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NUTRITION
Prepared by : Rabia Khan Baber
Course Title : Biochemistry
TOPICS OF THE PRESENTATION
Nutritional disorders
What is protein energy ?
What are the symptoms of protein energy malnutrition ?
What are the types of protein energy malnutrition ?
What is marasmus and kwashiorkor ?
What are its causes and risk factors ?
What is the difference between these two ?
Diagnosis
Treatment
AIMS AND OBJECTIVES
What are nutritional disorders ?
What is malnutrition ?
What are the forms of malnutrition ?
Etiology of malnutrition
Symptoms of malnutrition
Risk factors of malnutrition
Nutritional disorders due to nutrients deficiency
NUTRITIONAL DISORDERS
AND MALNUTRITION
DEFINITION
Nutritional disorder are diseases that occur when a person's dietary
intake does not contain the right amount of nutrients for healthy
functioning, or when a person cannot correctly absorb nutrients from
food. Nutritional disorders can be caused by undernutrition, over
nutrition or an incorrect balance of nutrients.
MALNUTRITION
Malnutrition is the impaired function that results from a prolonged
deficiency or excess of total energy or specific nutrients such as protein,
essential fatty acids, vitamins, or minerals. This condition can result
from fasting and anorexia nervosa, persistent vomiting or inability to
swallow; impaired digestion and intestinal malabsorption or chronic
illnesses that result in loss of appetite (e.g., cancer, AIDS). Malnutrition
also results from limited food availability.
FORMS OF MALNUTRITION
Undernutrition
 Marasmus
Over nutrition
 Obesity, Hypervitaminoses
Specific nutrition
Hypovitaminoses , Kwashiorkor
Imbalance nutrition
Electrolyte imbalance
MAIN NUTRITIONAL DISORDERS
Obesity
Starvation
Anorexia nervosa
Bulimia nervosa
Vitamin deficiency
Trace element deficiency
ETIOLOGY OF MALNUTRITION
RISK FACTORS OF MALNUTRITION
Older adults, especially when they are in the hospital or long-term
institutional care
People who are socially isolated. For example, due to mobility issues,
health problems, or other factors
People recovering from or living with a serious illness or condition
Those who have difficulty absorbing nutrients
People with chronic eating disorders such as bulimia or anorexia
nervosa
SYMPTOMS OF NUTRITIONAL
DISORDERS AND MALNUTRITION
A lack of appetite or interest in food or drink
Tiredness and irritability
An inability to concentrate
Always feeling cold
Depression
Loss of fat, muscle mass and body tissue
A higher risk of getting sick and taking longer to heal
Longer healing time for wounds
A higher risk of complications after surgery
DISEASE (AND KEY NUTRIENT
INVOLVED)
SYMPTOMS FOODS RICH IN KEY NUTRIENT
Xerophthalmia (vitamin A)
Blindness from chronic eye infections,
poor growth, dryness and keratinization
of epithelial tissues
Liver, fortified milk, sweet potatoes,
spinach, greens, carrots, apricots
Rickets (vitamin D)
Weakened bones, bowed legs, other
bone deformities
Fortified milk, fish oils, sun exposure
Beriberi (thiamin)
Nerve degeneration, altered muscle
coordination, cardiovascular problems
Pork, whole and enriched grains, dried
beans, sunflower seeds
Pellagra (niacin) Diarrhea, skin inflammation, dementia
Mushrooms, bran, tuna, chicken, beef,
peanuts, whole and enriched grains
Scurvy (vitamin C)
Delayed wound healing, internal
bleeding, abnormal formation of bones
and teeth
Citrus fruits, strawberries, broccoli
Iron-deficiency anemia (iron)
Decreased work output, reduced
growth, increased health risk in
pregnancy
Meat, spinach, seafood, broccoli, peas,
bran, whole-grain and enriched breads
Goitre (iodine)
Enlarged thyroid gland, poor growth in
infancy and childhood, possible mental
retardation, cretinism
Iodized salt, saltwater fish
XEROPHTHALMIA
Abnormal dryness of the conjunctiva
and cornea of the eye, with
inflammation and ridge formation,
typically associated with vitamin A
deficiency.
RICKETS
Rickets is a skeletal disorder that's
caused by a lack of vitamin D, calcium
or phosphate. These nutrients are
important for the development of
strong, healthy bones. People with
rickets may have weak and soft bones,
stunted growth and in severe cases,
skeletal deformities.
BERI-BERI
Beriberi is a disease caused by
a vitamin B-1 deficiency, also
known as thiamine deficiency.
