Training Report on Ramgarh Gas Thermal Power Plant

TRAINING REPORT
ON
RAMGARH GAS THERMAL POWER PLANT
Rajasthan Vidhyut Utpadan Nigam Ltd. Jaisalmer
Submitted in partial fulfillment of the diploma engineering of
(BTER), JODHPUR.
GOVT. POLYTECHNIC COLLEGE HANUMANGARH
Submitted To:- Submitted By:-
Swai Singh
H.O.D. Diploma 2ND Year
Mechanical Department Mechanical Engineering
GPC Hanumangarh GPC Hanumangarh
Period of Training
8th June 2015 To 5th July 2015
THIS FILE IS CREATED BY SWAI SINGH GODARA 9509974849 1

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I would like to acknowledge the officer’s and other staff
member of Ramgarh Gas Thermal Power Plant.
I express special thanks to
 Chief Engineer : SH. Z.A ATTARY
 Executive Engineer : SH. R.P MEENA
 Assistant Engineer : SH. DALA RAM CHOUDHARY
 Assistant Engineer : SH. TIKU RAM CHOUDHARY
 Assistant Engineer : SH. NARSI RAM
 Assistant Engineer : SH. G.R VYAS
 Assistant Engineer : SH. AMIT RANJAN
 Assistant Engineer : SH. MANISH MOURYA
 Junior Engineer : SH. KULDEEP MARWAL
for their valued time ,kind ,wise and illuminating
advise during training period.
SWAI SINGH
Diploma 2nd year
Mechanical Engineering
GPC Hanumangarh

RAMGARH GAS THERMAL POWER PLANT
Ramgarh gas thermal power station is the first gas thermal power
plant of Rajasthan. The first stage was commissioned on dated 15-
11-1994
LOCATION
Ramgarh gas thermal power plant is situated near
village Ramgarh,60 km away from Jaisalmer . The first unit of 3 MW
is not in operation now . The present installed capacity of the plant
is 270.50 MW
STAGE UNIT NO. CAPACITY COST (Rs.Crore) SYNCHORONISING DATE
|. GT-1 35.5 MW 180 12.01.1996
||. GT-2 37.5 MW 300 07.08.2002
ST-1 37.5 MW 25.04.2003
|||. GT-3 110 MW 640 20.03.2013
ST-2 50 MW 05.04.2014

OPERATIONAL PERFORMANCE OF PLANT :-
PARTICULARS GROSS PLANT LOAD AUX.POWER GAS
GENERATION(LU) FACTOR(%) CONSUMPTION(LU) CONS.(1000SCM)
2006-2007 4041.440 41.75% 268.179 240483
2007-2008 4141.153 42.78% 551.61 248876
2008-2009 3486.782 36.00% 333.116 209782
2009-2010 3539.44 36.57% 279.029 213635
2010-2011 3028.85 31.29% 161.452 183482
2011-2012 5367.94 55.30% 95.796 297151
2012-2013 4979.06 51.44% 90.245 272967
2013-2014 6733.195 52.92% 607.423 398509

INTRODUCTION ABOUT RAMGARH GAS THERMAL
POWER PLANT (RGTPP)
RGTPP is located near Ramgarh town at about 60 km from
district head quarter , Jaisalmer (Rajasthan) , which is largest district
of the state . Its installed capacity is 270.50 MW . This plant is located
in largest state of India, based on area .
There are problem in maintaining desired quality standards in
electric supply to Jaisalmer on account of excess losses because of
longer transmission lines . To rectify above problem and to utilize
available natural gas in this area RGTPP was established in this
border district whose existing capacity is 270.50 MW .
Seeing the increasing demand of electricity in this region for
various purpose like for providing drinking water in desert area , flood
lighting on INDO-PAK border fencing etc. , the State Govt .found it
essential to raise the capacity of RGTPP and therefore Rajasthan
Vidhyut Utpadan Nigam Ltd. established here four more units in third
and fourth stage of the project . In third stage , one gas turbine of
110 MW and one steam turbine of 50 MW capacities were installed.
Fourth stage is under planning . In fourth stage , one gas turbine of
110 MW and one steam turbine of 50 MW capacities were installed .
FIRST STAGE :
This unit is capable inn electric generation using both
gas and diesel as fuel . In power plant 12 underground tanks are
constructed for storage of diesel having total capacity of 2520 KLt .
Necessary equipments for this power plant were supplied by
BHEL(Bharat Heavy Electrical Ltd. ),and building construction was
carried out by Rajasthan State Bridge Construction Corporation.
In this stage only gas turbine (GT-1) is used which
includes a single unit of 35.5 MW .

SECOND STAGE :-
First unit of this power plant is being operated by
open cycle system , resulting in higher cost on electricity generation .
Reduction in cost is only possible when first unit is operated on
CombinedCombined Cycle System . So under expansion programming of this
project , work of installation of a gas turbine and a steam turbine is
taken in hand . In this system , electricity will be generated by a steam
turbine utilizing heat obtained from exhaust of gas turbines through a
Heat Recovery Boiler . Thus ,no additional fuel will be required for
operating Stem Turbine . Under stage-||, one Gas Turbine Unit (37.5
MW) was commissioned and synchronized with the grid on 07-08-
2002 . The Steam Turbine Unit (37.5 MW) was also commissioned
and synchronized with the grid on 25-05-2003 and thus the plant has
been made operational in Combined Cycle mode with a total capacity
of 110.5 MW .
THIRD STAGE :-
Under stage -|||, one gas unit of 110 MW commissioned on
20.03.2013 and the steam unit of 50 MW has been synchronized on
dated 05.04.2014.At present activities for the COD of the 50 MW STG
unit is under way.
FOURTH STAGE :-
160 MW stage-/ Gas Thermal Power Project is under planning stage .
Under stage- / , one Gas Unit of 110 MW and one Steam Unit of 50
MW capacities is under way .

Gas Transportation System :-
ONGC and IOCL are engaged in exploration of oil and natural gas deposits
in western Rajasthan . GAIL (Gas Authority Of India Ltd.) laid down
12”diameter and 35 km long pipe line for supply of gas from Gamnewala
based gas collection plant to Ramgarh , which has been further extended
up to Dandewala gas field of Oil India Ltd. Total distance of Dandewala gas
Terminal is approximately 67 km from Ramgarh Terminal . This pipe line
is being maintained by GAIL .
GAS , which is use in plant ,is mixture of different gas . Perchantage of gas
is as follows :
Availability of Water :-
Requirement of water for power plant is supplied through Sagar Mal
Gopa branch of IGNP (Indira Gandhi Nahar Project) . For this a 27
kmlong ,5.4 cusec capacity pipe line is laid from RD- 190 of Sagar Mal
Gopa branch to power plant . For ensuring proper electric supply
requirements ,a sub station of capacity 2*250 KVA ,33/0.4 KV ,and a
pumping station has been established at RD-190 in addition to
construction of water storage tank of capacity 77000m3 at power
plant .
GAS PERCENTAGE
NITROGEN 31.9064 %
METHANE 48.5668 %
CARBON DIOXIDE 18.8793 %
ETHANE 0.5009 %
PROPANE 0.0333 %
ISO- BUTANE 0.0285 %
N- BUTANE 0.0513 %
ISO- PENANE 0.0185 %
N- PENANE 0.0130 %
HEXANE O.OOOO %
TOTAL 100 %

Electricity Transmission System :-
To ensure efficient transmission of electricity generated in the power
plant , a 215 km long Ramgarh - Jaisalmer -Barmer line of 132 KV has
been laid .
Expected System Operation :-
In spite of unfavorable geographical conditions and availability of
lower quality gas than required , expected electricity is being
generated in this power plant .
The details of total energy generated from this power station during
last fifteen years are as under : -
Year Energy Generated(MU)
1999-00 228
2000-01 229
2001-02 120
2002-03 221
2003-04 238
2004-05 361.13
2005-06 435.62
2006-07 404.14
2007-08 414.11
2008-09 348.67
2009-10 424.11
2010-11 430.15
2011-12 431.98

BRIEF INTRODUCTION OF PLANT OPERATION
At RGTPP Gas to the turbines is being
supplied through GAIL from oil wells of ONGC and OIL ,which are the
attached to discover oil and natural gas recourses in Western
Rajasthan . The quantity of the gas is 6-8 Lac SCM per day . From GAIL
Terminal gas is supplied to Gas Booster Compressor(GBC motor)at
pressure of 10-15 kg/cm2 and quantity of the gas is 6-8 Lac SCM per
day . There are two GBC motor in RGTPP . The work of the GBC motor
is to compress gas and to supply required quantity of gas for power
production . In compressing process by GBC the pressure of the gas
increases from 10-15 kg/cm2 to 18-23 kg/cm2 . The output of the
GBC motor is first merged and then is divided further , before
blowing into the Combustion Chamber . There are three gas turbine
in GTPP ,GT-1,GT-2 and GT-3 . The blowing pressure is 18-23kg/cm2 .

