The document discusses the importance of accurately transferring jaw relationships to an articulator. It describes the significance of the facebow in recording the maxillomandibular relationship, including the orientation of the jaws to the cranium. The document outlines the history of the facebow, types of facebows, and how to perform a facebow recording. The facebow is essential for transferring jaw relationships to simulate jaw movements when fabricating dental prostheses.

1. GUIDED BY –
DR. SUREKHA GODBOLE
DR. TRUPTI M. DAHANE
PRESENTED BY:
PRIYANKA N. KHUNGAR
MDS I YEAR
DEPARTMENT OF PROSTHODONTICS

2. SR.
NO.
CORE AREA DOMAIN SIGNIFICANCE
1. Orientation jaw relation Cognitive Must know
2. Facebow and its significance Cognitive/psychom
otor
Must know
3. Types and parts of facebow Cognitive Must know
3. Facebow recording Cognitive Must know

3.  Introduction
 Orientation jaw relation
 Facebow
 Review of literature
 Significance of facebow
 Indications
 Types of facebow
 Parts of facebow
 Procedure of recording facebow
 Advantages
 Summary
 References

5.  The accurate determination, recording and transfer of the jaw relation
records from a patient to the articulator is an essential step in the
fabrication of dental prosthesis.
 For the prosthesis to be successful, it is necessary that the recording
include an appropriate relation of the jaws, stable occlusal contacts in
harmony with the temporomandibular joints and masticatory
muscles and contours that are consistent with the surrounding oral
and facial soft tissues.

6.  To record the maxillo-mandibular relationship, the relationship of the
mandible to the maxilla and their orientation with the cranium is to be
determined.
 After recording these, jaw relations are then transferred on to the
articulator to simulate the jaw movements and assist the dentist in the
arrangement of the artificial teeth.

7.  MAXILLOMANDIBULAR RELATIONSHIP : any spatial
relationship of the maxillae to the mandible; any one of the
infinite relationships of the mandible to the maxillae.
 MAXILLOMANDIBULAR RELATIONSHIP RECORD : a
registration of any positional relationship of the mandible
relative to the maxillae; these records may be made at any
vertical, horizontal, or lateral orientation.
Glossary of Prosthodontic terms - 9

8. VERTICAL
JAW
REALTION
HORIZONTAL
JAW RELATION
ORIENTATION
JAW
RELATION
Maxillomandibular relations are classified as:

9. Are those that orient the mandible
to the cranium in such a way, that,
when mandible is kept in its most
anterior and superior position, the
mandible can rotate in sagittal
plane around an imaginary
transverse axis passing through or
near the condyles.
- Boucher

11.  Maxilla is a part of the cranium and is a fixed entity.
 When the teeth of both jaws come in contact, maxilla becomes
related to the mandible so that entire craniomaxillary complex is
articulated with a moving bone, which is the mandible.

12.  The upper jaw in the human skull is positioned uniquely to
the lower jaw. This position is different for every person.
 The relationship of the maxilla to the temporomandibular
joint is not the same in all persons i.e., the anatomy of
maxilla and the temporomandibular joint varies from
persons to persons.

13. An instrument used to record the spatial
relationship of the maxillary arch to some
anatomic reference point or points and then
transfer this relationship to an articulator; it
orients the dental cast in the same
relationship to the opening axis of the
articulator; customarily the anatomic
references are the mandibular transverse
horizontal axis and one other selected anterior
reference point. - GPT 9

15.  Bonwill, (1860) : determined the distance from the center of each
condyle to the median incisal point of the lower teeth as 10cm.
Balkwill (1866) : demonstrated an apparatus
with which he could measure the angle
formed by the occlusal plane of the teeth and
a plane passing through the lines extending
from the condyles to the incisal line of the
lower teeth. This angle varied from 22-30°.

