The document discusses object-oriented programming concepts including objects, classes, data encapsulation, data abstraction, inheritance, and polymorphism. It provides examples to illustrate each concept and highlights advantages like increased modularity through abstraction and encapsulation. Disadvantages mentioned include OOP taking more time to execute due to high-level routines and offering fewer functions compared to low-level programming.

1. Introduction
Concepts
Advantages
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Disadvantages 1

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3. OBJECT
CLASS
DATA HIDING
DATA ABSTRACTION
DATA ENCAPSULATION
INHERITENCE
POLYMORPHISM
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4.  Object is an identifiable entity with some characterstics and
behaviour .
 Object represents data and its associated functions under
single unit .
For example : “ORANGE” is an object . Its characterstics are
– spherical shaped , color is orange . Its behaviour is – it is
juicy .
While Programming , the characterstics of an object are
represented by its data and its behaviour is represented by
its function associated .
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5.  A Class is a group of objects that shares common
properties and relationships .
For example : 1) Cars have been identified as objects .
They have characterstics like – steering wheel , a motor
,brakes etc and their behaviour is their mobility .
2) Bird is a class but Parrot is an object .
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6.  The wrapping up of data and functions(that operate on
the data) into a single unit is called data encapsulation .
To access the data is provided by functions .
These functions are called member functions in c++ .
Data can not be accessed directly .
“Encapsulation
implements
Abstraction”
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7.  Abstraction refers to the act of representing essential
features without including the background details or
explanations .
For example : “SWITCH BOARD”
We only press certain switches according our requirement
. What is happening inside , how it is happening etc .
We needn‟t know .
This is abstraction , we know only the essential things to
operate on switch board without knowing the
background details of switch board .
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8.  The relationships of classes through inheritance gives
rise to a hierarchy.
 Inheritance is the capability of one class of things to
inherit capabilities or properties from another class .
 Inheritance supports reusability and is transitive in
nature .
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9.  Polymorphism is the “ability for a message or data yo be
processed in more than one form” .
 Polomorphism is key to the power of oop .
 Languages that support classes but not polymorphism are
called object-based languages . „ADA‟ is such a language .
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10. a) Oops is closer to real life representation of the objects
which we want to program.
b) Hierarchical relationships can be represented using
Inheritance.(reusability, extensability).
c) Data can be divided as public and private.(data
protection) .
d) Program development becomes easy due to
increased Modularity.(abstraction and encapsulation)
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11. i. OOP is a high level concepts so takes more
time to execute as many routines run behind at
the time of execution.
ii. Offers less number of functions as compared
to low level programming which interacts
directly with hardware.
iii. Increased burden on part of OOP developer.
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