Combustion Chamber is a place where ignition of fuel mixed with air
occurs with the help of the sparkplugs , the voltage on both of the
sparkplugs 15000V DC . On combustion ,the gas gets mixed with air
than the gas will expand and air pressure increases . The air exhaust
on the gas turbine fans gas turbine starts to rotate . There are three
generators of 35.5 MW, 37.5 MW and 110 MW attached with GT-1 ,
GT-2 and GT -3 respectively, mounted on the same shaft as the
turbine .so GT-1 , GT-2 , and GT -3 Produces 35.5 MW ,37.5 MW and
110 MW electricity respectively. The exhaust of GT is flue gases .the
temperature of the flue is near about 500deg C . This exhaust may
also be relived into the atmosphere with help of controlled valves .
But this exhaust is taken in use to produce electricity . So this power
plant is called Combined Cycle Power Plant. This exhaust (flue gas) of
the gas turbine is further passed into the Heat Recovery Steam
Generator (HRSG). It is boiler . Water circulating in drum is
superheated with the help of flue gases . This superheated steam
runs the Steam Turbine Generator , so it is called unfired combined
cycle. The generator is mounted on the same shaft as of the ST-1
and ST-2 , produce 37.5 MW and 50 MW electricity . The steam
which is blowing on the gas turbine should be superheated .
Steam should be superheated so that –
 No Corrosion will occur ,
 Enthalpy drop will be less .
Power generation is also done at low voltage because of the
insulation problem . If the power generation is done at high voltage
then there are following disadvantages –
1. Losses will be more
2. Wire may burn out
3. High insulation will be required which is very costly .THIS FILE IS CREATED BY SWAI SINGH GODARA 9509974849 11

POWER PLANT CYCLE
Ramgarh Gas Thermal power Station is Combined Cycle Power
Station .
Open Cycle :
When Gas Turbine (GT) exhaust is diverted into the atmosphere
due to no provision of HRSG (Heat Recovery Steam Generator)
or non availability of HRSG then it is called is running in open
cycle . In open cycle as a gas turbine high exhaust gas is not
utilized for heat transfer in boiler so its efficiency will come
down .
Combined cycle :-
When Gas Turbine exhaust is diverted to HRSG in which
high temperature Gas Turbine exhaust gas passes through HP Super
Heater , HP Economizer , LP Evaporator ,LP Economizer , and
Condenser Pre-Heater (CPH) thus heat of gas turbine exhaust get
absorbed by above series of tanks located inside the HRSG and
temperature of Gas Turbine exhaust which is about 570 deg C will
come down to 135 deg C. By utilizing the heat of Gas Turbine exhaust
HRSG (Boiler) generates Steam which is used to run Steam Turbine
Generator (STG) .
Thus we can generates an additional power (about 50 % of gas turbine)
generation in Steam Turbine Generator without any extra fuel cost .
Thus we can get 30 % extra efficiency by running the gas turbine in
combined cycle . As gas turbine is operated on Brayton Cycle principle
and steam turbine is rotated on Rankine Cycle principle that is why it is
called Combined Cycle .
Advantage Of Combined Cycle Process :
Decreases in capital cost per MW installed
High overall efficiency i.e. 48 %
Compact in size
Low man power required for its operation and maintenance
Low water requirement
Pollution Free atmosphere and clean works place
Low installation time
High reliability and flexibility of the plant

BRAYTON CYCLE :-
RANKINE CYCLE :-
Steam turbine are described thermodynamically by the Rankine cycle.
This cycle follows the idea of the Carnot cycle but can be practically
implemented.
In this cycle :
4-1 isentropic pump 1-2 constant pressure heat addition
2-3 isentropic turbine 3-4 constant pressure heat rejection
Gas turbines are described thermodynamically by the Brayton cycle
In this cycle:
 1-2 Isentropic compression (in a compressor)
 2-3 Constant pressure heat addition (in a combustor)
 3-4 Isentropic expansion (in a turbine)
 4-1 Constant pressure heat rejection

INTRODUCTION TO PLANT EQUIPMENTS
Combined cycle power plants are installed now days at many places in
our country .
1.0 GAS TURBINE EQUIPMENTS :-
1.1 Compressor :-
The atmosphere air is compressed to the 17 stage
compressor and before it passes through the filter . The compressor
ratio is 10 and this is routed to the combustors .

1.2 Combustors :-
The fuel (gas) is provided to ten equal flow lines ,each
terminating at a fuel nozzle centered in the end plate of a ten separate
combustion chamber and prior to being distributed to the nozzles ,that
fuel is actually controlled at a rate consistent with the speed and load
requirements of gas turbine . The nozzle introduces the fuel into the
combustion chambers where it mixes with the combustion air and is
ignited by the spark plugs . At instant when fuel is ignited in one
combustion chamber , flame is propagated through connecting crossfire
tubes to all other combustion chamber .

1.3 Transition pieces :-
The hot gases from the combustion chambers expand into the
ten separate transition pieces and from there to the three stage
turbine section of the machine.
1.4 Turbine :-
There are three stage of the turbine and each consists of a row of
fixed nozzle row, the kinetic energy of the jet is increased with an
associated pressure drop and in each following row of a moving
buckets, a portion of the kinetic energy of the jet is absorbed as
useful work on the turbine rotor.

1.5 Exhaust :
After passing through the third stage buckets , the gases are directed into
the exhaust hood diffuser which contains a series of turning vanes to turn
the gases from an axial direction , thereby minimizing exhaust hood losses.
The gases then pass into the exhaust plenum and are introduced to
atmosphere through the exhaust stack or to the HRSG .
2.0 GAS TURBINE SUPPORT SYSTEM AND THEIR EQUIPMENTS:-
2.1 Starting System :-
2.1.1 Diesel Engine :-
Diesel engine / starting motor /main generator with static frequency
converter. Diesel or starting motor with torque convertor or main
generator with SFC is used as a starting device for gas turbine. We have
Detroit make diesel engine of 590 hp for starting purpose .
2.1.2 Torque Converter :-
It transfers torque for DG to Gas Turbine . It is a hydraulic coupling which
transfers torque from zero speed to self sustaining speed of Gas Turbine
(i.e. about 60 % speed) .
2.1.3 Accessory gear Box :-
It accommodates following equipment's
 Main tube oil pump ,
 Main hydraulic pump ,
 Main fuel oil pump ,
 Atomizing air compressor.

2.1.4 Hydraulic Ratchet :-
It rotates the turbine shaft when gas turbine is on cool down . It also
helps while break away of Gas Turbine during starting . It consists of
a ratchet mechanism operated by hydraulic device . Oil is supplied
by a DC driven positive displacement pump .
2.1.5 Jaw Clutch Mechanism :-
It transmits power from Diesel Engine or Ratchet Mechanism to Gas
Turbine through Torque Converter.
2.2 Lubricating Oil System :
Major equipment of the system are :-
2.2.1 Oil Reservoir :
The capacity is 3300 gallons . The total system requirement is 3500
gallons .
2.2.2 Lubricating Pump :
Main lube oil pump is accessory gear driven. also for starting a/c
power driven lube oil pump of 175 m head and 460gpm flow is
provided . For emergency purpose DC pump of 910m head and
250gpm flow is provided . During emergency pump in service filter
remain by pass .
2.2.3 Heat Exchanger :
Two coolers are provided for cooling oil each of 100% capacity .
2.2.4 Gas Skid :
The function of the gas conditioning skid is to supply gas to gas
Turbine free from condensate and gas particles .

2.2.5 Scrubber :
The function of the scrubber is to remove condensate from gas by
centrifugal action by the use of no. parting plates within the scrubber
itself . There is provision of solenoid operated drain valve for removal
of condensate which is sensed by a level switch .
2.2.6 Filter :
The function of filter is to remove any foreign particles from the gas
and to supply totally clean gas . This filters are of cartridge type and
replaceable if D.P. across the filter increases .
2.2.7 Pressure Control Valve :
The function of the pressure control valve is to regulate down steam
pressure up to 22 kg/cm2 if upstream pressure is more . This is the
designed value for inlet the gas stop ratio control valve.

2.2.8 Condensate Tank :
All the condensate collected at the bottom of the scrubber is routed
to the tank through drain piping . For this is level controller on the
scrubber which will operate on maximum and minimum level
scrubber.
Air Intake System :
Filters :
There are 396 no. of filters connected in different rows . These filters
are made of cellulose fiber .
Filter Cleaning :
Reverse pulse self cleaning system is provided for cleaning of these
fibers . Processor air is used for these pulsations . Each row is given
reverse pulse at fixed time interval and in predefined rotation .
Air Processing Unit :
Air from the compressor output is taken to finned tube cool it and is
passed through the dryer for removing moisture .
2.3 Cooling and Sealing Air System :
Air for the bearing sealing is extracted from the 5th stage of the
compressor. Centrifugal removes dust and other foreign particles .Two
centrifugal blowers are provided for turbine shell cooling .THIS FILE IS CREATED BY SWAI SINGH GODARA 9509974849 20

2.4 Ventilating System :
Being a closed system, air circulation is provided by following
ventilating fans in different compartments :
 Accessory and gas turbine compartment vent fan-2 no .
 Load gear compartment -2 no.
 Gas valve compartment vent fan -1 no.
 Load gear oil vapors fan -1 no.
2.5 Gas Turbine and Compressor cleaning system :
Compressor washing skid consists of :
 Water tank with heaters
 Water pump
 Detergent pump
 Water wash valve (electrically operated)
Rice hoper is provided at compressor suction for solid compound
cleaning of compressor .
3. REDUCING GEAR BOX :
Gas Turbine speed is 5100 rpm , but generator speed is designed as
3000 rpm, so reducing gear box is provided to reduce speed to 3000
rpm.
REDUCING GEAR BOX

4.0 H.R.S.G. AND STEAM TURBINE EQUIPMENT :
4.1 H.R.S.G :
HRSG is a horizontal , natural circulation ,bid rum ,dual pressure
unfired water tube boiler . It is designed to generate HP steam at 62
kg/cm2 pressure and 483 deg C temperature with 59.9 t/hr steam flow
.LP steam is generated at 5 kg/cm2 pressure and at saturated
temperature with 10.9 t/hr steam flow . These HRSGs are having
facilities of HP and LP bypass system 100% for both the circuits to
match the rated parameters (pressure and temperature) while starting
the HRSGs and to minimize the losses of water and heat while shutting
down the m/c . These are also useful when STG trips and to keep
boiler in service .
Major equipment of recovery boilers are :
 Diverter damper and its seal air fan ,
 Super heater ,
 Evaporator (HP & LP) ,
 Economizer (HP-1 ,HP-2 & LP) ,
 CPH ,
 Stack (height) .

