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Costs of Software Quality
    Puji Agustin N. / 5209100077 / MKTI
Cost of software quality metrics —
            Objectives
Secara umum - memungkinkan manajemen untuk mencapai
kontrol ekonomi terhadap kegiatan SQA dan hasil. Tujuan
khusus adalah:
 Kontrol organisasi yang diprakarsai biaya untuk mencegah
  dan mendeteksi kesalahan perangkat lunak.
 Evaluasi kerusakan ekonomi dari kegagalan perangkat lunak
  sebagai dasar untuk merevisi anggaran SQA.
 Evaluasi rencana untuk menambah atau mengurangi
  aktivitas SQA atau untuk berinvestasi dalam infrastruktur
  SQA berdasarkan kinerja ekonomi terakhir.
Performance Comparisons for
 Managerial Control Over SQA Costs
 Mengontrol     pengeluaran    Anggaran      (untuk
  pencegahan SQA dan kegiatan penilaian).
 Kegagalan biaya tahun sebelumnya.
 Biaya kualitas proyek sebelumnya (kontrol biaya
  dan biaya kegagalan).
 Biaya kualitas departemen lain (kontrol biaya dan
  biaya kegagalan).
Cost metrics for evaluating SQA
       systems - examples
 Percentage of cost of software quality out of total
  software development costs.
 Percentage of software failure costs out of total
  software development costs.
 Percentage of cost of software quality out of total
  software maintenance costs.
 Percentage of cost of software quality out of total
  sales of software products and software
  maintenance.
The classic model of cost of
      software quality
Prevention costs
a. Investasi dalam pengembangan komponen infrastruktur SQA :
        Prosedur dan instruksi kerja
        Dukungan perangkat: template, checklist, dll
        Manajeen sistem konfigurasi perangkat lunak
        Metrik kualitas perangkat lunak
b. Pelaksanaan rutin dari aktivitas preventif SQA:
      Pelatiihan karyawan baru dalam pengetahuan SQA
      Sertifikasi karyawan
      Konsultasi tentang masalah SQA dengan pemimpin tim dan lain-lain
c.       Kontrol dari sistem SQA melalui kinerja dari:
      Review mutu internal
      Audit eksternal kualitas Manajemen kualitas review
Appraisal costs
Biaya review :
• Formal design reviews (DRs)
• Peer reviews (inspections and walkthroughs)
• Expert reviews


Biaya untuk pengujian perangkat lunak :
• Unit, integration and software system tests
• Acceptance tests (carried out by customers)


Biaya untuk menjamin kualitas partisipan eksternal
Internal failure costs


        Biaya koreksi ulang atau desain
    selanjutnya untuk merancang review dan
                    hasil tes.


    Biaya re-program atau memperbaiki program
            dalam menanggapi hasil tes.



        Biaya pengkajian desain ulang dan
          pengujian kembali (tes regresi)
External failure costs

Typical external failure costs        Typical examples of hidden
cover:                                external failure costs:
 Resolution of customer
  complaints during the warranty       Reduction of sales to
  period.                               customers that suffered from
 Correction of software bugs           software failures.
  detected during regular              Severe reduction of sales
  operation.
                                        motivated by the firm's
 Correction of software failures
  after the warranty period is over     damaged reputation.
  even if the correction is not        Increased investment in
  covered by the warranty.              sales promotion to counter
 Damages paid to customers in          the effects of past software
  case of a severe software
  failure.                              failures.
 Reimbursement of customer's          Reduced prospects to win a
  purchase costs.                       tender or, alternatively, the
 Insurance against customer's          need to under-price to
  claims.                               prevent competitors from
                                        winning tenders.
Galin’s extended mode
for cost of software quality
Managerial preparation and
            control costs
Biaya melakukan review kontrak


Biaya mempersiapkan rencana proyek, termasuk rencana kualitas


Biaya periodik memperbarui rencana proyek dan kualitas


Biaya melakukan kontrol kemajuan reguler

Biaya melakukan kontrol kemajuan reguler dari kontribusi peserta
eksternal untuk proyek-proyek
Managerial failure costs
 Tidak direncanakan biaya untuk sumber daya profesional dan
  lainnya, hasil dari meremehkan sumber daya dalam tahap proposal.
 Kerugian dibayarkan kepada pelanggan sebagai kompensasi atas
  penyelesaian proyek terlambat, akibat dari jadwal yang tidak
  realistis dalam proposal perusahaan.
 Kerugian dibayarkan kepada pelanggan sebagai kompensasi atas
  penyelesaian akhir proyek, akibat dari kegagalan manajemen untuk
  merekrut anggota tim.
 Efek domino: Kerusakan proyek lainnya yang akan direncanakan
  dilakukan oleh tim yang sama yang terlibat dalam proyek-proyek
  tertunda. Efek domino yang cukup besar dapat menyebabkan biaya
  tersembunyi kegagalan eksternal.
Application of a cost of software
           quality system
 Definisi suatu biaya model kualitas perangkat
  lunak dan spesifikasi item biaya.
 Definisi dari metode pengumpulan data untuk
  setiap item biaya.
 Aplikasi dari biaya sistem kualitas perangkat lunak,
  termasuk menyeluruh tindak lanjut.
 Tindakan yang dilakukan dalam menanggapi hasil.
Cost of software quality balance by
            quality level
GALIN, SQA from theory to implementation