16.  Hayes (1880) constructed
apparatus for localizing the
plaster casts in the
articulator. This apparatus
was known as the “Caliper”.
 Walker (1890) invented the
‘clinometer’ a new type of
instrument used for
determining position of the
lower cast in relation to the
condylar mechanism.

17.  Gysi (1895) constructed an
instrument for registering the
condyle path.
 George B. Snow (1899) : Invented a
device which became prototype for
modern face bow.

18.  Stansberry (1928) : He thought that since an opening
movement about the hinge axis took the teeth out of contact
the use of these instruments was ineffective except for the
arrangement of the teeth in centric occlusion.
 Sloane(1952) : stated “the mandibular axis is not a
theoretical assumption, but a definite demonstrable
biomechanical fact. It is an axis upon which the mandible
rotates in an opening and closing function when
comfortably, not forcibly retruded.

19.  Sicher (1956) : stated “the hinge position or terminal hinge
position is that position of the mandible from which or in
which pure hinge movement of a variable wide range is
possible”.
 Robert.G.Schallhorn (1957): He concluded that using the
arbitrary axis for face bow mountings on a semiadjustable
articulator is justified. He said that, in over 95% of the
subjects the kinematic center lies a radius of 5 mm from the
arbitrary center.

20.  Weinberg (1961) : evaluated the facebow mounting and
stated that a deviations from the hinge axis of 5mm will
result in an anteroposterior displacement error of 0.2 mm at
the second molar.
 Neol D.Wilkie (1979) : analyzed and discussed five
commonly used anterior points of reference for a face bow
transfer. He suggests the use of the axis–oribitale plane as
the reference plane.

21. SIGNIFICANCE OF FACEBOW:
 The anatomical similarity of the resulting relationship between
the teeth and the condyles.
 An integral part in analysing and studying the occlusion of the
natural teeth.
 The better the cast on the articulator duplicate the distances to the
condylar rotation centres, the less the potential for articulator
produced errors of motion.
 It records the intercondylar distance.
 The true hinge axis can be recorded (in kinematic facebow type).

22. TYPES OF
FACEBOW
ARBITRARY
FACIA TYPE
EARPIECE
TYPE
KINEMATIC

23. FASCIA TYPE EARPIECE TYPE

24.  The kinematic face bow allows for
the precise determination of the
patient's hinge axis (terminal
hinge axis).
Indication:
 Critical to precisely reproduce the
exact opening and closing
movement of the patient to the
articulator.

25. U SHAPED
FRAME
BITE FORKCONDYLAR RODS
ORBITAL POINTER LOCKING DEVICE

26.  It is large enough to extend
from the region of one TMJ
around the front of the face(5
to 7.5 cm in front) to the other
TMJ and wide enough to
avoid contacts with the sides
of the face
 All the other components are
attached to the frame with
the help of the clamps

27.  Two small metallic rods which are
present on the either side of the
frame.
 Help in locating the hinge axis or
opening axis of the TMJ.
 Some have ear piece which fits into
the external auditory meatus.

28. Bite fork:
 It is a u shaped plate , which is attached to the occlusal
rims.
 It is attached to the frame with the help of a rod called
the stem.
Locking device:
 It supports face bow , occlusal rim and cast during
articulation.
 It consists of transfer rod and transverse rod.
Orbital pointer:
 Used to mark the anterior reference point
 ( infraorbital notch ).
 It is present only in arbitrary face bow

29. U-SHAPED FRAME It forms the main frame of the face bow. All other
components are attached to this frame.
CONDYLAR RODS Used to locate the hinge axis and then transfer it to the
articulator.
BITE FORK “U” shaped plate, attached to the occlusal rims, used
while recording the orientation relation.
LOCKING DEVICE Helps to fix the bite fork to the U-shaped frame.
ORBITAL POINTER Used to mark the anterior reference point ( infraorbital
notch ).
It is present only in arbitrary face bow

30.  The maxillary cast in the articulator is the baseline from
which all occlusal relationships start.
 Therefore, it should be positioned in space by identifying
three points.
 The posterior points are referred to as the posterior points of
reference and the anterior one is known as the anterior point
of reference.
 The spatial plane formed by joining the anterior and
posterior reference points is called plane of orientation.

31. Accurate selection of the reference point is a very critical step in oral and
maxillofacial rehabilitation procedures. One should have thorough
knowledge of the following anterior points and the rationale for the selection
of each.
Various Anterior Point Of Reference Are:
• Orbitale Located By Hanau Face Bow with help of orbital pointer
• Orbitale minus 7 mm. This plane represents Frankfort plane
• Nasion minus 23mm Used with quick mount face bow (Whip mix)
• Ala of nose This plane represents campers plane
• 43 mm superior from lower border of upper lip/ lateral incisor (Denar
reference plane locator/ artexmeter).
• Incisal edge plus articulator midpoint to articulator axis: Horizontal plane
distance .

32.  Orbitale: Orbitale is the lowest point ofthe infraorbital rim of
skull which can be palpated on the patient through the overlying
tissues and the skin. One orbitale and the two posterior points that
determine the horizontal axis of rotation will define the axis –
orbital plane.
Clinical implications of “Orbitale” :Orbitale and the two posterior
landmarks defining the plane are transferred from the patient to the
articulator with the face-bow. The articulator must have an orbital
indicator guide. Relating the maxillae to this plane will slightly
lower the maxillary cast from the position that would be established
if the Frankfort horizontal plane were used. Practically, the
axis-orbital plane is used because of the ease of locating the
marking orbitale and the concept is easy to teach and understand.
Orbitale is transferred from the patient to this guide by means of
the orbital pointer on the anterior cross arm of the face-bow
ORBITALE

33.  Orbitale minus 7 mm: The Frankfort horizontal plane passes
through both the poria and one orbital point. Because porion is
a skeletal landmark, Sicher’ recommended to use the midpoint
of the upper border of the external auditory meatus as the
posterior cranial landmark on a patient.
 Most articulators do not have a reference point for this
landmark. Gonzalez’ pointed out that this posterior tissue
landmark on the average lies 7 mm superior to the horizontal
axis. The recommended compensation for this discrepancy is
to mark the anterior point of reference 7 mm below orbitale on
the patient or to position the orbital pointer 7 mm above the
orbital indicator of the articulator. Later on Bergstrom
developed Arcon articulator that automatically compensates for
this error by placing the orbital index 7 mm higher than the
condylar horizontal axis. In either technique, the Frankfort
horizontal plane of the patient becomes the horizontal plane of
reference in the articulator.
ORBITALE MINUS 7

34.  Nasion minus 23 mm: This reference point is widely
used with Whip Mix Face Bow. The nasion can be
approximately located in the head as the deepest part of
the midline depression just below the level of the
eyebrows.
 The nasion guide, or positioner, or relator of the Quick
Mount face-bow, which is specially designed to be used
with the Whip-Mix Articulator, fits into this depression.
This nasion relator can be moved only in an in and out
motion and not in up and down, from its attachment to
the face-bow crossbar. The crossbar is located 23 mm
below the midpoint of the nasion positioner. When the
face-bow is positioned anteriorly by the nasion relator,
the crossbar will be in the approximate region of orbitale.
The face-bow crossbar and not the nasion relator is the
actual anterior reference point locator.
NASION MINUS 23mm

35.  While donig the face-bow transfer, the crossbar of the face-bow supports
the upper frame of the Whip-Mix articulator. The inferior surface of the
frame is in the same plane as the articulator’s hinge points.
 From this it can be concluded that the Quick Mount face-bow used with
the Whip-Mix articulator employs an approximate axis-orbital plane.
 That is why; locating the orbital point with this method is largely
dependent upon the large nasion relator, the morphologic characteristics
of the nasion notch, and the inconsistency of the nasion-orbitale
measurement from 23 mm in the patient.

36.  Alae of the nose: In most of the conventional complete
denture techniques it is imperative to make tentative or the
actual occlusal plane parallel with the horizontal plane.
 This relationship can be achieved as a line from the ala of
the nose to the center of the auditory meatus that describes
Camper’s line.
 An alternative method of establishing this relationship is to
make a wax occlusion rim parallel to Camper’s line on the
face. The desired location for the maxillary incisal edge
should be marked on the wax occlusion rim as an initial
step in determination of the occlusal plane. This actually
assures that the tentative occlusal plane will not be too high
or low.
ALA OF THE NOSE

37.  Incisal edge plus articulator midpoint to articulator axis-horizontal plane
distance:
 A reasonable and consistent position for the master casts in the articulator would be one which
would position the plane of occlusion near the mid-horizontal plane of the articulator. Any
deviation and divergence from this scheme may position the casts high or low relative to the
instrument’s upper and lower arms.[
 The overall deleterious effect of these positions may be inaccurate and vague occlusal
relationships due to dimensional changes in the gypsum products used for cast-articulating
purposes.
 In accordance with this concept, the distance from the articulator’s mid-horizontal plane to the
articulator’s axis-horizontal plane is measured.
 This same distance is measured above the existing or planed incisal edges on the patient, and
its uppermost point is marked as the anterior point of reference on the face.
 This point can be recorded for future use by measuring vertically downward to it from the
inner canthus of the eye and recording this measurement. The inner canthus is used because it
is accessible unchanging landmark on the head. It must be documented that this method does
not relate the Frankfort plane or the axis-orbital plane parallel to the horizontal plane.
 Additionally, only the incisal edges or the most anterior portion of the occlusal plane will be
midway between the upper and lower articulator arms.

38. Bergstrom point-
10mm anterior to the center of the spherical
insert for the external auditory meatus and
7mm below the Frankfort horizontal plane..
Beyron point-
13mm anterior to the posterior margin of the
tragus of the ear on a line from the center of
tragus extending to the corner of the eye.
POSTERIOR REFERENCE
POINTS

39.  Gysi point- it is the most common point lies 13mm in front
of the most upper part of the external auditory meatus on a
line passing to the outer canthus of the eye.
 Other posterior points are which are less frequently used
and less accurate.-13 mm in front of anterior margin of
meatus, 13 mm from foot of tragus to canthus ,Ear axis

40. 1. Bite fork preparation

41. 2. Bow preparation

42. 3. Patient application

44.  Diagnostic mounting and treatment planning.
 Change in vertical dimension
 Balanced occlusion
 Interocclusal records
 Cusp fossa relationship.

45. “Lazzari”
• It aids in securing the antero-posterior cast
position with relation to condyles of the mandible.
• It acts as an aid in the vertical positioning of the
cast on the articulator.
• It assists in correctly transferring the inclination of the
occlusal plane to the articulator

46.  The goal of the face bow transfer record is to record the
anteroposterior, horizontal and vertical relationship of the
maxillae to the transverse horizontal axis and to transfer this
relationship to the articulator.
 Failure to transfer accurately the anteroposterior relationship can
result in substantial errors in the final occlusion of the prosthesis .

47.  Essentials of complete Denture Prosthodontics by Sheldon Winkler-2nd
edition.
 Boucher’S Prosthodontic Rx for edentulous patient 12th edition.
 The face bow,it’s Significance & Application by Thure Brandrup-Wognsen
J.P.D.:1953:618.
 Significance of Facebow for Dental Restorations ;Dr. Manu Rathee; IOSR
Journal of Research & Method in Education (IOSR-JRME) Volume 4, Issue 5
Ver. IV (Sep-Oct. 2014)
 Facebow a caliper- review article; N kalavathy; SRM university journal of
dental sciences, january 2011, volume 2 issue 1.
 Glossary of prosthodontic terms - 9