The document defines and describes the key components of a vehicle's chassis and bodywork. It notes that the chassis is the skeleton or frame that supports the engine, transmission, suspension and other systems. The main parts of a chassis are identified as the frame, suspension system, steering system, brake system, engine, transmission and differential. The bodywork is defined as the structure that encloses the passenger compartment and provides aesthetics and safety. Common problems with bodywork include orange peel paint, sagging, and cracks in the paint.

1. “YEAR OF THE STRENGTHENING OF NATIONAL SOVEREIGNTY”

2. INDEX
CHASSISOR FRAME
- DEFINITION…………………………………………………………………………………………………3
- PARTSOF A CHASSIS………………………………………………………………………………….4
- MAIN FUNCTION OF A CHASSIS………………………………………………………………..9
- CHASSISCHARACTERISTICS…………………………………………………………………….9
- CHASSISWARNING……………………………………………………………………………………10
- FREQUENT PROBLEMS……………………………………………………………………………….11
BODYWORK
- DEFINITION……………………………………………………………………………………………14
- BODYWORKFUNCTION……………………..………………………………………………….14
- FREQUENT PROBLEMS OF THE BODYWORK.............................................15

3. CHASSIS OR FRAME
Definition: Chassis is a term that comes from the French word
chassis. Although it is a concept that is frequently used, many
times there are misunderstandings with its meaning or scope,
since it is often confused with other structures.
It is called chassis, or chassis (with an accent on the I), the frame
that provides support to the body of a car. From this definition,
we can already see that the chassis and the bodywork are
different things.
What is the Chassis?
It can be said that the chassis is the skeleton of the vehicle. It is an
internal component that integrates and supports the engine,
transmission and suspension, among other mechanisms and
systems essential for the operation of this means of locomotion.
The stability and robustness of a car largely depend on the chassis.
It is important to keep in mind that it enables the assembly of the
rest of the parts and devices that make up the car.
In general, the chassis consists of beams and tubes of different
sizes depending on their function. The most used materials are
metals and alloys.

4. MAIN COMPONENTS THAT MAKE UP THE CHASSIS
PARTS OF A CHASSIS
1. THE FRAME
The frame is considered to be the main and most important
structure of a car. It is made up of stringers and crossbars that are
responsible for forming the chassis of the car, giving it the rigidity
it needs. The main elements of the car are anchored on it.
2. THE SUSPENSION SYSTEM
It is the set of elements that absorb the irregularities of the terrain
on which it is circulating to increase the comfort and control of the
vehicle. The suspension system acts between the frame and the

5. wheels, which directly receive the irregularities of the road
surface.
3. THE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM
The steering system is a set of mechanisms whose purpose is to
orient the front wheels (or steering wheels) so that the driver,
without effort, can guide the vehicle.
So that the driver does not have to exert effort in the orientation
of the wheels (these wheels are called "guidelines"), the vehicle
has a reduction mechanism, in simple cases (older vehicles), or an
assistance servomechanism ( on current vehicles).
4. THE BRAKE SYSTEM
The brake system is a safety device used to control the movement
of the vehicle and stop it safely, quickly and effectively, whatever
the speed and load conditions, for any uphill or downhill gradient,
on which the vehicle is traveling. find.
The driver must achieve this braking from his seat, without
separating his hands from the steering wheel and the steering
wheel.
The brake system must act on all the wheels of the vehicle; It also
has the function of progressively reducing the speed of a moving
vehicle, making it stop, or keeping it immobile if it is already
stopped.

6. 5. THE ENGINE
An engine is the systematic part of a machine capable of making
the system work, transforming some type of energy (electrical,
fossil fuel, etc.), into mechanical energy capable of performing
work. In automobiles this effect is a force that produces
movement.
Internal combustion engines are thermal engines in which a
combustion of the engine fluid is produced, transforming its
chemical energy into thermal energy, from which mechanical
energy is obtained.

7. 6. THE TRANSMISSION (Gearbox)
The gearbox is a transmission element that stands between the
engine and the wheels to modify the number of revolutions of the
same and reverse the direction of rotation when the needs of the
march so require. It therefore acts as a speed transformer and
mechanical torque converter.
We can find two types of transmissions in the automotive market:
mechanical transmissions
Automatic transmissions.

8. 7. THE DIFFERENTIAL
A differential is the mechanical element that allows the right and
left wheels of a vehicle to rotate at different speeds, depending
on whether it is taking a curve to one side or the other.
When a vehicle takes a curve, for example to the right, the right
wheel travels a shorter path than the left wheel, since the latter is
on the outside of the curve. By means of the differential it is
achieved that each wheel can turn correctly in a curve, without
losing the fixation of both on the axis, so that the traction of the
engine acts with the same force on each of the two wheels.

9. MAIN FUNCTION OF THE CHASSIS
Depending on the appliance, a chassis is a sealed or partially open
lining that keeps dirt, dust, and moisture away from moving or
electrical parts. A vehicle's chassis protects people from moving
parts under the hood, and keeps passengers protected from wind
and rain.
CHASSIS FEATURES
Manufacturers often bolt or screw the chassis to an object to
make repairing or replacing parts within the chassis easier.
Materials used for the chassis vary, and include metal, fiberglass,
or heavy-duty plastics. Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards
and Regulations require specific standards for a vehicle's chassis
design and crashworthiness to protect the driver and passengers.
CHASSIS WARNING
Before removing a chassis from an electrical appliance, check the
warning labels on the appliance and be sure to unplug it.
Sometimes electrical appliances hold a charge for a while after
being unplugged.
FREQUENT PROBLEMS
When considering the purchase of a used car, there are several
telltale signs of chassis damage that every prospective buyer
should be aware of. The following are several key features of
frame damage to be aware of.
1. NON-UNIFORM CURVES IN THE FRAME
In most cases, if a bend in one frame rail does not match that of
the rail on the opposite side of the vehicle, frame damage is
suspected.

