shilpa Foundation
 YEAR OF COMPLETION: 1989
 SITE AREA: 85 hectares(210 acre)

PRE-DESIGN STAGE ANALYSIS
Objectives:
•To improve and upgrade the existing slum area
•To provide serviced sites for new housing developments instead of building
complete houses.
•To provide for 6,500 residential plots ranging in size from 35m2 for
EWS to 475m2 for high income groups
Financial Aspects:
•The idea was to mix some middle income plots with EWS plots to use the profits
to raise capital towards development of local trades.
•Funding – 100% public sources.
Local sources
National
Sources
International
Sources

LOCATION
LOCATION OF ARANYA
NAGAR
INDORE
ARANYA NAGAR (85 HECTARES
TOWNSHIP)

Aranya Housing consists of
residential, commercial,
institutional spaces that
makes a complete Township
• AREA OF THE PROJECT:
85 Hectares (210 acre)
• POPULATION: 65000
• TOTAL NUMBER OF PLOTS:
6500
• ENTRY/EXITS:
The site is accessible from Agra
Bombay
east(60M
highway towards
road)and the main
road(30M road)towards north.
MAIN ROAD
MAIN ROAD
Site plan of the Aranya Township
ABOUT THE SITE

DEVELOPMENT OF THE PLAN
6
Plan prepared by
the IDA which was
without any open
space hierarchy,
circulation systems
and climatic
considerations
Initial stage of the
proposed plan with
distributed open
spaces and street
hierarchy
Later stage plan
with rectified
orientation to
decrease heat gain
and increase
natural shading
Proposed master
plan with
interlinked open
spaces,builtform,dis
tributed amenities ,
road hierarchy and
climate friendly
STAGE 1 STAGE 2
STAGE 3 STAGE 4

SITE PLANNING
•The site is divided into six parts
by the roads
•Each part/sector has
residential clusters, community
spaces, a set of road networks
and services and green spaces
•Each sector has
clusters of majorly
housing groups:
1.EWS
2.LIG
3.MIG
4.HIG
residential
4 types of
• The central spine area is meant
for the commercial and
institutional land use.
N
Plan showing the division of the sectors via
road network

LAND USE
RESIDENTIAL
GREEN AREA
COMMERCIAL+INSTITUTIONAL
Plan indicating the zoning of the site
LAND USE AREA(IN
HECTARES)
PERCE
NTAGE
Net
planning
area
86.24 100
Residential
area
50.17 58.17
Shopping/
commercia
l centers
2.8 3.25
School and
communit y
5.8 6.7
Road area 20.29 23.52
Open 6 6.8
spaces
• Public 1.5 1.33
area =7.5 =8.16
• Service
slots

ROAD CONNECTIVITY :T
own level
60 M 12M 9.5M 1.5M
30M 15M 4.5M
TYPES OF ROAD SYSTEMS
•60M :it is the metaled national highway
on east, connecting the site to Indore city.
•30M : it is the metaled city road forming
the boundary on the north, south and
east of the site.
•15M:the central spine road linking the
town center to the other parts of Aranya.
The road connects the 30m road on the
north and the south
• 12M : it is forming the boundary of
the six sectors of township.
• 9.5M: the stone paved access road to
blocks from sector road to plot.
• 4.5M: stone paved internal streets in
front of the plots.
• 1.5M: stone paved pedestrian path in
green area.
Plan: road typology

10
ROAD CONNECTIVITY :Sector level
30M
12M
15M
9.5M
4.5M
1.5M
• Each sector is surrounded by
the 12M road .
• The 9M road further divides the
sector into small clusters of
EWS,LIG,MIG and HIG housing
groups.
• The LIG,MIG and HIG are
located along 12M and 9M
roads while the EWS are located
along 4.5M roads
Sketch showing the
connectivity of the green
spaces with the roads
Plan: road typology of a sector

THE 4.5 M ROAD IN FRONT OF THE PLOTS
THE PEDESTRIAN WALKWAYS IN
BETWEEN GREEN SPACES(1.5M road)

HOUSING TYPOLOGY AT ARANYA
EWS 1,2,3
4262 PLOTS= 65.1% PLOT
AREA=35-45M SQ
LIG 1,2,3
1095 PLOTS=16.7% PLOT
AREA=55-95 MSQ
MIG 1,2
891 PLOTS=13.5 %
PLOT AREA= 140-220M
SQ
HIG 1,2
255 PLOTS=4.4%
PLOT AREA= 325-450
MSQ
FLATS
40 PLOTS=0.5%
PLOT AREA=618M SQ
GREEN AREA COMMERCIAL+INSTITUTIONAL
Plan :Housing typology

HOUSING TYPOLOGY FOR EWS GROUP
The house basically consists of a verandah ,2 rooms, kitchen and the
main service core-toilet and the bathroom
The types only differ by the number of floors and the types of the stairs

PLANNING OF THE UNITS
• The major house plans included
a verandah, a living room, followed by a
kitchen. The toilets were provided at back of
the house.
• Most houses were provided with an additional
access at the back, that allowed them to
keep animals, a vehicle or even renting out that
part of the house for income.
• ten houses formed a cluster that opened into a
street.
• The courtyard at the back opened into the open
space of the cluster and was used as a play area
and service area.

