trends in development of nursing education - university and non university programmes

2. TRENDS IN
DEVELOPMENT OF
NURSING EDUCATION
IN INDIA
PRINCY FRANCIS M
IST YR MSC(N)
JMCON

3. DEFINITION
 Nursing : The unique function of the nurse is to assist
the individual, sick or well, in performance of those
activities contributing to health or its recovery (or
peaceful death) that he/she would perform unaided if
he/she had the necessary strength, will or knowledge.
- Virginia Henderson

4. EDUCATION
 Education is realization of self - Sankaracharya
 Education is an all-round drawing out of the best in child & man-body,
mind & spirit. -Mahatma Gandhi
 Education is the natural, harmonious & progressive development of
man’s innate power. - Pestalozzi

5. Nursing Education
Nursing education is a professional education which is consciously &
systematically planned & implemented through instruction & discipline
& aims the harmonious development of the physical, intellectual,
social, emotional, spiritual & aesthetic powers or abilities of the
students in order to tender professional nursing care to people of all
ages, in all phases of health & illness, in a variety of setting, in the best
or highest possible manner.

6. Nursing in Pre-Historic Times

10. Military Nursing
Civilian Nursing
Missionaries Nursing

11.  First world war
 1888, ten fully qualified certified nurses from Florence Nightingales,
arrived to Bombay to lead nursing in India
 1927 – Description of Indian Military nursing services formed with 12
matrons, 18 sisters, 25 staff nurses.
 2nd world war expanded nursing services to India
 After successful 3 year training, certificate issued as “Registered Nurse”
and they are members of Indian Military Nursing services Auxillary
Nursing.
 Basic training for 6th month is selected civil hospitals in India for
Assistant Nurses

12.  1664 - East India company built Government General hospital at
Madras
 1871 –training of nurses.
 On 1854 midwives training school granted certificates of ‘Diploma in
midwifery’

13. Missionary nursing started training for Indian people as
nurses
Christian girls encouraged and trained first
1928 – Hindi Textbook for nurses developed.
1939 – helped to develop post-graduation school for
nurses.

14. William Rathbone – Visiting nursing
association at England– charity free care
Florence Lees
1926 – Midwives Registration Act.
1946 – community Health Nursing in
graduate program.

15. DEVELOPMENT OF NURSING
EDUCATION IN INDIA: POST –
INDEPENDENCE
Trained Nurses Association of India,
1908

16. Main purposes of the council
To set standards and to regulate the nursing education of all types in
the country.
To prescribe and specify minimum requirement for qualifying for a
particular course in nursing.
Advisory role in the state nursing council
To collaborate with state nursing councils, schools and colleges of
nursing and examination board.

17. Functions
Inspect and accredit schools of nursing in their
states
Conduct the examinations
Prescribes rules of conduct
Maintain registers of nurses , midwives, and
ANM and health visitors in the state
The state registration council is autonomous
except they do not have power to prescribe the
syllabi for courses.

18. Indian Nursing Council
President – Mr. T Dileep Kumar
Vice president – Mrs. Asha Sharma
TNAI
President – Mrs. Anitha Deodhar
General Secretary – Mrs. Evelyn P Kannan
Kerala Nurses and Midwives Council, 1953
Registar – Prof. Valsa K Panicker
Deputy Registar – Usha Devi

19. UNIVERSITY PROGRAMMES
NON- UNIVERSITY PROGRAMMES

20. NONUNIVERSITY
PROGRAMMES
 Training of Dais
 Auxillary Nurse Midwife
 Lady Health Visitor Course
 General Nursing and Midwifery Course (GNM)
 Post Basic / Post Certificate Short Term Courses and
Diploma programmes

21.  The goal was to train one Dai in each village and ultimate
goal was to train the entire practising dais in country.
 Duration of training was 30 days.
No age limit was prescribed, training include theory and
practice, more emphasis on field practice.
This training was done at subcentre and equipment
provided by UNICEF.

22. ANM curriculum intends to prepare skilled and
effective female health workers to achieve the
goals of national rural health mission which
aims at bringing about dramatic improvement
in the health system and health status of the

23. The following components has been included
 National rural health mission components
 SBA module of MOHFW including use of selected lifesaving drugs and
intervention of obstetric emergencies approved by the MOHFW
 IMNCI Module for basic health worker
 Standard safety guidelines for infection control practices (universal
precaution)
 Biomedical waste management policies
 6 months internship.