It causes difficulty in walking,
loss of sensation in hands and
feet, loss of muscle function or
paralysis of the lower legs and
mental confusion/speech
difficulties.
PELLAGRA
Pellagra is a disease caused by a lack
of the niacin (vitamin B3).
Pellagra is the "Disease Of The Three
D's"
1. Diarrhea
2. Dermatitis
3. Dementia
Other features are ulcerations within
the mouth (glossitis), nausea.
vomiting, seizures and balance
disorder.
SCURVY
Scurvy is a disease resulting from a
lack of vitamin C (ascorbic acid).
Early symptoms of deficiency
include weakness, feeling tired and
sore arms and legs. Without
treatment, decreased red blood cells,
gum disease, changes to hair, and
bleeding from the skin may occur.
IRON DEFICIENCYANEMIA
Iron deficiency anemia is a common type of anemia, a condition in which
blood lacks adequate healthy red blood cells. Red blood cells carry oxygen
to the body's tissues. As the name implies, iron deficiency anemia is due to
insufficient iron.
NUTRITIONAL DISORDERS AND PROTEIN ENERGY MALNUTRITION
GOITRE
Goitre is the swelling of
neck resulting from
enlargement of the thyroid
gland. Its most common
cause is deficiency of iodine
OBESITY
Obesity is a medical condition in
which excess body fat has
accumulated to the extent that it may
have an adverse effect on health. It is
defined by body mass index (BMI)
and further evaluated in terms of fat
distribution via the waist–hip ratio
and total cardiovascular risk factors.
PROTEIN-ENERGY
MALNUTRITION
DEFINITION
Calories are units of energy your body needs to function. Your body
also needs a large amount of protein. Without enough protein, you
may not be able to easily heal injuries or wounds.
When you don’t consume enough nutrients, your body becomes
malnourished. One type of malnourishment is Protein-energy
Malnutrition.
Protein-energy malnutrition doesn’t occur due to short-term illnesses.
It’s more likely due to malnutrition over a long period.
SYMPTOM OF MALNUTRITION
Fatigue
Difficulty staying warm
A lower body temperature
Diarrhea
Reduced appetite
A lack of emotion
Irritability
Weakness
Slower breathing
Numbness or tingling of the
hands and feet
Dry skin
Hair loss
Bruises
TYPES OFPROTEIN-ENERGY
MALNUTRITION
1. MARASMUS 2. KWASHIORKOR
NUTRITIONAL DISORDERS AND PROTEIN ENERGY MALNUTRITION
MARASMUS
Marasmus occurs more often in young children and babies that causes
severe loss of muscles, tissues and fats of the body. It leads to
dehydration and weight loss. Starvation is a form of this disorder.
SYMPTOMS OF MARASMUS
Weight loss
Muscle wasting
Dehydration
Chronic diarrhea
Stomach shrinkage
RISK FACTORS OF MARASMUS
Famine
Chronic starvation
Vitamins deficiency
Inadequate food intake
Adulterated water
KWASHIOKOR
Kwashiorkor occurs in people who have a severe protein deficiency.
Children who develop kwashiorkor are often older than children who
develop marasmus. Having a diet that’s mainly carbohydrates can lead
to this condition.
SYMPTOMS OF KWASHIOKOR
Edema, or puffy or swollen
appearance due to fluid retention
Bulging of the abdomen
An inability to grow or gain
weight
MARASMUS SYMPTOMS KWASHIORKOR SYMPTOMS
Weight loss An inability to grow or gain weight
Dehydration
Edema, or swelling of the hands
and feet
Stomach shrinkage Stomach bulging
Diarrhea
CAUSES OF MARASMUS AND
KWASHIOKOR
Lack of access to food
Living in poverty
Having an eating disorder
Lacking education about dietary needs
Taking medication that interferes with the absorption of nutrients
Having a medical condition that increases your body’s need for
calories
DIAGNOSIS
Your doctor will first look at physical symptoms. They’ll also ask
questions about your access to food, any history of eating disorders,
and medications you’re taking. They may also ask about your current
mental state or mood.
They may do a skin test to determine if your immune system is
working correctly. They may take a stool sample to rule out other
issues related to diarrhea if diarrhea is a symptom. Your doctor may
also test your urine or your blood to help identify a nutrition
deficiency.
TREATMENT
Both conditions are treatable by slowly increasing calorie intake
through several, small meals. Your doctor may add liquid protein
supplements if you have problems digesting food.
Doctors often recommend multivitamin supplements and may
prescribe medications to improve appetite. If the symptoms are severe,
hospitalization may be necessary.