4.2 Steam Turbine :
The HP Steam Turbine is drawn from HP steam header of HRSG 1 & 2.
The HP Steam parameters of the HP steam are 60 kg/cm2 pressure and
480 deg C temperature . The LP steam to turbine is drawn from LP
steam header of HRSG 1 & 2 . The LP steam parameters of LP steam are
4.3 kg/cm2 and 148 deg C temperature .

4.3 Condensate Circuit Equipment :
It consists of condensers , ejectors ,extraction pumps ,gland steam
condenser .
4.3.1 Condenser :
It is a two pass condenser having 9084 no. of tubes having cooling
surface area of 3070 m2 . It has steam condensing capacity of 137 t/hr
,cooling water flow of 7050 m3/hr .
4.3.2 Ejectors :
Two no. of two pass ejectors are provided each having a capacity of
handling 15 kg/hr dry air 49 kg/hr air- water vapor mixture . One
starting ejector is also there of 220 kg/hr of dry air handling
capacity at a suction pressure of 0.33 atmosphere .
4.3.3 Extraction Pumps :
Two no. of pumps each of 100 % capacity in the system . Each has a
capacity of 95 m head and 186 m3/hr flow .
4.3.4 Gland Steam Condenser :
Steam leaking from turbine glands is used to raise the temperature
of the condensate by GSC . Two no. of fans are provided for
extracting steam .
4.4 Feed Water Circuit :
It consists of the feed water tank ; HP & LP feed water pumps .
4.4.1 Feed Water Tank :
It is mounted mounted at elevation of 9 m so it is provides a net
positive suction head to the boilers feed pumps . It is also has a
dearator at the top of the tank for mechanical dearation of the
feed water .

4.4.2 HP Feed Pumps :
Three feed pumps of 50 % duty are provided to feed H.P. water to the
boiler . Each is a KSB make , multistage pump with discharge head of
925 m and 75 m3/hr .
4.4.3 LP Feed Pumps :
Three feed pumps of 50 % duty are provided to feed L.P. water to the
boiler . Each is a Beacon water make , multistage pump with discharge
head of 117 m and 11.5 m3/hr.
5.0 COMMON SUPPORT SYSTEM FOR GT AND ST :-
5.1 CW and ACW System :
There are three CW pumps each of 50 % capacity of 23 m head and
3850 t/hr flow . The circulate water in steam turbine condenser and ST
oil cooler . There are three ACW pumps each of 50 % capacity of 34 m
head and 576 t/hr flow . They circulate water in following gas turbine
auxiliaries :
 Diesel engine ,
 Lube Oil coolers ,
 Generator air coolers .
It also circulates in feed pump bearing , coolers of AC plant ,air
compressors ,ADU s and boilers water sample coolers .
5.2 Air Compressors :
Air is required for the following purposes :
 For pneumatic operations of all control valves ,
 At different maintenance work places for cleaning ,
 If required it can be used for GT filter cleaning .
There are three kirlosker make horizontal, balanced opposed piston
compressor each of 8.1 kg/cm2 head and 253 Nm cusec/hr air flow. Air
from the receiver tank is directed to air drying unit to moister free .

5.3 Raw Water System :
Three no. of bore wells supply raw water reservoir from which is
transferred to water treatment plant by use of raw water pumps each
of 125 t/hr flow capacity. Each bore wells is of @ 125 to 150 t/hr flow
capacity . Daily raw water consumption of the plant is around 40000 t.
5.4 Laboratory :
Any power plant requires soft water and dematerialized water in large
quantity. There are soft water plant (capacity7.2 t/hr*2) which is used
in the boiler water circuit. Apart from that, a continuous watch is kept
of water chemistry of HRSG water to keep its parameters (such as ph
and conductivity) within a specified range.
5.5 Fire Protection System :
It includes no. of water pumps, hallon & co2 bank, nozzle and piping
net work, flame and smoke detectors and emulsifies. There are three
types of water pumps :
 Hydrant pump (Motor and DE operated) ,
 HVWS pump ,
 Jockey pump.
5.6 Black Start D.G Set :
In thee event of total power failure, GT can be started with the help of
diesel generating set (500 KVA, 680Amp. max) which is capable of
supplying power to the bare minimum requirement of the auxiliaries
of one gas turbine. Later, other auxiliaries can be started with the help
of running gas turbine.

CONSTRUCTION DETAILS OF GAS TURBINE
1. COMPRESSOR SECTION
General :
The axial-flow compressor consist of the compressor rotor and the
enclosing casing. The inlet guide vanes, the seventeen stage of the
rotor and stator balding and the two exit guide vanes are included with
in the compressor casing.
In compressor, air is confined to the space
between the rotor and stator balding where it is compressed in stage
by a series of alternate rotating (rotor) and stationary (stator) aerofoil-
shaped blades. The rotor blades supply the force needed to compress
the air in each stage and the stator blades guide the air so that it
enters the following rotor stage at the proper angle. The compressed
air exits through the compressor discharge casing to the combustion
chambers. Air is exerted from the compressor for turbine cooling
bearing sealing and , during start-up, for pulsation control.
Rotor :
The compressor rotor is an assembly of fifteen wheels two-stub shaft,
through bolts, and the compressor rotor bulkhead. The first stage rotor
blades are mounted on the wheel portion of the forward stub shaft.
Stator :
The stator (casing) area of the compressor section is composed of five
major sections :
a) Inlet Casing
b) Inlet Guide Vanes
c) Forward Compressor Casing
d) Aft Compressor Casing
e) Compressor Discharge Casing

2. COMBUSTION SECTION :
General :
The combustion system is the reverse flow type and comprises ten
combustion chambers with liners, flow sleeves, transition pieces and
crossfire tubes. Flame detectors, crossfire tubes, fuel nozzle and spark
plug igniters are also part of the complete system. Hot gases,
generated fro the burning of fuel in the combustion chambers, are
used to drive the turbine.
Combustion Chambers :
Discharge air from the axial-flow compressor enters the combustion
chamber from cavity at the center of the unit. The air flows upstream
along the outside of the combustion liner towards the 1 inner cap. This
air enters the combustion chamber reaction zone through the fuel
nozzle swirl tip (when fitted) and through metering holes in the both
the cap and liner. When the nozzles supplied are not of the type fitted
with a swirl tip, the combustion chambers are fitted with a tabulator
system.
The hot combustion gases from the reaction zone pass through
a thermal soaking zone and then into a dilution zone where additional
air is mixed with a combustion gases. Metering holes inn the dilution
zone allows the correct amount of air to enter and cool the gases to
the required temperature. Opening located along the length of the
combustion liner cap provide a film of air for cooling the walls on the
liner and cap. Transition pieces direct the hot gases from the liners to
the turbine nozzles.
3. SPARK PLUGS :
Combustion is a initiated by means of high-voltage, retractable-
electrode spark plugs installed in two of the combustion chambers.
This spring-injected and pressure-retracted plugs receive their energy
from ignition transformers. At the time of firing, a spark at one or both
of these plugs ignites the combustion gases in a chamber. The gases in
the remaining chambers are ignited by crossfire through the tubes that
interconnect the reaction zones of the remaining chambers. As rotor
speed increases, chamber pressure causes the spark plugs to retract
and the electrodes are removed from the combustion zone.