24. Training of LHV course continued post-independence.
 The syllabus prepared and prescribed by INC in 1951.
The entrance qualification was matriculation.
The duration was two and a half years which subsequently
reduced to 2 years

25. 1918 Diploma nursing program has been started in Lady
School of Nursing.
477 centres
The latest revision of syllabus by INC in 2004 has
increased the duration of the course from 3 year to 3.5
year.

26. The INC believes that basic course of nursing is a formal educational
preparation which should be based on sound education principle. The
council recognizes that the program as the foundation on which the
practice of nursing is built and on which depends further professional
education. It also recognizes its responsibility to the society for the
continued development of student as individual nurse and citizens.

27. To prepare general nurse who will function as
member of the health team beginning with
competence for first level position in both
hospital and community.
Their maximum contribution to the society as
individual citizen and nurses.

28. Demonstrate awareness of and skills required in
the nursing process in the provision of health
care and nursing of patients.
Apply relevant knowledge from the humanities
biological and behavioural sciences in carrying
out health care and nursing activities and
functions.
 Show sensitivity and skills in human
relationship and communication in his or her
daily works
Demonstrate skills in the problem solving

29. Gain knowledge of health resources in the
community and the country
Demonstrate skill in leadership
Demonstrate awareness of necessity of
belonging to professional organization
Promotion of health, Precaution against
illness, restoration of health and
rehabilitation

30. Age for the entrance shall be 17 to 35 years provided
they meet the minimum educational requirement
Minimum educational all students should pass 12
classes or its equivalent, preferably with science
subjects
Admission of students shall be once a year.
Students should be medically fit
The selection committee should comprises tutors,
Nurse administrators and educationalist or phycologist
the principal of the school shall be the chair person

31. The course in general nursing
 Two years practice in general nursing
one year community health nursing and
midwifery
 6 months internship which includes nursing
administration and nursing research classes.

33. Purpose :
Provide quality care to patients with cardio thoracic
disorders.
Manage and supervise patient care with cardio
thoracic disorders.
Teach nurses, allied health professionals, patients and
communities in areas related to cardio thoracic
nursing.
Conduct research in areas of cardio thoracic nursing.

34. The purpose of this course is to train the nurses to:
Provide quality care to patients in OR.
Manage and supervise patient care of patients in
OR.
Teach nurses, allied health professionals, patients
and communities in areas related to OR nursing.
Conduct research in areas of OR nursing.

35. The purpose of this course is to train the nurses to:
Provide quality care to patients with orthopaedic and neuromuscular
disorders.
Manage and supervise care of patients with orthopaedic and
neuromuscular disorders.
Participate in rehabilitation of patients with orthopaedic and
neuromuscular disorders.
Teach nurses, allied health professionals, patients and communities
in areas related to orthopaedic and rehabilitation nursing.
Conduct research in areas of orthopaedic and rehabilitation nursing.

36. The purpose of this course is to train the nurses
to:
Provide quality care to patients with an acute or
potential diagnosis of cancer.
Manage and supervise patient care in clinical and
community settings.
Teach nurses, allied health professionals, patients
and communities in areas related to oncology
nursing.
Conduct research in areas of oncology nursing.

37. The purpose of this course is to train the nurses to:
Provide quality care to critically ill patients.
Manage and supervise care of critically ill
patients.
Teach nurses, allied health professionals, patients
and communities in areas related to critical care
nursing.
Conduct research in areas of critical care nursing

38. The purpose of this course is to:
Provide quality care to emergency and disaster
situations.
Manage and supervise care in pre hospital and
hospital setting.
Teach nurses, allied health professionals , patients and
communities in areas related to emergency and
disaster nursing.
Conduct research in areas of emergency and disaster
nursing.

39. The purpose of the course is to train nurses to
Provide quality care to neonates
Manage and supervise care of neonates at all the
three levels of care.
Teach nurses, allied health professionals ,
patients and communities in areas related to
neonatal nursing.
Conduct research in areas of neonatal nursing.

40. The purpose of this course is to train the nurses to:
Provide quality care to neuro patients
Manage and supervise care of neuro patients
Teach nurses, allied health professionals ,
patients and communities in areas related to
neuro patients.
Conduct research in areas of neuro science
nursing.

41. Purpose :
Provide quality care to individuals suffering from mental and
emotional disorders.
Manage and supervise care of mentally ill patients in clinical
and community settings.
Teach nurses, allied health professionals, patients and
communities in areas related to psychiatric nursing.
Keep pace with the developments in other related discipline for
effective management of psychiatric nursing.
Conduct research in areas of psychiatric nursing.