NUTRIENTS AND THEIR QUANTITY/DAY
NUTRIENT QUANTITY PER DAY
Energy 8,700 kilojoules
Protein 50 grams
Fat 70 grams
Carbohydrates 310 grams
Sodium (salt) 2.3 grams
Dietary Fiber 30 grams

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NUTRITIONAL DISORDERS AND PROTEIN ENERGY MALNUTRITION

  • 1. NUTRITION Prepared by : Rabia Khan Baber Course Title : Biochemistry
  • 2. TOPICS OF THE PRESENTATION Nutritional disorders What is protein energy ? What are the symptoms of protein energy malnutrition ? What are the types of protein energy malnutrition ? What is marasmus and kwashiorkor ? What are its causes and risk factors ? What is the difference between these two ? Diagnosis Treatment
  • 3. AIMS AND OBJECTIVES What are nutritional disorders ? What is malnutrition ? What are the forms of malnutrition ? Etiology of malnutrition Symptoms of malnutrition Risk factors of malnutrition Nutritional disorders due to nutrients deficiency
  • 5. DEFINITION Nutritional disorder are diseases that occur when a person's dietary intake does not contain the right amount of nutrients for healthy functioning, or when a person cannot correctly absorb nutrients from food. Nutritional disorders can be caused by undernutrition, over nutrition or an incorrect balance of nutrients.
  • 6. MALNUTRITION Malnutrition is the impaired function that results from a prolonged deficiency or excess of total energy or specific nutrients such as protein, essential fatty acids, vitamins, or minerals. This condition can result from fasting and anorexia nervosa, persistent vomiting or inability to swallow; impaired digestion and intestinal malabsorption or chronic illnesses that result in loss of appetite (e.g., cancer, AIDS). Malnutrition also results from limited food availability.
  • 7. FORMS OF MALNUTRITION Undernutrition  Marasmus Over nutrition  Obesity, Hypervitaminoses Specific nutrition Hypovitaminoses , Kwashiorkor Imbalance nutrition Electrolyte imbalance
  • 8. MAIN NUTRITIONAL DISORDERS Obesity Starvation Anorexia nervosa Bulimia nervosa Vitamin deficiency Trace element deficiency
  • 10. RISK FACTORS OF MALNUTRITION Older adults, especially when they are in the hospital or long-term institutional care People who are socially isolated. For example, due to mobility issues, health problems, or other factors People recovering from or living with a serious illness or condition Those who have difficulty absorbing nutrients People with chronic eating disorders such as bulimia or anorexia nervosa
  • 11. SYMPTOMS OF NUTRITIONAL DISORDERS AND MALNUTRITION A lack of appetite or interest in food or drink Tiredness and irritability An inability to concentrate Always feeling cold Depression Loss of fat, muscle mass and body tissue A higher risk of getting sick and taking longer to heal Longer healing time for wounds A higher risk of complications after surgery
  • 12. DISEASE (AND KEY NUTRIENT INVOLVED) SYMPTOMS FOODS RICH IN KEY NUTRIENT Xerophthalmia (vitamin A) Blindness from chronic eye infections, poor growth, dryness and keratinization of epithelial tissues Liver, fortified milk, sweet potatoes, spinach, greens, carrots, apricots Rickets (vitamin D) Weakened bones, bowed legs, other bone deformities Fortified milk, fish oils, sun exposure Beriberi (thiamin) Nerve degeneration, altered muscle coordination, cardiovascular problems Pork, whole and enriched grains, dried beans, sunflower seeds Pellagra (niacin) Diarrhea, skin inflammation, dementia Mushrooms, bran, tuna, chicken, beef, peanuts, whole and enriched grains Scurvy (vitamin C) Delayed wound healing, internal bleeding, abnormal formation of bones and teeth Citrus fruits, strawberries, broccoli Iron-deficiency anemia (iron) Decreased work output, reduced growth, increased health risk in pregnancy Meat, spinach, seafood, broccoli, peas, bran, whole-grain and enriched breads Goitre (iodine) Enlarged thyroid gland, poor growth in infancy and childhood, possible mental retardation, cretinism Iodized salt, saltwater fish
  • 13. XEROPHTHALMIA Abnormal dryness of the conjunctiva and cornea of the eye, with inflammation and ridge formation, typically associated with vitamin A deficiency.
  • 14. RICKETS Rickets is a skeletal disorder that's caused by a lack of vitamin D, calcium or phosphate. These nutrients are important for the development of strong, healthy bones. People with rickets may have weak and soft bones, stunted growth and in severe cases, skeletal deformities.