RATING OF GAS TURBINES:
GAS TURBINE-1
(GT-1)
GAS PRESSURE ( kg/cm2 ) 22 kg/cm2
HYDRAULIC OIL PRESSURE ( kg/cm2 ) 80 kg/cm2
GENERATOR BEARING PRESSURE ( kg/cm2 ) 0.5 kg/cm2
RATIO VALVE GAS PRESSURE ( kg/cm2 ) 16 kg/cm2
LUBE OIL PRESSURE ( kg/cm2 ) 2 kg/cm2
GAS TEMPERATURE ( deg C) 120 deg C
LUBE OIL TANK TEMPERATURE ( deg C ) 50-60 deg C
GENERATOR rpm 3000 rpm
GENERATOR TURBINE rpm 5000 rpm
GENERATOR VOLTAGE ( kilo volt ) 11 KV
TURBINE MW 35.5 MW

GAS TURBINE-2
( GT-2 )
GAS TURBINE-3
( GT-3 )
GENERATOR TURBINE rpm 5000 rpm
TURBINE MW 37.5 MW
GENERATOR TURBINE rpm 5000Rpm
TURBINE MW 110 MWTHIS FILE IS CREATED BY SWAI SINGH GODARA 9509974849 30

STEAM TURBINE GENERATOR
INTRODUCTION :
Ramgarh Gas Thermal Power Plant Steam Turbo
Generator (STG-1) is of the capacity of 37.5 MW and STG runs in
Combined Cycle mode utilizing waste heat of exhaust of GT-1 ( capacity
of 35.5 MW) and GT-2 ( capacity of 37.5 MW). Steam Turbo Generator
(STG-2) is of the capacity of 50 MW and STG runs in Combined Cycle
mode utilizing waste heat of exhaust of GT-3 ( capacity 110 MW).
In such Combined Cycle Power Plant higher thermal
efficiency is achieved as compared to coal based thermal power plant.
Brief introduction of the parts/equipment of the STG power plant is as
follows :
1. Turbine :
The function of the turbine is to drive the generator at a
speed of 3000 rpm. The heat energy of steam (enthalpy) is converted
in mechanical energy as steam expands in turbine. Before entering the
main stream in turbine it passes through emergency stop valve and
control valve located at turbine floor, there are 53 stage in turbine, one
stage consists of a set of fixed blade mounted on inner casing and
rotary blade mounted on turbine shaft. LP injection is connected after
43 stage of turbine. The turbine shaft is supported by the front bearing
(Journal and thrust bearing) and the rear bearing (Journal bearing).
The axial thrust produced in the moving blades is balanced by
balancing drum located in the front side of turbine. The residual thrust
forces of turbine that have not been compensated by balancing piston
are taken up by the front thrust bearing. The rear bearing of turbine
houses the oil hydraulic turning device used for running the turbine on
bearing gear. Turbine gland sealing is done to avoid air entry initially at
both gland ends at in running to seal the LP end gland. When turbine is
running sealing is done through turbine leak steam itself and balance
steam flows to condenser.

1.1 Turbine Oil System :
1.1.1 Main Oil Tank (MOT) :
MOT is located on 5 m. it serves for storing the oil volume required for
governing and Lubrication system. Oil vapor in oil tank are vented out
by an oil vapor exhaust fan installed at the top of MOT. The MOT is
provided with oil centrifuge inlet connection at bottom and the oil
centrifuge return is connected back to oil tank. The oil centrifuge
cleans the oil stored in MOT.
1.1.2 Main Oil Pump (MOP) :
Lubrication oil needed for turbine bearing, governing oil system and
barring gear is supplied by MOP. The bearing Lubrication oil is supplied
after cooler and duplex filter but governing oil and barring gear oil
flows directly from the MOP discharge header.
Discharge Pressure - 10.2 kg/cm2
Flow - 150 m3/hr
Motor rating - 55 KW, 93A
Standby pump comes inn service at header pr. Below - 6.5 kg/cm2
1.1.3 Emergency Oil Pump (EOP) :
In the case of tripping/non availability of MOP, EOP server for supplying
oil for bearing cooling. The emergency oil pumps cuts in automatically
when oil header pressure falls below 0.9 kg/cm2 in the event of further
pressure fall in header, Oil shell be fed from an overhead oil tank
placed about 6.5 m over the turbine.
Turning operation is to be continued till
the turbine rotor cools off. When AC power fails then turning operation
is done by hand wheel, but EOP and JOP must be started at that time.
1.1.4 Jacking Oil Pump :
In the case of start up and shut down, on bearing
gear it is necessary to supply the high oil pressure to lift the shafting
system slightly so as to avoid metal to metal contact. Friction between
shaft and bearing. For this purpose two nos. JOPS are provided; one is
AC-JOP and another is DC-JOP.
Discharge Pressure - 120 kg/cm2
Flow - 50 l/m
Motor rating - 18.9 KW, 33A (AC-JOP)

1.1.5 Turbine Design Rating :
Rated output - 38.7 MW
Maximum output - 44.4 MW
Specified inlet steam pressure - 76.0ata
Max. permissible inlet steam pressure - 90.0ata
MS inlet temperature - 518 deg C
Max. permissible inlet steam temp. - 526.3 deg C
Exhaust pressure - 0.1ata or (-) 0.9kg/cm2 vacuums
1.1.6 Turbine Tripping :
Turbine over speed operated - 3300 rpm
Bearing temperature very high – 120 deg C
2. Heat Recovery Steam Generator (HRSG) :
Three numbers of HRSG are established; one each for steam generation
utilizing waste heat of exhaust gases of GT-1, GT-2 and GT-3
respectively. HRSG is natural circulation Unfired Steam Generator Feed
water coming from BFP discharge passes through the tube bunches of
different modules of heat transfer surface and gets heated by gas
turbine exhaust flowing in surrounding duct.
HRSG has seven heat transfer surface as mentioned below :
1. High Pressure Super Heater
2. HP-Evaporator including HP drum
3. HP-Economizer for preheating the feed water entering in drum.
These are three in nos.
4. LP- Super Heater
5. LP- Evaporator including LP drum
6. LP- Economizer
7. Condensate preheated (CPH) for heating condensate water before
flowing to Deaerotar.

HRSG Tripping :
HRSG Tripping means closing of diverter damper and closing of MS
(main supply) stop valve (MS 138 in case of HP steam and MS 23 in
case of LP steam).
It is tripped due to following reasons :
a. HP drum level very low – (-) 512 mm
b. HP drum level very high – (+) 175 mm
c. LP drum level very low –(-) 438 mm
d. LP drum level very high –(+) 175 mm
e. Pushing of both emergency trip push buttons from annunciation
panel.
3. Generator :
MW – 40.8 Stator volt – 11 KV
Pf – 0.80 Stator Current – 2677 A
MVA – 51 Rotor volt – 246 V
Rotor amp – 717 A
Cooling – air (which is further cooled by ACW water in air cooler
located at 0 m.)
4. Water & Steam Cycle Equipment :
The water is store in water storage tank from Sagar Mal Gopa branch of
India Gandhi Nahar Project. Then water is supplied by pump or pipe.
The following equipments are used :
(a) Deaerator :
It is two parts; one is Deaerating column where
Deaeration takes place in spray valve cum tray chamber and another
is Feed water storage tank, which is used, as water reservoir tank
with capacity of 27.5 m3. whole assembly is known as Deaerator.
Stream pegging is also done in Deaerator to increase Deaeration,
feed water temperature and BFP suction pressure. Condensate
discharge through CPH (condensate preheater) comes here in a
chamber with 12 spray valve and 9 tray S and Deaeration takes
place. Air comes out of the vent and water flows down in reservoir
feed water storage tank.

(b) HP BFP :
High Pressure Boiler Feed Pumps are in no. and two are continuously
running for full load operation. Its full load parameter is as follows :-
Discharge pressure – 133.5 kg/cm2
HP BFP trips at 120 kg/cm2 discharge pressure.
(c) LP BFP :
LP BFPs are similar in constructions and operation as HP BFP
mentioned above but with very low capacity as compared to the HP
BFP. Its full load parameter are as follows :
Discharge Pressure – 15.28 kg/cm2
LP BFP trips at 14kg/cm2 discharge pressure.
(d) Condenser :
Turbine exhaust is connected to condenser. Condenser here used is
surface condenser. Circulating water pump discharge water flows
through condenser tubes & cools steam in surrounding areas
coming out of turbine. Hot wells is bottom part of condensate
resulting from condensation of steam is collected and we can add
make up water here to compensate line losses of closed water
cycle. The pressure at outlet of condensate is negative.
Condensate pressure – (-) 0.9 kg/cm2
Condensate cooling water temperature – 33 deg C
(e) Condenser Extraction Pumps :
Condensate Extraction Pump (CEP) are three in nos. and out of
them two pumps run for full load operation. These vertical pumps
are used to facilitate pumping the condensate back to deaerator.
Now condensate extracting out of CEP is heated injector gland
steam cooler, condensate preheated, deaerator and in economizer
before reaching to steam generator so as temperature is increased
up to 140 deg and thermal efficiency is improved.
Discharge Pressure – 14.8 kg/cm2
Flow – 107 m3/hr
Full load current – 123 A
Motor rating – 75 KW

(f) Ejector :
Ejectors are used to create vacuum in condenser. Starting ejector is
charged initially to create fast vacuum. Starting Ejector basically
consist of a nozzle through which pressure energy of incoming
auxiliary steam is converted in kinetic energy and passing through
high velocity it entails air from condenser and the exhausted air
and steam flows to the atmosphere.
Whereas in main ejector auxiliary steam
accelerating through nozzle is also being utilized in heating CEP
discharge condensate and the condensed steam flows to
condenser through manual valves in stead of being exhausted to
atmosphere as in case of starting ejector.
(g) Condensate Preheater :
Condensate preheater (CPH) is located as a last heat transfer
surface in exhaust gas path before flowing to 70 m high stacks.
Condensate water flowing in CPH tubes heated through exhaust
gas.
CPH inlet water temperature – 48 deg C
Outlet water temperature – 94.7 deg C
5. HP bypass and LP bypass (HP BP & LP BP):
HPBP and LPBP are used to bypass the turbine rolling parameter is
achieved. HPBP line is tapped off from individual HRSG MS line and
valves are located at 5 m in front of condenser. Similarly LPBP line is
tapped off from individual from HRSG (LP system) and one valve is
located in the front of condenser at 5 m and is behind the
condenser at separate platform. HPBP & LPBP dumps MS directly to
condenser after reducing pressure. Downstream temperature are
reduced in case of HPBP by spraying BFP discharge water.
HPBP / LPBP control valves on following protections
(1) HPBP / LPBP downstream pr. High – 6 kg/cm2
(2) Condenser pr. (Vacuum) low – 0.6 kg/cm2
(3) Condenser wall temperature high – 200 deg C