42. Forensic Nursing is the application of forensic aspects of
health care combined with biopsychosocial education of the
registered nurse in the scientific investigation and treatment of
trauma, death, violence or criminal activity, and traumatic
accidents within the clinical or community institutions.

43. National Policy for older persons (1999)
To prepare specially trained
Gerontological nurses for taking care of
older persons both in hospital and
community.

44. UNIVERSITY
PROGRAMMES
 BASIC BSc NURSING
 POST BASIC BSc NURSING
 POST BASIC BSc NURSING BY DISTANCE
EDUCATION MODE
 MASTER OF SCIENCE IN NURSING
 MASTER OF PHILOSOPHY IN NURSING
 PHILOSOPHY DOCTORATE IN NURSING

45. BASIC BSc NURSINg
1946 in CMC Vellore and RAK college of nursing
Delhi.
 Undergraduate nursing program is broad based
education with in the academic framework
specifically directed to the development of
critical thinking skills, competencies and
standards required for practice of professional
nursing and midwifery as envisaged in national
health policy 2002.

46. BASIC BSc NURSINg
Duration: 4 years.
 The revised syllabus incorporated new format of
syllabus evolved in order to facilitate teaches
and to have uniform standard of education in
the country.

47. BASIC BSc NURSINg - Eligibility
A candidate seeking admission should :
 Pass the 2 year of pre university exam or equivalent as recognized
by concerned university with science subject i.e. Physics, Biology,
and Chemistry.
 Students of vocational courses
 Obtained at least 45% of total marks in science subjects in the
qualifying exam, if belong to SC/ST, should have obtained not less
than 40% of total marks in science subjects
 Completed 17 years of age at the time of admission or will
complete this age on or before 31 December of the year of
admission.
 Is medically fit

48. Objectives
The program is designed:
 To provide a balance of professional and general education
 To enable a student to become a professional nurse practitioner who
has self direction and is a responsible citizen.
Through planned guided experiences students are provided with
opportunities to develop:
 A broad concept of the fundamental principles of nursing care based
on sound knowledge and satisfactory levels of skill in providing care
to people of all ages in community or institutional settings.
 Understanding of the application of principles from the physical
biological and social sciences of assessing the health status.

49.  Ability to investigate health care problems systematically.
 Ability to work collaboratively with members of allied
discipline towards attaining optimum health for all
members of the society.
 Understanding of fundamental principles of administration
and organization of nursing services.
 Understanding of human behaviour and appreciation of
effective interpersonal relationship with individuals
families and groups
 Ability to assume responsibility for continued learning.
 Appreciation of professional attitudes necessary for
leadership roles in nursing appreciation of social and
ethical obligations to society

50. Post basic BSc Nursing
 Undergraduate nursing program at post basic level is a
broad based education with the academic framework,
which builds upon the skills and competencies acquired
at diploma level.
 Duration : 2 years
 The goal is the preparation of the trained nurse as a
generalist who accept responsibility for enhancing the
effectiveness of nursing care

51. Philosophy and aims
 The faculty believes that nursing is an integral part of the
health care delivery system and shire responsibility in
collaboration with other allied health professionals for the
attainment of optimum health for all members of the
society. The faculty conceives education as a life long
learning process. It seeks to render appropriate
behavioural changes in students in order to facilitate their
development, which assist them to live personally satisfied
and socially useful lives.

52. Eligibility
 The candidate seeking admission must:
 Hold a certification in general nursing
 Be a registered nurse
 Have minimum of two years of experience
 Have passed pre university exam in the arts/ science
commerce or equivalent which is recognized the university
 Be medially fit
 Have a good personal and professional record
 Have working knowledge of English.

53. Objectives
Administer high quality nursing care to all people of
all ages in home, hospitals and other community
agencies in urban and rural areas.
Apply knowledge from the physical, social and
behavioural sciences in assessing the health status
of individuals and make critical judgement in
assessing the health status of the individuals and
make the critical judgement in planning, directing
and evaluating primary, acute and long term care
given by themselves and others working with them.
Investigate healthcare problem systematically.