  • 15. BERI-BERI Beriberi is a disease caused by a vitamin B-1 deficiency, also known as thiamine deficiency. It causes difficulty in walking, loss of sensation in hands and feet, loss of muscle function or paralysis of the lower legs and mental confusion/speech difficulties.
  • 16. PELLAGRA Pellagra is a disease caused by a lack of the niacin (vitamin B3). Pellagra is the "Disease Of The Three D's" 1. Diarrhea 2. Dermatitis 3. Dementia Other features are ulcerations within the mouth (glossitis), nausea. vomiting, seizures and balance disorder.
  • 17. SCURVY Scurvy is a disease resulting from a lack of vitamin C (ascorbic acid). Early symptoms of deficiency include weakness, feeling tired and sore arms and legs. Without treatment, decreased red blood cells, gum disease, changes to hair, and bleeding from the skin may occur.
  • 18. IRON DEFICIENCYANEMIA Iron deficiency anemia is a common type of anemia, a condition in which blood lacks adequate healthy red blood cells. Red blood cells carry oxygen to the body's tissues. As the name implies, iron deficiency anemia is due to insufficient iron.
  • 20. GOITRE Goitre is the swelling of neck resulting from enlargement of the thyroid gland. Its most common cause is deficiency of iodine
  • 21. OBESITY Obesity is a medical condition in which excess body fat has accumulated to the extent that it may have an adverse effect on health. It is defined by body mass index (BMI) and further evaluated in terms of fat distribution via the waist–hip ratio and total cardiovascular risk factors.
  • 23. DEFINITION Calories are units of energy your body needs to function. Your body also needs a large amount of protein. Without enough protein, you may not be able to easily heal injuries or wounds. When you don’t consume enough nutrients, your body becomes malnourished. One type of malnourishment is Protein-energy Malnutrition. Protein-energy malnutrition doesn’t occur due to short-term illnesses. It’s more likely due to malnutrition over a long period.
  • 24. SYMPTOM OF MALNUTRITION Fatigue Difficulty staying warm A lower body temperature Diarrhea Reduced appetite A lack of emotion Irritability Weakness Slower breathing Numbness or tingling of the hands and feet Dry skin Hair loss Bruises
  • 27. MARASMUS Marasmus occurs more often in young children and babies that causes severe loss of muscles, tissues and fats of the body. It leads to dehydration and weight loss. Starvation is a form of this disorder.
  • 28. SYMPTOMS OF MARASMUS Weight loss Muscle wasting Dehydration Chronic diarrhea Stomach shrinkage
  • 29. RISK FACTORS OF MARASMUS Famine Chronic starvation Vitamins deficiency Inadequate food intake Adulterated water
  • 30. KWASHIOKOR Kwashiorkor occurs in people who have a severe protein deficiency. Children who develop kwashiorkor are often older than children who develop marasmus. Having a diet that’s mainly carbohydrates can lead to this condition.
  • 31. SYMPTOMS OF KWASHIOKOR Edema, or puffy or swollen appearance due to fluid retention Bulging of the abdomen An inability to grow or gain weight
  • 32. MARASMUS SYMPTOMS KWASHIORKOR SYMPTOMS Weight loss An inability to grow or gain weight Dehydration Edema, or swelling of the hands and feet Stomach shrinkage Stomach bulging Diarrhea
  • 33. CAUSES OF MARASMUS AND KWASHIOKOR Lack of access to food Living in poverty Having an eating disorder Lacking education about dietary needs Taking medication that interferes with the absorption of nutrients Having a medical condition that increases your body’s need for calories
  • 34. DIAGNOSIS Your doctor will first look at physical symptoms. They’ll also ask questions about your access to food, any history of eating disorders, and medications you’re taking. They may also ask about your current mental state or mood. They may do a skin test to determine if your immune system is working correctly. They may take a stool sample to rule out other issues related to diarrhea if diarrhea is a symptom. Your doctor may also test your urine or your blood to help identify a nutrition deficiency.
  • 35. TREATMENT Both conditions are treatable by slowly increasing calorie intake through several, small meals. Your doctor may add liquid protein supplements if you have problems digesting food. Doctors often recommend multivitamin supplements and may prescribe medications to improve appetite. If the symptoms are severe, hospitalization may be necessary.
  • 36. NUTRIENTS AND THEIR QUANTITY/DAY NUTRIENT QUANTITY PER DAY Energy 8,700 kilojoules Protein 50 grams Fat 70 grams Carbohydrates 310 grams Sodium (salt) 2.3 grams Dietary Fiber 30 grams