HRSG Section :
High Pressure Boiler Feed Pump (HP-BFP) :
Low Pass Boiler Feed Pump (LP-BFP) :
SUCTION PRESSURE (kg/cm2) 3 kg/cm2
DISCHARGE PRESURE (kg/cm2) 120 kg/cm2
DP ACROSS SUCTION PRESSURE (MMWC) 800MMWC
BALANCE LINE PRESSURE (kg/cm2) 3 kg/cm2
A.C.W SUCTION PRESSURE (kg/cm2) 3.5 kg/cm2
A.C.W DISCHARGE PRESSURE (kg/cm2) 3.2 kg/cm2
A.C.W INLET TEMPERATURE (deg C) 32 deg C
A.C.W OUTLET TEMPERATURE (deg C) 32 deg C
MOTOR WINDING TEMPERATURE (deg C) 50 deg C
MOTOR BEARING TEMPERATURE (deg C) 50-70 deg C
Rpm 2972 rpm
KW 600 KW
SUCTION PRESSURE (kg/cm2) 2.5 kg/cm2
DISCHARGE PRESSURE (kg/cm2) 20 kg/cm2
FEED WATER TEMPERATURE INLET (deg C) 100 deg C
FEED WATER TEMPERATURE OUTLET (deg C) 95 deg C
D.P. ACROSS STRAINER (MMWC) 4000 MMWC
KW 20 KW
RPM 2930 rpmTHIS FILE IS CREATED BY SWAI SINGH GODARA 9509974849 37

STEAM TURBINE GENERATOR - 1(STG-1) :
HEADER PRESSURE (kg/cm2) 8.8 kg/cm2
LUBE OIL TANK TEMPERATURE (deg C) 50 deg C
AUXILIARY STEAM PRESSURE (kg/cm2) 11.2 kg/cm2
AUXILIARY STEAM TEMPERATURE (deg C) 180 deg C
CONDENSER VACUUM VALVE (kg/cm2) -0.92 kg/cm2
SEAL STEAM PRESSURE (kg/cm2) 0.3 kg/cm2
SEAL STEAM TEMPERATURE (deg C) 120 deg C
CEP HEADER PRESSURE (kg/cm2) 15 kg
CEP MOTOR CURRENT (amp) 95 amp
HPCV POSITION 0-100 %
LPCV POSITION 0-100 %
CONTROL OIL PRESSURE (kg/cm2) 8 kg/cm2
TRIP OIL PRESSURE (kg/cm2) 9kg/cm2
BEARING OIL PRESSURE (kg/cm2) 0.35 kg/cm2
BEARING OIL TEMPERATURE (deg C) 55 deg C
STEAM TURBINE rpm 3000 rpm
GENERATOR VOLTAGE (KV) 11 KV
TURBINE MW 37.5 MW

STEAM TURBINE GENERATOR – 2 (STG-2) :
HEADER PRESSURE (kg/cm2) 8.8 kg/cm2
LUBE OIL TANK TEMPERATURE (deg C) 50 deg C
AUXILIARY STEAM PRESSURE (kg/cm2) 11.2 kg/cm2
AUXILIARY STEAM TEMPERATURE (deg C) 180 deg C
CONDENSER VACUUM VALVE (kg/cm2) -0.92 kg/cm2
SEAL STEAM PRESSURE (kg/cm2) 0.3 kg/cm2
SEAL STEAM TEMPERATURE (deg C) 120 deg C
CEP HEADER PRESSURE (kg/cm2) 15 kg
CEP MOTOR CURRENT (amp) 95 amp
HPCV POSITION 0-100 %
LPCV POSITION 0-100 %
CONTROL OIL PRESSURE (kg/cm2) 8 kg/cm2
TRIP OIL PRESSURE (kg/cm2) 9kg/cm2
BEARING OIL PRESSURE (kg/cm2) 0.35 kg/cm2
BEARING OIL TEMPERATURE (deg C) 55 deg C
STEAM TURBINE rpm 3000 rpm
GENERATOR VOLTAGE (KV) 11 KV
TURBINE MW 50 MW

6. Auxiliaries :
6.1 Circulating Water Pump (CW Pump) :
These are three in nos. and located in pump house. These pumps are
used for circulating water through condenser tubes so as to condense
the turbine exhaust steam
 Discharge pressure – 2.5 kg/cm2
 Flow – 4500 m3/hr
 Full load Current – 43 A
 Motor rating – 400 KW, 6.6 KV
6.2 Auxiliary Cooling Water Pump (ACW Pump) :
These are two nos. and also located in pump house. These pumps are
used for following purpose :
i. BFG brig and seal water-cooling
ii. Generator air –cooling
iii. Compressor lube oil cooling
iv. Turbine bearing oil cooling
v. In GT area gas booster compressor and atomizing air cooler ACW
pumps along with CW pumps take suction from pump located
underground beneath them and return is cooled by cooling towers.
 Discharge pressure – 4.5 kg/cm2
 Flow – 655 m3/hr
 Full load current – 215 A
 Motor rating – 125 KW, 415 V

COOLING WATER (CW) PUMP
CW water discharge pressure (kg/cm2) 1.3 kg/cm2
Motor winding bearing temperature (deg C) 100-120 deg C
CW NDE temperature (deg C) 70 deg C
CW DE temperature (deg C) 40 deg C
CW motor ampere (amp.) 40 amp
RPM 738 rpm
KW 400-500 KW
KW 125 KW
H.P. 175 HP
Voltage 415 Volt
Motor amperes (amp) 150 Amp
Frequency (Hz) 50 Hz
Discharge pressure (kg/cm2) 4 kg/cm2
RPM 1485 RPM
Duty S1
Power factor 0.85
ACW PUMP
(New motor)
3 phase EDGE winding induction motor

CONTROL SYSTEM
Control system can be widely divided into two parts
1. Analog Control System : -
In this control system all functions like signal conditioning,
processing and control are done in analog form only, which results
in slower, less flexible control system.
2. Digital Control System : -
In this control system signal output are converted in digital form
and fed to controller which does all conditioning, processing and
controlling function in digital form this results in faster, more
accurate controls of the system over analog control system.
Digital system further can be divided in two groups :-
a) Centralized Digital Control :-
In centralized digital control a single processor does all the function
and all input, output modules are connected to it. This system is
useful for small control system.
b) Distributed Digital Control :-
In DDC system different functions carried out separately in different
stations and they connected to each other with Data Highway to
complete the system. The DDC can be either geographically and
functionally distributed or only functionally distributed. In
functionally DDC various function i.e. marshaling, signal
conditioning processing, input and different group of control are
carried out separately in different stations. But all the entire
stations centralized. All signal are first extended to centralized. All
signal are first extended to centralized control room and output is
sent to final element. In geographically and functionally DDC
various functions are carried out in the same manner as functional
DDC but different stations are at different locations like controllers
in control room, signal conditioning in field area. This system is
helpful for large plants where distance is very large.

GAS TURBINE AUTO CONTROL
Control of the gas turbine is done by startup, speed, acceleration.
Synchronization and temperature control functions. Sensors installed
on the turbine and utilized as feedback signals to the SPEEDTRONIC
control system monitor operating conditions of the gas turbine. There
are three major control loops – startup. Speed and temperature,
which may be in operation during gas turbine operation.
The minimum value select gate
circuit connects these startup. Speed and temperature control output
signals to the FSR controller. Fuel Stroke Reference (FSR) is the
command signal for the fuel and the FSR controlling is the command
signal for this fuel and the controlling FSR will establish the fuel input
to the turbine at the valve required by the system, which is in control.
1.Speed Control :-
The speed control system controls the speed and load of the gas of
gas turbine generator in response to the actual turbine speed signal
and the called for speed reference.
Two types of speed governors are available.
Droop Governor :-
This governor controls turbine that drive
generators, which are a part of a large system. The droop governor
provides systems stability to load changes.
Isochronous Governor :-
This governor controls mechanical drive turbines
to maintain a set operating speed regardless of the load. As an
option this governor may control a turbine that drives a generator,
which is part of a small system. Isochronous governor maintains the
systems frequency as the load changes.
2.SPEED SIGNAL :-
The speed of the turbine is measured by three
magnetic sensors, which consist of a permanent magnet
surrounded by a hermetically sealed case. The picks up are
mounted in a ring around a 60 tooth wheel on the gas turbine
compressor rotor shaft, with the 60 tooth wheel, the frequency of
the voltage output in hertz is exactly equal to the speed of the
turbine in revolutions per min. the voltage output is a direct
function of the speed of the wheel is affected by the clearance
between the teeth of the wheel and the tip of the, wheel and the
tip of the magnetic pickup.

The signal from the magnetic pickups is brought into the each
controller <RST> in the SPEEDTRONIC panel where it is monitored
by the speed control software. The redundant sue of magnetic
pickups increases the turbine is availability. If one of the pickups,
fails, the control system functions normally using the remaining
two good pickups.
3. SPEED REFERENCE :-
The called for speed, that also determines the load of the turbine,
is the speed reference : (main) to 107 % (max.) speed. The startup,
speed set point of 60 % is where speed control takes over from
startup control to bring the turbine up to synchronizing speed. It is
preset upon a start signal.
4. TEMPERATURE CONTROL :-
A temperature control system is required to control fuel flow to the
gas turbine to maintain operating temperature within design
limitations of turbine parts. The highest temperature in the gas
turbine occurs in the combustion chambers. That gas is diluted by
the cooling air and flows into the turbine through the first stage
nozzle; this temperature must be limited by the control system.
The temperature control system is designed to measure and
control turbine exhaust temperature, because it is impractical to
measure temperature directly in the combustion chambers or at
turbine inlet.
5. MEASURMENT :-
In a frame / gas turbine 18 k type thermocouples are located in
the exhaust plenum, mounted in an axial direction,
circumferentially. Symmetric around the output coupling. Signals
from the thermocouples are brought to each of the <RST>
controller of the SPEEDTRONIC panel.

AUTO CONTROL LOOPS FOR HRSG AND STG
1. INTRODUCTION :-
Various automatic control loops are involved in HRSG and STG to
produce power safely and economically under various operating
conditions i.e. during startup, load variations/ rejections, upset
conditions, and shutdowns without exceeding the allowable limits of
individual equipment.
Auto control system is divided in two groups :-
(A) Binary Control [on-off, sequential control] :-
The task of the binary control system is to control. Project and
monitor all drives, which have an on/off or open /close function.
The binary control system s designed in such a way that :-
 Start up and shut down of any process section is performed in a
reliable way and in the shortest possible time.
 The drive itself or other related components are protected against
damage.
 The operator receives uniform and clear information about the
process under control.
 The service personnel obtain distinct information about the nature
and location of faults within the control.
(B) Analog Control (Modulating Control) :-
The analog control objective at main control and unit control level is
to give set point valves to subornited single vale controllers. This task
must be resolved for the start-up and shut-down of the power plant
as well as for the steady state operation including load variations the
analog control is able to perform binary control actions.(e.g. for
automatic mode selection etc.) during startup or shut down of the
power plant. The task of the analog control is to control process
variables according to set point values and different parameters.

The analog control system is designed in such a way, that the solution
of control took in the single value and main control level is possible by
means of :-
Fixed due of follow up control.
Single loop analog control values.
Auxiliary control values.
Disturbance single connections.
Analog control with limits.
Processing of binary control command.
2. STRUCTURE OF AUTOMATIC CONTROL SYSTEM :-
ACS consist of latest microprocessor based equipment with split
range architecture philosophy.
Auto control loops includes following equipments :-
The primary sensors/transmitters complete with accessories for
sensing pressure level, temperature, flow etc. as required by the
respective control loops.
Electronics equipments cubicles complete with input cards,
controller cards, power supply distribution as required for the control
loop.
Field mounted interface units like electro-pneumatic converters,
solenoid valves and final control elements like control valves with
required accessories.
3. AUTO CONTROL LOOPS FOR HRSG AND STG :-
The auto control system of STG is divided in to four sub-system.
A. Flue-gas system
B. Condensate system
C. Feed water system
D. Steam system THIS FILE IS CREATED BY SWAI SINGH GODARA 9509974849 46

A. Flue Gas Path :-
The exhaust of the gas turbine is passes through various stage of
HRSG, where the heat is recovery to produce steam.
Only one control system is involved in flue gas path.
Flue Gas Flow Path :-
Flue gas flow is control by means of diverter dampers located in the
exhaust path of gas turbine. In normal combined cycle operation,
diverter damper is completely opens to HRSG side and close to stack
side. Flue gas flow is control by modulating the damper between
HRSG and stack. Flue gas flow control system is fully manual control
system.
In case of emergency closing the diverter
damper to HRSG side and by passing the flue gas to stack cut off flue
gas flow to HRSG.
B. Condensate System :-
Following are the various automatic control loops involved in the
condensate system :-
 CEP recirculation control
 Condenser Howell level control
 Condensate flow control at CPH inlet
 Deaerator presser control
 Deaerator level control
C. Feed Water System :-
Feed water system consists of following control loops :-
 LP/HP FP min. recirculation control
 HP drum level control
 LP drum level control
D. Steam System :-
Steam system consists of following auto control loops :-
 Main steam temperature control
 HP/LP steam control
 Steam turbine control

4. TURBINE STRESS EVALUATOR (TSE) :-
Turbine stress evaluator is used to ensure a safe and optimum start
of the machine. TSE has the following three computing channels :-
 HP shafts
 HP inner casing
 HP outer casing
For each of the above channels the allowable stresses are
indirectly calculated by means of temperature margins which take
into account.
TSE thus ensure a safe, optimum start for the machine. For
calculating the temperature margins for three channels
temperatures at different points in the turbine.
5. ELECTRO-HYDAULIC TUBINE CONTROL SYSTEM (EHTC) :-
Electro Hydraulic Turbine Controller houses the following controls.
 Speed Controller
 Valve Lift Reference
 HP Inlet Pressure Control
 LP Injection Pressure Control and Limiter
 HP EHC Position Control
 LP EHC Pressure Controller

D.C. SYSTEM
D.C. system of the power plant is considered as the controlling, sign,
annunciation system depends on DC system of the power plant
reliability and availability are main quantities of the DC system. The DC
system of the power plant consists mainly of three components :-
1. Battery system
2. Charger system
3. DC distribution system
1. Battery System :-
Battery is the core element of the DC system. Batteries are the only
known means of power storage, which can be used in emergency
and zero power condition.
2. Charger System :-
Charger is basically a rectifier, which converts AC power in to the DC
power. It can be controlled rectifier and uncontrolled rectifier using
or IGBTs. Charger for power station duty are normally designed to
supply the DC power requirement of the station. Charger is required
to perform two types of duties.
2.1 Float Charging :-
In this mode the charger supplies the station the DC load and
simultaneously trickle charges the battery. In this mode the battery
just floats on the system.
2.2 Boost Charging :-
When AC supply to the charger fails, the battery takes care of the DC
load. While doing so the battery charges reducing both its voltage
and specific gravity. When takes AC supply restores the charger takes
up the DC load and also feeds the charging current to the battery.
Requirement of the charging current is quite large hence this mode
is called Boost charging mode.

In boost charge mode the main function of the charger is to charge
the battery at a high current rate. This is achieved by increasing the
charger output voltage. If this increased voltage is also applied at the
load terminals, the equipments connected such as closing and
tripping coils of breakers, components of power supplies units like
DC/AC converters may get damaged. To prevent this following two
methods are adopted.
2.2.1 Diode Dropper Circuit :-
In diode dropper circuit, no. of diodes
are placed in series between charger and battery terminals. (refer
plate 2). These diodes will drop the excessive voltage and maintain
rated voltage on load terminals. The drop across diodes results in
heat generation and proper ventilation in the charger is required.
2.2.2 Battery Tape Diode Circuit :-
In battery tapped diode circuit the battery bank is tapped at a point
whose voltage is equal to system rated voltage during boost charge
condition. This tapping is connected to the load during boost
charging. Thus increased voltage is available across the battery and
rated voltage is maintained at the load terminals.
Some chargers are designed to work designed to work on constant
voltage/constant current mode. In CV mode charger will maintain
the constant the constant voltage across the load terminals. In CC
mode it boosts the battery with the constant current. In some
chargers the float/boost mode is automatically selected by sensing
the battery current. A shunt is provided in the connected from
charger to battery. Mill volt drop across this shunt is used to select
the mode.
I. 110 V DC system for station service :-
This provides DC controlling to all the equipment's such as relay,
breakers, isolates etc. it also supplies emergency DC lightning of the
station. It consists of one main charger. Both the charges have
float/float facility.
This are backed by 1200 AH station battery boost charging is
facilitated by battery tap diode.THIS FILE IS CREATED BY SWAI SINGH GODARA 9509974849 50

II. 125 V DC system for GT :-
There are two independent system for GT-1 & GT-2. it takes care
for DC requirement of gas turbine control and also supplies DC
auxiliaries like lube oil pump. Hydraulic ratchet etc. its charger has
float/boost facility. When AC power resumes after disturbance the
charger automatically goes in boost mode for a predetermined
time, which can be set by the operator. Its back up battery is 400
AH.
III. 360 V DC system for UPS :-
Many systems in data acquisition and control room secondary
equipments such as recorders etc need reliable AC power. A UPS
system is provided for the same, which consists of an inverter
circuit to convert DC power to AC power. The DC power of this
system is by means of 360 V, 250 AH back up battery.
IV. 110 V DC system for ST :-
This takes care for DC turbine system conditions. It is equipped with
one float charger; one boost charger . Battery tape diode is used
for boost charging the battery.
V. 24 V DC system for DCS :-
The distributed control system of the plant needs 24 V DC system
are provided. These system are terminated on a common DC
separated by a bus coupler. The charges are provided with CV/CC
modes. In CV modes it supplies DC load floats the battery. In CC
mode it only boost charges the battery. Here the battery tap diode
or diode dropper circuit is not provided but the load itself is
disconnected from the charger to prevent increasing voltage
appearing on load terminals.

EXCITATION SYSTEM AND AUTOMATIC VOLTAGE
REGULATER(A.V.R)
The synchronous generators require excitation in its rotor to generator
the AC power. Various means are available to feed the excitation to the
generators.
1. Conventional D.C. Excitation :-
Earlier generators were directly fed from station DC System. Rheostat
was provided in series with the field winding to adjust the excitation
current and subsequently the terminal voltage and reactive power of
the generator.
2. D.C. Exciters :-
The D.C. generators are provided with directly coupled pilot and main
exciters. Pilot exciters feed main exciters, which in turn feeds the
generator rotor winding. The excitation current control is by means of
series rheostat and amplidynes.
3. A.C. Exciters :-
In this system the generator is provided with shaft driven AC puilot
exciter having rotating permanent magnetic field and stationary
armature. The output of stationary armature is rectified by diodes and
fed to rotor via slip rings.
4. Static Excitation System :-
In this case the AC power is tapped from the generator terminals itself,
stepped down and rectified by controlled rectifiers and fed to
generator via slip rings.
5. Brush Less Excitation System :-
In order to reduce the operational problems involved in injecting high
current by means of slip rings, brush less excitation system is
developed. In this system the rectifier diodes are mounted on the
generator shaft and their O/P is directly fed into generator field thus
eliminating the slip rings and brushes.

EXCITATION SYSTEM OF RGTPP
The components of the system are as follow :-
1. Permanent Magnet pilot Exciter :-
This is a six-pole exciter. The stator houses three phase winding and
permanent magnet poles are mounted on the shaft. The exciter
generators three phases, 150 Hz voltages. Three are taken to AVR for
further controlling
2. Main Exciter :-
The main exciter is six pole –rotating armature and stationary field
type. The field winding is fed with the controlled current from the AVR.
3. Rectifier Wheel :-
This as name suggest comprises of silicon diodes mounted on the
rotating wheel and arranged in three phase bridged configurations.
Three phase AC from main exciter armature is fed to this bridge. The
DC O/P is injected into the generator field via specially designed
contacts.

AUTOMATIC VOLTAGE REGULATOR (A.V.R.)
The voltage regulator receive DC voltage from permanent magnet
generator controls it and supplies to the main exciter field. The main
purpose of the voltage regulator is to supply the excitation to the
generator and to maintain the terminal voltage of the generator. The
main components of AVR are two closed loop controls system
including thyristor bridge, gate controlled, field discharge circuit and
an open loop control system for communicating with the signal from
the control room. The first closed loop of regulator controls of
thyristors so as to provide to quick correction of the generator loads.
The gate control set changes the firing angle of the thyristors as a
function of the output of the closed loop. The main quantities acting
on the input of the regulator are the set point and the actual value of
generator voltage. the set point is divided into the basic set point (90
% of rated voltage) and an additional value, which can be controlled
from the control room (90 % to 110 %). The actual value of generator
voltage is taken from potential transformer and is compared with the
set point. The difference signal is amplified and fed to the control set.

CONSTRUCTION DETAILS OF GENERATOR AND EXCITER
Generator :-
“An electrical generator is an electro mechanical machine which
converts mechanical energy into electrical energy.”
Generator is the main part of a power plant. In RGTPP generator
is designed by BHEL. The generator has two pole, cylindrical rotor and
air-cooled.
Main components of generators are as follow :-
1. Stator :-
The stator is stationary part of generator. The stator has following part
:-
1.1 Stator Frame :-
Stator frame supports the laminated core and stator winding. It is
welded construction consisting of stator frame housing, two flanged
rings, axial and radial ribs. The dimensions and arrangement of ribs is
determined by cooling air passage and required material strength and
stiffness ventilating air ducts are provided in the radial ribs. Footing are
provided to support the stator frame on foundation plates by means of
bolts.
1.2 Stator Core :-
Stator core is build from silicon steel electrical grade laminations each
lamination is make up from number of individual segments. Segments
are stacked on insulating bars, which hold them in position. One bar is
kept un-insulated to provide grounding of laminated core. The
laminations are hydraulically compressed and located in frame by
means of camping bolts and pressure plates.
Clamping bolts run through the core and are made of non-magnetic
steel and are insulated from the core to prevent short circuiting of the
core. Clamping fingers are provided at the ends, which ensure
compression in teeth area.

1.3 Stator Winding :-
Stator winding is two layers short pitch winding. Consisting of stator
bars of rectangular cross-section.
Each bar consists of numbers of separately insulated strands. In slot
portion the strands are transposed to ensure uniform distribution of
current over entire cross section of the bar. The high voltage insulation
is epoxy cast resin is continuous, void free, extremely low moisture
absorbent, oil resistant and exhibits excellent electrical, mechanical
and thermal properties. A coat of semiconducting varnish is applied
over the sot range to minimize corona discharge between and slot
wall. Several layers of semi conductive varnish are applied at varying
length to ensure uniform electric field. The beginning and the ends of
the three phase winding are solidly bolted to output leads with
flexible. O/P leads are copper floats inserted into insulating sleeve.
1.4 Stator End Covers :-
Stator and covers are attached to the end flanges of stator frame and
rest on a foundation frame. The end covers aluminium alloy casting.
2. Rotor :-
Rotor is rotating part of generator. The rotor is consists following sub
system or part –
2.1 Rotor Shaft :-
The rotor shaft is single piece solid forging. Slots winding are milled
into rotor body. Axial and radial holes are provided at the base of the
rotor teeth forming air cooling ducts.
2.2 Rotor Winding :-
The rotor winding consists of several series connected coils, which
from north and south poles. The conductors have rectangular cross
section and are provided with axial slots for radial discharge of hot air.
Individual conductor is bend to obtain half turn. After insertion into
form one full turn. Individual coils are series connected so that one
north and south pole is obtained. Conductors are made of copper
having 0.1 % silver content to provide high strength at higher
temperatures so that coil deformation due to thermal stresses are
avoided. Individual turn of the coil in insulated with glass fibre tape.
Glass fibre laminates are used slot insulation.

To product the winding against the effect of centrifugal forces the
winding is secured in the slots with wedges. slot wedge are made from
alloy high strength and high electrical conductivity material. This also
acts as damper winding. At the ends, slot wedges are short circuited
through the retaining ring which acts as short – circuiting ring to
induced currents in damper winding. Retaining rings of high strength
of non-magnet are provided.
2.3 Field Connections :-
The connections of the rotor winding are brought out at the exciter
side shaft end through rotor shaft bore.
2.4 Bearing :-
The rotor is supported in two sleeve bearing. To eliminate shaft
currents the exciter end bearing is insulated from the foundation
frame and oil piping. Temperatures of the bearing are monitored by
two RTDS embedded in the lower half of the sleeve bearing. Bearing
also have provision of fixing vibration pickups to monitor bearing
vibrations transmitted from the shaft.
4. Air Cooling Circuits :-
The cooling air is circulated in the generator by two axial flow fans
fixed at each end of the rotor shaft cold air is drawn by fans from
cooler compartments located at the side of the generator. The cooling
air directed into the rotor end winding and cools the windings. Some
air flows in the rotor slots at bottom duct from where it is discharged
into the air gap via radial ventilating slots in the coil and bores in the
rotor wedges.
Part of the flow is directed over the stator overhang to the cold air
duct and to the gap between the stator frame and stator core. Air then
flows through ventilating ducts in the core into the air gap. The
balanced air is directed into the air gap over the retaining rings cooling
it.
5. Excitation Systems :-
The excitation system is of brushless type and consists of following –
Three phase pilot exciter
Three phase main exciter
Rectified wheel

The three phase pilot exciter is a permanent magnet type. Three
phase O/P from the pilot exciter is fed into the AVR ( Automatic
Voltage Regulator) from the AVR regulated DC O/P is fed to the
stationary field coils of main exciter. The three phase O/P from the
rotating armature of the main exciter is fed to the rectifier wheel, from
where it is fed to the field winding of the generator rotor through DC
leads in the rotor shaft.
5.1 Pilot exciter :-
Pilot exciter is six pole units. The stator is consists of laminated core
and carries three phase winding. Rotor consists of hub on which six
permanent magnet poles are mounted.
5.2 Main exciter :-
Main exciter is six pole revolving armature types. Field winding and
poles are mounted on stator. At the pole shoe the damper winding is
provided. Between the two poles a quadrature axis coil is fitted for
induced measurement of armature current or generator rotor current.
5.3 Rectifier wheel :-
Main components of the rectifier wheels are silicon diodes arranged in
three phase bridge configuration. Each diode is fixed in a heat sink. A
fuse provided for each diode to switch off the diode when it fails.
These fuses in the diodes can be checked. While generator is running,
with the help of stroboscope.
6. Generator Protection :-
Following protections are provided for generator –
1. Stator earth fault protection
2. Rotor earth fault protection
3. Under voltage protection
4. Over voltage protection
5. Under frequency protection
6. Loss of excitation protection
7. Reverse power protection
8. Negative phase sequence current protection
9. Differential protection
10. Local breaker backup protection
11. Backup over current protectionTHIS FILE IS CREATED BY SWAI SINGH GODARA 9509974849 58