54.  Work collaboratively with members of other health
disciplines
 Teach and council individual and families and other
groups about health and illness
 Understand human behaviour and establish effective
interpersonal relationship
 Teach in clinical nursing situations
 Identify underlying principles from the social and natural
sciences and utilizing them in adapting to, or initiating
changes in relation to those factors.
 Acquire professional knowledge and attitude in
adapting for leadership roles

55. POST BASIC BSc NURSING BY
DISTANCE EDUCATION MODE
The programme was launched in July 1994 and is
recognised by the Indian Nursing Council (INC).
In-service nurses.
Revised syllabus of INC (2001).
Duration
◦Minimum Duration: 3 Years
◦Maximum Duration: 5 Years

56. Eligibility
10+2 with three years Diploma in General Nursing and
Midwifery (GNM) with minimum 2 yr experience.
OR
10th class (Matriculation) or its equivalent with three years
Diploma in General Nursing and Midwifery (GNM) with
minimum of 5 yr experience.
* For male nurses or nurses who have not done midwifery
in the GNM Programme should have a certificate in any of
the nursing courses of 6-9 months duration prescribed by
the Indian Nursing Council in lieu of midwifery

57. Objectives
Provide an opportunity to a large segment of in-service
nurse to upgrade their knowledge and skills in order to
respond to the changing health needs of the society
Motivate nurses to maintain clinical competence for
providing quality are:
◦develop teaching, administrative and research skills; and
◦promote personal and professional growth for better
opportunities

58. MSC. NURSING
Post graduate program is essential to prepare
nurses to improve the quality of nursing
education and practice in India.
It builds upon and extend competence
acquired at the graduate levels, Emphasize
applications of relevant theories in to nursing
practice, education, administration and
development of results skills.
Encourages accountability and commitment
to lifelong learning which fosters
improvement of quality care.

59. MSC. NURSING
Duration : 2 years
Aim
The aim of the postgraduate program in nursing
is to prepare graduates to assume
responsibilities as nurse specialists, consultants,
educators, administrators in a wide variety of
professional settings.

60. COMPETENCIES
Utilize/ apply the concepts, theories and principles of nursing
science
Demonstrate advance competence in practice of nursing
Practice as a nurse specialist
Demonstrate leadership qualities and function effectively as nurse
educator and manager
Demonstrate the ability to plan and effect change in nursing
practice and in the health care delivery system.
Demonstrate skill in conducting nursing research, interpreting and
utilizing the findings from health related research.
Establish collaborative relationship with members of other
discipline.

61. ELIGIBILITY CRITERIA
A registered midwife of equivalent with any
state Nursing registration council.
The minimum educational requirements
shall be passing of BSc nursing / BSc Hons
Nursing/Post Basic BSc Nursing with
minimum of 55% aggregate marks.
Minimum 1 year of work experience prior
or after Post Basic BSc Nursing.

62. MASTER OF PHILOSOPHY
PROGRAM IN NURSING
RAK College of Nursing, Delhi, 1980’s -
regular and part time course.
 The academic council recommended to delink
MPhil from the PhD program.
 The MPhil program started on October 15,
1986.

63. To strengthen the research foundations
of the nurses for encouraging research
attitudes and problem solving
capabilities.
To provide basic training required for
research in undertaking doctoral work.

64.  Full time – 1 Yr
 Part time - 2 Yr
The MPhil studies will be in two distinct
parts:
Part -I – consists of 3 courses – Research
methods in nursing, Major aspects of nursing
and Applied Disciplines
 Part – II a dissertation

65. Students are admitted to the MPhil
course are eligible to compete for junior
research fellowship and other
scholarships that are available in the
department and university.

66. The Manipal Academy of Higher Education
Christian Medical College, Vellore
University of Calicut,
RAK College of Nursing, Delhi
Vivekanadha teaching Institute,
Coimbatore.

67. PHILOSOPHY DOCTORATE IN NURSING
 The doctor of philosophy is the university’s highest level supervised
research degree.
 The purpose is to have doctoral education to prepare nurse scholars who
will contribute both to the development and application of knowledge in
nursing for enhancing quality of nursing education, research, practice
and dissemination of nursing knowledge.
 National Consortium for Ph.D in Nursing has been constituted by Indian
Nursing Council to promote research activities, in various fields of
Nursing in collaboration with Rajiv Gandhi University of Health Sciences

68. ELIGIBILITY
The candidate must have MPhil or MSc (N) or a
postgraduate degree in nursing recognized by INC
He or she passed minimum of 60%marks
The final selection of candidate is made on the basis of
all India entrance test
Those candidate who passes MPhil degree as well as
published original research article are given a weightage
of 10 marks(5 marks for each)

69. DURATION OF COURSE
Full time candidate should complete research work
and submit the thesis of university within 5 year.
 For a part time candidate , the maximum period
for submit the thesis in 7 year.

70. CENTRES OF NATIONAL CONSORTIUM
INC, New Delhi
St John college of Nursing, Bangalore.
CMC college of nursing,Vellore
CMC College of nursing, Ludhiana
Govt. College of Nursing,Thiruvananthapuram
Govt. College of Nursing, Hyderabad
Govt. College of Nursing SSKM, Kolkota
I. N. C, Mumbai.

71. NURSE PRACTITIONER
PROGRAMMES
Nurse practitioners treat both physical and mental conditions
through comprehensive history taking , physical exams and
ordering tests for interpretation.
Nurse practitioners can provide a diagnosis and
recommendations for a wide range of acute and chronic
diseases and provide appropriate treatment for patients ,
including prescribing medications in some states.

72. Nurse practitioners can serve as a patients primary
health provider, and see patients of all ages
depending on their specialities .
The core philosophy of the field is individualized care
that focuses on patients conditions as well as the
effects of illness on the lives of the patients and their
families.

73. According to the International Council of nurses ,
A Nurse practitioners / advanced practice nurse is “a registered
nurse who has acquired the knowledge base, decision making
skills and clinical competencies for expanded practice beyond
that of an RN, the characteristics of which would be determined
by the context in which he/she is credential to practice.

74. Medical diagnoses, treatment, evaluation and management
of acute and chronic illness and disease
Obtaining medical histories and conducting physical
examinations
Ordering and performing diagnostic studies (eg:- lab test, x-
rays and EKGs)
Requesting physical therapy, occupational therapy, and
other rehabilitation treatments
Prescribing drugs for acute and chronic illness

75. Providing prenatal care and family planning services
Providing well-child care, including screening and
immunization
Providing primary and speciality care services ,
health – maintenance care for adults, including
annual physicals.
Providing care for patients in acute and critical care
Performing or assisting in minor surgeries and
procedures(suturing, casting)
Counselling and educating patients on heath
behaviours, selfcare skills and treatment options in
coordination with occupational therapists and other
healthcare providers.

76.  Acute Care Nurse Practitioner
 Adult Nurse Practitioner
 Family Practice Nurse Practitioner
 Psychiatric Nurse Practitioner
 Geriatric Nurse Practitioner
 Pediatric Nurse Practitioner
 Obstetric Nurse Practitioner
 Neonatal Nurse Practitioner
 Emergency Nurse Practitioner
 Hepatology Nurse Practitioner

77.  Community clinics, health centers, urgent care
centers
 Health maintenance organizations
 Home health care agencies
 Hospitals
 Hospital clinics
 Hospice care
 Physician offices

78. Nursing homes
 Private & Public schools, universities and
colleges
 Veteran’s administration facilities
 Retail based clinics
 Bedside nursing in hospitals
 Walk-in-clinics

79. CURRENT TRENDS IN
NURSING 2017
Genetics Nurse
Stem Cell Technology Nurse
Robots to Assist, Not Replace
GPS Tracking
Wireless Patient Monitoring.
Intelligent Alarms
Holistic Nursing: Back to the Future

80. PARTICIPATORY ACTION INQUIRY USING
BACCALAUREATE NURSING STUDENTS: THE
INCLUSION OF INTEGRATIVE HEALTH CARE
MODALITIES IN NURSING CORE
CURRICULUM
Nurses, nursing educators and students support
the inclusion of integrative health care (IHC) into
nursing core curriculum as a way to create nurses
who deliver nursing care to the full extent of their
scope of practice and advance evidenced based
IHC.
A holistic approach.
Therefore a phenomenological exploration using
participatory action inquiry was conducted at a
large Midwestern university.

81. 18 1st yr nursing students were selected.
Their experiences in learning and delivering three 15 min IHC
interventions (foot reflexology, lavender aromatherapy and
mindful breathing) in an acute care setting were captured using
reflexive journaling and participation in structured and organic
communicative spaces.
Of the patients approached, 67% accepted to receive one or
more IHC modalities (147/219).
Using van Manen's model for holistic data reduction three
themes emerged: The experience of presence, competency and
unexpected results.
 Learning IHC modalities is best supported by a self-reflective
process that is constructed and modeled by a nurse faculty
member with experience in delivering IHC modalities

82. Write an assignment on “Trends in
nursing distant education : nurses
attitude”.

83. BIBLIOGRAPHY
Basheer PS. Textbook of nursing education. Banglore:
Emmess medical publishers;2015
Raj BED, Bhaskar N. Textbook of nursing education. India
: Emmess Medical publishers; 2003
Sodhi KS. Nursing Education.Delhi: Jaypee Publication ;
2017
Sudha R. Nursing education principles and concepts. New
Delhi: Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers; 2013
Neeraja KP.Textbook of nursing education. New Delhi,:
Jaypee brothers medical publishers; 2013.
www. Indian nursing council.com