3. INTRODUCTION
Depression is a state of mental illness. It is characterised
by deep, long-lasting feelings of sadness or despair.
Depression can change an individual’s thinking/feelings
and also affects his/her social behaviour and sense of
physical well-being. It can affect people of any age group,
including young children and teens. It can run in families
and usually starts between the ages of 15 and 30 years.
Women and elderly people are more commonly affected
than men.
There are several types of depression such as major
depression it is a change in mood that lasts for weeks or
months. It is one of the most severe
4. DEFINITION
A disturbance of mood ,characterized by a full
or partial depressive syndrome , or loss of
interest of pleasure in usual activities and
evidence of interference in social /occupation
functioning .
5. Epidemiology
Lifetime major depressive disorder is 20% in
women and 12% in men .prevlence is as high as
10 % in patient observed in a medical setting .
Depression is less common in the black population
.
The age of onset for depression in women and men
are highest in those aged 25 -44 years.
6. Types of depression
There are several forms of depression.
Below are some of the most common types.
Major depression
A person with major depression experiences
a constant state of sadness. They may lose
interest in activities that they used to enjoy.
Treatment usually involves medication and
psychotherapy
7. Con..
Persistent depressive disorder :-
Also known as dysthymia, persistent depressive
disorder causes symptoms that last for at least 2
years.
A person with this disorder may have episodes of
major depression as well as milder symptoms.
Bipolar disorder :-
Depression is a common symptom of bipolar
disorder, and research shows that people with this
disorder may have symptoms around half of the
time. This can make bipolar disorder hard to
distinguish from depression.
8. Con..
Psychotic depression
Some people experience psychosis with depression.
Psychosis can involve delusions, such as false beliefs and a
detachment from reality. It can also involve hallucinations things
that do not exist.
Postpartum depression
postpartum depression is a complex mix of physical ,emotional ,
and behavioral changes that happen in some women after giving
birth.
9. Con …
Major depressive disorder with seasonal
pattern
Previously called seasonal affective disorder,
or SAD, this type of depression is related to the
reduction in daylight during the fall and
winter.
It lifts during the rest of the year and in
response to light therapy.
People who live in countries with long or
severe winters seem to be affected more by this
condition.
10. Causes:-
The medical community does not fully understand the
causes of depression. There are many possible causes,
and sometimes, various factors combine to trigger
symptoms.
Factors that are likely to play a role include:
genetic features
changes in the brain’s neurotransmitter levels
environmental factors
psychological and social factors
additional conditions, such as bipolar disorder
11. Signs And Symptoms Of Depression :-
anxious, or "empty" feelings
Feelings of hopelessness or pessimism
Feelings of guilt, worthlessness, or helplessness
Irritability, restlessness
Loss of interest in activities or hobbies once
pleasurable , including sex.
Fatigue and decreased energy.
12. Con …
Difficulty concentrating, remembering
details, and making decisions
Insomnia, early-morning wakefulness, or
excessive sleeping
Overeating, or appetite loss
Thoughts of suicide , suicide attempts.
pains , headaches , cramps , or digestive
problems .
14. TREATMENT
Depression is treatable, and managing symptoms
usually involves three components:-
Support: This can range from discussing
practical solutions and possible causes to
educating family members.
Psychotherapy: Also known as talking therapy,
some options include one-to-one counseling
and cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT).
Drug treatment: A doctor may
prescribe antidepressants.
16. CON ….
A person should only take these medications as their
doctor prescribes.
Supplements
A person may take the herbs above as supplements to treat
symptoms of mild-to-moderate depression. Other types of
supplements may also help treat these symptoms.
17. CON…
Food and diet
Eating a lot of sugary or processed foods can lead to various
physical health problems. Results of a 2019 study suggest that
a diet that includes many of these types of food could affect
the mental health of young adults.
The study also found that eating more of the following foods
helped reduce depression symptoms.
fruit
vegetables
fish
olive oil
19. Con …
Electroconvulsive therapy
For cases in which medication and/or
psychotherapy does not help relieve a person's
treatment- resistant depression,
electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) may be
useful.
Exercise
Aerobic exercise raises endorphin levels and
stimulates the neurotransmitter
norepinephrine, which is linked with mood.
This may help relieve mild depression.
20. Nursing management
Assessment :-
Obtain general history of the client
including social ,educational , occupational
,family ,past and present history etc .
Nursing diagnosis :-
high risk for violent .
impaired verbal and social interaction .
21. Con…
Altteration in activity of daily living or self care
deficit .
Altered nutrition less than body requirement
.
Altered sleep petterns .