10. Most bends manufactured in frame rails are identical from one
side of a vehicle to the other, they are identical and extremely
uniform in appearance.
2. DRASTICALLY ALTERED ALIGNMENT
The front end of a vehicle can become misaligned for a number of
reasons. However, drastic misalignment, which is highly visible to
the naked eye, is typically an indication of frame damage.
Don't be fooled into believing a dealer's claims that the vehicle in
question will be fine after a quick alignment.

11. 3. ABNORMALLY PLACED SUSPENSION COMPONENTS
If a quick look inside a vehicle's wheel well reveals a shock or strut
that's tilted at an unnatural angle, not matching the one on the
opposite end of the same axle, take your business elsewhere.
Unnaturally positioned or misaligned shocks/struts serve as an
indicator that substantial frame damage has altered the location
of a vehicle's suspension mounting points.
4. COMPONENTS THAT DO NOT FIT WELL
If a vehicle's various body panels and accompanying components
appear to exhibit a poor level of fit and finish, there's a good
chance that substantial chassis damage is to blame. Even a door
that doesn't close properly can sometimes be an indication that
more serious problems are at hand.
This is especially true if all these panels and components appear
to be new but come together awkwardly when moved. In many
cases, a vehicle's frame has been distorted to the point of altering
the location of its body mounts.

12. 5. IRREGULAR WEAR OF TIRES
Tires can wear out on a regular basis for various reasons.
However, if several different wear patterns are exhibited between
tires on the same vehicle, there is a high probability that frame
damage is to blame.
When a frame has been damaged to the point of altering its
geometry, a vehicle's tires will often follow an uneven path when
traveling down the road. This almost always leads to extremely
strange tread wear.

13. BODYWORK
DEFINITION: It is the basic structure of a car, which also includes
passengers and cargo. It is an important element in terms of the
aesthetics of the vehicle, since it determines its class. However,
one of its main functions is also to ensure the comfort and safety
of passengers. There are different types of bodywork and each
one has certain characteristics.
BODYWORK FUNCTION:
The first bodies date back to around 1770, when they served as a
structure for wooden carriages. Starting in the 19th century,
curved shapes were added to the body structure. In addition,
wood gave way to new materials such as steel or aluminum, much
more resistant and durable.
Currently, it is sought that the bodies, in addition to being
comfortable and safe, have better aerodynamic efficiency, which
translates into greater speed with less power and consumption.
For example, different parts of the body have been assigned a
specific function for certain situations. For example, the front rails
are designed so that, at the time of a frontal impact, they deform
in a controlled way to absorb part of the force of the collision and
reduce damage to passengers.
The current modifications also manage to reduce the total weight
of the vehicle, so that the engines and polluting emissions
decrease.

14. TYPES OF BODYWORKS:
- Chassis with separate bodywork. The chassis supports the
mechanical organs and the vehicle can move forward without a
body. This, therefore, is independent of the chassis. It is usually
common in SUVs, vans, trucks, coaches and special vehicles.
- Platform with separate body. A platform is a chassis formed by
the union of welds that support the mechanical organs and the
floor of the car.
- Monocoque body. It is made up of a single piece, although it has
removable elements such as the hood, the door or the bumper.
- Self-supporting body. It is the usual in most current cars. It is
made up of a set of pieces joined by welding, forming the
complete structure.
CLASSIFICATION ACCORDING TO VOLUME:
- Minivan. The area of the engine, that of the passengers and the
trunk is integrated.
- Two volumes. It has a space for the hood and engine and another
for passengers and cargo.
- Three volumes. The area of the engine, that of the passengers
and the trunk is differentiated.
CLASSIFICATION ACCORDING TO DESIGN:
- Sedan or sedan. Tourism of three volumes in which the rear
window is fixed.
- Three doors and five doors. The rear window is attached to the
tailgate.
- Family. Also known as a "ranchera", it has the roof raised to
the tailgate in order to make it easier to access the cargo bed.
- Coupe. It is usually two or three volumes and has two side doors.
- All terrain vehicle. It is designed for driving on rougher
terrain, such as mountain roads or fields.

15. - Convertible. The main feature of these cars is that their roof can
be removed or collected on the vehicle itself.
-SUVs. It is characterized by its sporty aesthetics, in addition to
being off-road.
FREQUENT PROBLEMS OF A BODYWORK:
- Orange peel paint is one of the most common flaws that can be
seen on bodywork. The appearance of it may be due to its
repainting, which has not been carried out in the most optimal
way. You will also be able to observe certain wrinkles in the paint,
species of grooves on the surface of your car. To do this, the
professionals will have to repaint it again, this time respecting all
the appropriate steps.
- Sagging are other of the most common damages. In them there
are areas where the paint is drained or shifting. They can even give
rise to bulges that cause blisters. It is very important that
professionals tackle the problem as soon as possible.
- Other of the most frequent damages are cracks, also known as
craquelure.