16
1 2 4
5 6 7 8 9
3
PLANNING OF THE CLUSTERS
PLAN OF EWS CLUSTERS
PLAN OF 4 EWS CLUSTERS
PLAN OF 1 EWS CLUSTER: each cluster has 9-10 housing units and each clusters has
different types of house plan within the same plot area.

N
NORTH ELEVATION
SOUTH ELEVATION

18
INCREMENTAL HOUSING
• Incremental housing is a step by step process. Fundamentally it is an integral urban
development process or building house communities.
• It is not quick ,immediate or complete but choice remains with the owner.
• It starts with a starter core shelter which could be a multipurpose room with kitchen
and bathing facilities.
• The owner controls the expansion of their housing based on their needs and resources
The starter
core shelter
included the
toilet and
the kitchen
the addition
of a room
to the core
shelter
Addition of
optional
unit to the
previous
space of the
house
Addition of
staircase
and the
terrace to
step 3
Addition of
rooms on
the first
floor
STEP 1 STEP 2 STEP 3
STEP 4 STEP 5 STEP 6
The final
cluster
creating a
housing
community
The incremental housing concept of aranya

19
INCREMENTAL GROWTH
The clusters are so designed that the Users
have the flexibility to choose how they wish
to design their spaces.
They can increase their spaces by
constructing another floor thus the space of
the house can accommodate more people
and activities as per the users need
LAYOUT VARIATION
SERVICE SLOTS
The service slots
provided can be
used for the
children to play
and can also be
used as a space
for temples or
platforms for small
gatherings.

SERVICES
•A conventional sewage system
was developed for the township, the
natural slope of the site was in
north west direction
•A cluster of 9 – 10 houses
were connected to 1 inspection
chamber and 18-20 houses to one
septic tank.
•A well and a lift station were provided
near the final manhole that
discharges the waste water into
the treatment plant,
•An oxidation pond on the north west
corner of the site where the natural
slope helped in collecting the
sewage and was suitable for the
predominant south west wind
direction to avoid odour pollution.
Inspection chamber Septic tank Toilet units
House units Sewer line Storm water
Plan of 4 cluster of EWS showing the sewer system

•The system adopted for storm water
drainage was a combination of
an underground storm water system in
wider roads and surface drainage on internal
roads where ground slopes were effectively
used. The road section dropped below
ground level by six inches, allowing it to act
as the drain.
ELECTRIC SUPPLY:
•HIG and MIG were provided with
overhead cables.
•LOW PILFERAGE WAS installed in EWS and
LIG areas
SEWER LINE ELECTRIC LINE
Plan showing the sewer and electric line
Section through a street
showing the storm water drain

CONSTRUCTION TECHNIQUES
FOUNDATION-:under reamed piles in concrete ,cast in situ
locally used as the soil is black cotton soil.
Low cost undreamed CRC piles were built for the core
house.(bathroom and the toilet) and the residents were
provided with ready built foundations.
STRUCTURAL MEMBERS-:reinforced concrete plinth
beams
,load bearing brick walls,reinforced concrete slabs.
ROOFING:RCC slab plastered and painted.
EXTERIOR FINISHES-:bright color in the façade ,railing
,grills and cornices in these houses.
The doors,windows,and grills were made by the residents
on site.
The walls were plastered and painted.
SEPTIC TANKS AND MANHOLE: corbelled brick manholes.
STREETS: the internal roads and streets are are stone
paved since they are not meant for heavy vehicular loads.
Only the main roads are asphalt paved for heavy traffic
PLASTERED WALLS AND SIMPLE JAALI ARE USED IN
THESE HOUSES
STONE PAVED STREETS

CLIMATE RESPONSIVE FEATURES
Each house has minimum surface exposure. This
reduces the heat gain by the house during the
hot
• summer.
• The houses are oriented with longer
side in north-south axis in order to
reduce the solar gain.
• The buildings are close to each they
such that they shade the public
spaces in between the houses .
N
S The streets
remain half
shaded thus help
in reducing the
heat gain and
provides shaded
common spaces
PLAN
SECTION THROUGH THE STREET

24
The openings at the front
and back of the houses
helps for maximum air
flow thus improving the
ventilation .
They also use jaalis for air
flow
PLAN
SECTION

Amit Jakhad (14010)
Kritika Sharma (14033)
Mansi Pushpakar (14034)
Prerna Chouhan (14044)
Sahil (14048)
Submitted by: