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O Mindfulness em Psicoterapia

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Comunicação realizada pelo psicólogo clínico Luís Gonçalves no I Congresso da OPP nos Açores - 25 de Setembro 2015

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O Mindfulness em Psicoterapia

  1. 1. O Mindfulness em Psicoterapia Luís Gonçalves Psicólogo clínico, psicoterapeuta e supervisor
  2. 2. O Mindfulness em Psicoterapia Um nome moderno para algo antigo Alguns autores descobriram ou usaram aspetos centrais do mindfulness sem o referirem Gendlin concluiu que podia prever a eficácia de um processo de psicoterapia avaliando se o paciente dava uma resposta experiencial em relação a uma intervenção psicoterapêutica e foi assim que desenvolveu a Focagem (Gendlin, 1978) O uso da Associação Livre por parte de Freud pode também ser visto como uma tentativa para se ir mais além da consciência rotineira estruturada de forma insconsciente (Kris, 1982)
  3. 3. O Mindfulness em Psicoterapia Um nome moderno para algo antigo No livro Psychoanalysis and Buddhism: An Unfolding Dialogue Altman (2003), Safran refere que até a atitude de se estar a “pairar, em suspenso perante a experiência” defendida por Freud é semelhante ao estado medidativo descrito pelos Budistas e acrescenta que se chegar ao contacto com a “experiência pura” é partilhado tanto pelo Budismo como pela Psicanálise
  4. 4. O Mindfulness em Psicoterapia Um nome moderno para algo antigo O defendido pelos professores budistas é muito compatível com o pensamento construtivista contemporâneo (Mahoney; 2003; Safran, 2003) e defende que náo é preciso tornar-se Budista para praticar mindfulness! Pode ser considerado um estado distinto de consciência do dia-a-dia (Johanson & Kurtz, 1991) e está ligado à atenção da experiência no momento presente numa postura de abertura, recetividade, curiosidade e exploratória da experiência “como é”, sem reação ou avaliação É estar e não fazer – oposto do que acontece tantas vezes!
  5. 5. O Mindfulness em Psicoterapia O que é? Tendo como base técnicas de meditação ancestrais e ligadas ao budismo, Jon Kabat-Zinn nos anos 70 cria uma abordagem com resultados comprovados em situações como o stress, a ansiedade, a dor ou a doença fisiológica - Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction (MBSR) Mindfulness é o processo de atenção focada em que nos permitimos observar, no momento presente, a nossa experiência interior (sensações, memórias, pensamentos e emoções) de forma recetiva, límpida e sem julgamento ou crítica
  6. 6. O Mindfulness em Psicoterapia O que é? Além da componente passiva do mindfulness (de se observar a experiência à medida que surge), um estado “mindful” de consciência pode também manifestar aspetos essenciais como compaixão e aceitação e que serão usados perante a experiência em si ao longo do processo terapêutico (Almaas, 1986, 1988; R. Schwartz, 1995)
  7. 7. Momento presente O Mindfulness em Psicoterapia Mindfulness no essencial Atenção plena Aceitação
  8. 8. O Mindfulness em Psicoterapia Evidências da Neurobiologia Ativação do cortex prefrontal esquerdo o que permite ao paciente não estar “fundido” com a ativação emocional, melhorando a forma como gere impulsos (Austin, 1998; Libet, 1999; Schwartz & Begley, 2002; Schwartz, J. 1996) ou comportamentos obsessivo- compulsivos (Germer, 2005) O processamento de esquemas emocionais é o alvo da intervenção e mudança terapêutica na EFT (Greenberg et al., 1994) – libertando o sistema límbico e a sua estreita ligação com a amígdala das respostas automáticas a eventos significativos O mindfulness permite aumentar a circulação sanguínea no cortex cingulado anterior – área cerebral que permite a atenção em eventos internos Estimula o sistema nervoso parasimpático reduzindo a tensão, o cortisol e o stress
  9. 9. O Mindfulness em Psicoterapia Algumas problemáticas do paciente Adições/Prevenção da recaída – facilita a extinção de gatilhos, cravings e impulsos, reduzindo comportamentos compulsivos não adaptativos e promovendo escolhas resilientes (Dakwar & Levin, 2009) Dor – o paciente é encorajado a observar as sensações de dor sem julgamento como forma de reduzir o desconforto (Baer, 2003) P. Borderline – promove a aceitação e mudança através da obervação, descrição e participação (“what skills”) e através do não julgamento, atenção no próprio e com eficácia (“how skills”) (Bauer, 2003)
  10. 10. O Mindfulness em Psicoterapia Algumas problemáticas do paciente Ansiedade Depressão Stress Trauma PTSD
  11. 11. O Mindfulness em Psicoterapia Abordagens psicoterapêuticas que incluem mindfulness Terapia baseada em mindfulness de redução de stress (MBSR; Kabat-Zinn, 1990) Terapia comportamental dialética (DBT; Linehan, 1993) Terapia de aceitação e compromisso (ACT; Hayes, Strosahl, & Wilson, 1999) Terapia cognitiva baseada em mindfulness (MBCT; Segal, Williams, & Teasdale, 2002)
  12. 12. O Mindfulness em Psicoterapia Caso clínico
  13. 13. O Mindfulness em Psicoterapia Algumas considerações clínicas O mindfulness parece mais eficaz quanto integrado com outras formas de intervenção (Teasdale, Segal, Williams, 2003) Como qualquer outra abordagem, os psicoterapeutas devem escolher se a prática se adequa ao paciente, ao momento e à problemática em questão (Teasdale, Segal, Williams, 2003) Têm sido descritos possíveis efeitos negativos como agitação, ansiedade, depressão, culpa, alucinações e dissociação (Mace, 2007) o que aponta para a necessidade de uma prática apoiada
  14. 14. Não existe má meditação. Quanto muito, haverá momentos em que estamos mais no momento presente que outros! luis.goncalves@psinove.com 966 621 181
  15. 15. O Mindfulness em Psicoterapia Bibliografia Altman, N. (2003). Psychoanalysis as a spiritual quest. In Safran, J. D. (Ed.). Psychoanalysis and Buddhism: An unfolding dialogue. Boston: Wisdom Publications Baer, R. A. (2003). Mindfulness training as a clinical intervention: A conceptual and empirical review. Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice, 10 Epstein, M. (1996). Thoughts without a thinker. New York: Basic Books Gendlin, E. T. (1996). Focusing-oriented psychotherapy: A manual of the experiential method. New York: The Guilford Press Greenberg, L. (2002). Emotion-focused therapy: Coaching clients to work through feelings. Washington, D.C. American Psychological Association Press Fulton, P. R. (Eds.). Mindfulness and Psychotherapy. New York: The Guilford Press Hayes, S. C., Follette, V. M., & Linehan, M. M. (2004). Mindfulness and acceptance: Expanding the Cognitive-Behavioral tradition. New York: The Guilford Press Safran, J. D. (Ed.). (2003a). Psychoanalysis and Buddhism: An unfolding dialogue. Boston: Wisdom Publications. Segal, Z. V., Williams, J. M. G., & Teasdale, J. D. (2002). Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy for depression: A new approach to preventing relapse. New York: Guilford Press . .

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