Sekian – Terima kasih

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Costs of software quality

  • 1. Costs of Software Quality Puji Agustin N. / 5209100077 / MKTI
  • 2. Cost of software quality metrics — Objectives Secara umum - memungkinkan manajemen untuk mencapai kontrol ekonomi terhadap kegiatan SQA dan hasil. Tujuan khusus adalah:  Kontrol organisasi yang diprakarsai biaya untuk mencegah dan mendeteksi kesalahan perangkat lunak.  Evaluasi kerusakan ekonomi dari kegagalan perangkat lunak sebagai dasar untuk merevisi anggaran SQA.  Evaluasi rencana untuk menambah atau mengurangi aktivitas SQA atau untuk berinvestasi dalam infrastruktur SQA berdasarkan kinerja ekonomi terakhir.
  • 3. Performance Comparisons for Managerial Control Over SQA Costs  Mengontrol pengeluaran Anggaran (untuk pencegahan SQA dan kegiatan penilaian).  Kegagalan biaya tahun sebelumnya.  Biaya kualitas proyek sebelumnya (kontrol biaya dan biaya kegagalan).  Biaya kualitas departemen lain (kontrol biaya dan biaya kegagalan).
  • 4. Cost metrics for evaluating SQA systems - examples  Percentage of cost of software quality out of total software development costs.  Percentage of software failure costs out of total software development costs.  Percentage of cost of software quality out of total software maintenance costs.  Percentage of cost of software quality out of total sales of software products and software maintenance.
  • 5. The classic model of cost of software quality
  • 6. Prevention costs a. Investasi dalam pengembangan komponen infrastruktur SQA :  Prosedur dan instruksi kerja  Dukungan perangkat: template, checklist, dll  Manajeen sistem konfigurasi perangkat lunak  Metrik kualitas perangkat lunak b. Pelaksanaan rutin dari aktivitas preventif SQA:  Pelatiihan karyawan baru dalam pengetahuan SQA  Sertifikasi karyawan  Konsultasi tentang masalah SQA dengan pemimpin tim dan lain-lain c. Kontrol dari sistem SQA melalui kinerja dari:  Review mutu internal  Audit eksternal kualitas Manajemen kualitas review
  • 7. Appraisal costs Biaya review : • Formal design reviews (DRs) • Peer reviews (inspections and walkthroughs) • Expert reviews Biaya untuk pengujian perangkat lunak : • Unit, integration and software system tests • Acceptance tests (carried out by customers) Biaya untuk menjamin kualitas partisipan eksternal
  • 8. Internal failure costs Biaya koreksi ulang atau desain selanjutnya untuk merancang review dan hasil tes. Biaya re-program atau memperbaiki program dalam menanggapi hasil tes. Biaya pengkajian desain ulang dan pengujian kembali (tes regresi)
  • 9. External failure costs Typical external failure costs Typical examples of hidden cover: external failure costs:  Resolution of customer complaints during the warranty  Reduction of sales to period. customers that suffered from  Correction of software bugs software failures. detected during regular  Severe reduction of sales operation. motivated by the firm's  Correction of software failures after the warranty period is over damaged reputation. even if the correction is not  Increased investment in covered by the warranty. sales promotion to counter  Damages paid to customers in the effects of past software case of a severe software failure. failures.  Reimbursement of customer's  Reduced prospects to win a purchase costs. tender or, alternatively, the  Insurance against customer's need to under-price to claims. prevent competitors from winning tenders.
  • 10. Galin’s extended mode for cost of software quality
  • 11. Managerial preparation and control costs Biaya melakukan review kontrak Biaya mempersiapkan rencana proyek, termasuk rencana kualitas Biaya periodik memperbarui rencana proyek dan kualitas Biaya melakukan kontrol kemajuan reguler Biaya melakukan kontrol kemajuan reguler dari kontribusi peserta eksternal untuk proyek-proyek
  • 12. Managerial failure costs  Tidak direncanakan biaya untuk sumber daya profesional dan lainnya, hasil dari meremehkan sumber daya dalam tahap proposal.  Kerugian dibayarkan kepada pelanggan sebagai kompensasi atas penyelesaian proyek terlambat, akibat dari jadwal yang tidak realistis dalam proposal perusahaan.  Kerugian dibayarkan kepada pelanggan sebagai kompensasi atas penyelesaian akhir proyek, akibat dari kegagalan manajemen untuk merekrut anggota tim.  Efek domino: Kerusakan proyek lainnya yang akan direncanakan dilakukan oleh tim yang sama yang terlibat dalam proyek-proyek tertunda. Efek domino yang cukup besar dapat menyebabkan biaya tersembunyi kegagalan eksternal.
  • 13. Application of a cost of software quality system  Definisi suatu biaya model kualitas perangkat lunak dan spesifikasi item biaya.  Definisi dari metode pengumpulan data untuk setiap item biaya.  Aplikasi dari biaya sistem kualitas perangkat lunak, termasuk menyeluruh tindak lanjut.  Tindakan yang dilakukan dalam menanggapi hasil.
  • 14. Cost of software quality balance by quality level
  • 15. GALIN, SQA from theory to implementation Sekian – Terima kasih