SWITCH YARD
RGTPP contains 132 KV switch yard. The switch yard houses
transformers, circuit breakers, and switches for connecting and
disconnecting the transformers and circuit breakers. It also has lighting
arrestors for the protection of power station against lightning strokes.
The supply to the bus bars from alternators is taken through the
transformer and circuit breakers of suitable rating.
Some components are –
1. Bus Bars :-
Bus Bars team is used for a main bar or conductor carrying an electric
current to which many connections may be made. There are two buses
of 132 KV, 800 A, in Ramgarh GTPP to which incoming and outgoing
feeders, Bus couplers, isolators, circuit Breakers, protective. Relay,
current transformers (CT) and potential transformers (PT) are
connected. One bus is usually is called ‘main bus ‘and the other
‘auxiliary’ or transfer ‘bus’. The switches used for connecting feeders or
equipment to one bus or the other is called selector or transfer
switches.
2. Insulators :-
The porcelain insulators employed in switchyard of the post and
bushing type. They serve as supports and insulation of the bus bars
3. Isolators :-
Isolator is an off load switch. Isolators are not equipped with are
quenching devices and therefore not used to open circuits carrying
current. Isolator isolates one portion of the another and is not
intended to be opened while current is flowing. Isolators must not be
opened until the circuit is interrupted by some other means. If an
isolator is opened carelessly. When a heavy current, the resulting are
could easily cause a flash over to earth. This may shatter the
supporting insulators and may even cause the fatal accident to the
operator, particularly in high voltage circuits. While closing a circuit,
the isolator is closed first, then circuit breaker. Isolators are necessary
on supply side of circuit breakers in order to ensure isolation
(disconnection) of the circuit breaker from the live parts for purpose of
maintenance.

4. Circuit Breakers :-
A circuit breaker is an on load switch. A circuit breaker is a mechanical
device designed to open or close control members, thus closing or
opening an electrical circuit under normal or abnormal conditions. It is
so designed that it can be operated manually (or by remote control)
under normal conditions. An automatic circuit breaker is equipped
with a trip coil connected to a reply or other means, designed to open
or break automatically under abnormal conditions, such as over
current. SF6 circuit breakers are used in RGTPP.
A circuit breaker must carry normal load currents without
over heating or damage and must quickly open short circuit currents
without serious damage to itself and with a minimum voltage,
maximum continuous current carrying capability, and maximum
interrupting capability, maximum momentary and 4- second current
carrying capability.
Thus functions of the circuit breaker are –
• To carry fill load current continuously
• To open and close the circuit on no load
• To make and break the normal operating current
• To make and break the short circuit currents of magnitude up to
which it is designed for.
5. Protective Relays :-
The protective relay is an electrical device interposed between the
main circuit and the circuit breaker in such a manner that any
abnormality in the current acts on the relay, which is turn, if the
abnormality is of dangerous character, causes the breaker to open and
so to isolate the faulty element. The protective relay ensure the safety
of the circuit equipment from any damage, which might otherwise
caused by fault.
All the relay have three essential fundamental elements –
5.1 Sensing elements :-
It is sometimes also called the measuring elements as it responds to
the change actuating quantity, the current in a protected system in
case of over current relay.
5.2 Comparing element :-
It serves to compare the action of the actuating quantity on the relay
with a pre-selected relay setting.

5.3 Control element :-
On a pickup of the relay, accomplishes a sudden changes in the control
quantity such as closing of the operative current circuit.
The connections are divided into three main circuits consisting of –
• Primary winding of the CT connected in series with the main circuit
to be protected.
• Secondary winding of the CT and the relay operating winding
• The tripping circuit
Under normal operating conditions, the voltage induced in the
secondary winding of the CT is small and, therefore, current flowing in
the relay- operating coil is insufficient in magnitude to close the relay
contacts. This keeps the trip coil of the circuit breaker de- energized.
consequently, the circuit breaker contacts remain closed and it carries
the normal load current. When a fault occurs, a large current flows
through the primary of the CT. this increases the voltage induced in
the secondary and hence the current flowing through the relay
operating coil. The relay contacts are and the trip coil of the breaker
gets energized to open the breaker contacts.
6. Current Transformers (CT) :-
A current transformer basically consists of an iron core on which are
wound a primary and one or two secondary winding. The primary is
inserted in the power circuit(the circuit in which the current is to be
measured) and the secondary winding of the current transformer is
connected to the indicating and metering equipment's and relay are
connected.
At RGTPP, current transformers are provided in switchyard to
measure the current of the feeders. There are five cores in current
transformers. The 1st, 2nd, 3rd,4th and 5th cores are provided for
protection and the third core is used for measurement purpose. These
CT are of the ratio 200/1, 400/1, 1200/1, when the rated current of CT
flows through its primary winding, according to transformation ratio
the current in the secondary of the CT will flow and will be measured
by the indicating instruments connected to the secondary of the CT.

7. Potential Transformers (PT) / Voltage Transformers (VT) :-
At RGTPP, in switchyard, there are two voltage transformers, namely.
VT-1 and VT-2, to measure the voltage on the bus bars. The primary
winding of the VT is connected to the main bus bar of the switchgear
installation and various indicating and metering equipment's and relay
are connected to the secondary winding. When the rated high voltage
is applied to the primary of the voltage transformer, the voltage of
some specific value will appear on the secondary of the VT, and the
indicating equipment’s measure this.
8. Lighting Arrestors :-
A lighting arrestor is basically a surge diverter and used for the
protection of power system against the high voltage surges. It is
connected between the line and earth so as to divert the incoming
extra high voltage wave to the earth. It is consists of a linear
resistance.
At RGTPP, it is so designed that at 132 KV its resistance remains
infinity and during lightning, when the excess incoming voltage falls on
the line, this resistance, falls down to zero value and it shorts the
circuit, resulting in flow of lightning current to earth.
9. Current Voltage Transformers (CVT) :-
CVT are provided for synchronization purpose at feeders to measure
phase angle, voltage and frequency. For joining the feeders coming
from different places or for synchronization of feeders voltage, phase
angle and frequency at the joining place must be of same value.
10. Wave Trap :-
All the telephone lines in RGTPP are connected through wave trap to
ensure effective communication in emergencies.
11. Bus Coupler :-
Bus coupler is connected to couple two buses, which are provided in
parallel when fault occurs in one bus, load of the faulted bus is
transferred to the second bus.

WATER FEED SYSTEM TO HP & LP BOILERS
Temperature = 100- 150 deg C
Pressure = 13.41 kg/cm2 From DM- Water Plant
HP-BFP Motors LP-BFP Motors
To HP Boiler To LP Boiler
Pressure = 132.05 kg/cm2 Pressure = 19.81 kg/cm2
Temperature = 130.07 deg C Temperature = 121.02 deg C
Feed Water Tank
Deaerator

COOLING SYSTEM FOR CONDENSING STEAM
Air Out
Cooling
Tower
35 deg C
C.W. Pump
25 deg C
Make up
Line
C.E.P Pump
To CPH
Section THIS FILE IS CREATED BY SWAI SINGH GODARA 9509974849 64

RE-HEATINGOF CONDENSED STEAM FOR RE-USE IN
CYCLE
CPH Section CPH Section Gas Turbine
Last Exhaust
CPH – 1 CPH – 2
100-150 deg C Temp. =90.95deg C
13.41 kg/cm2 Pr. =13.59 kg/cm2
Deaerator
From CEP
Discharge

DATA CONTROL SYSTEM
STEAM SUPPLY SYSTEM FOR POWER GENERATION
To Atmosphere
505 deg C
44 kg/cm2
2 kg/ cm2 Pr. = -0.88 kg/cm2
Temp.= 146 deg C
185 deg C
CW Inlet CW Inlet
CW Output CW Output
SHP STEAM
LP INJECTION
STEAM
G E

GENERATION OF SUPERHEATED STEAM FROM LP
BOILER
Temp. = 121.02 deg C Temp. = 187.39 deg C
Flow = 8.8 t/hr
From To Steam
LP-BFP Turbine
Flue Gases
From GT
Exhaust
NOTE : -
The exhaust temperature of superheater varies from 480 to
520 deg C and pressure varies from 45-48 kg/cm2.
Flue gases path in : –
LP Boiler – LP Superheater – LP Evaporator – LP Economizer
Boiler

GENERATION OF SUPERHEATED STEAM FROM HP
BOILER
Temp. = 130.73 deg C Temp. = 506.94 deg C
Flow=35.35t/hr
From To Steam
HP-BFP Turbine
Flue Gases
From GT
Exhaust
NOTE : -
The exhaust temperature of super heater varies from 480 to
520 deg C and pressure varies from 45-48 kg/cm2.
Flue gases path in : –
HP Boiler – HP Super heater – HP Evaporator – HP Economizer
Boiler

FIRE
Fire Tringle :-
The fire is produced when the component of fire triangle is meet
tougher. The fire tringle is shows as :
Air Heat
Fuel
The air, heat and fuel is meat than fire is produced.
Classification of Fire :-
Fire is classified in the four group namely A, B, C, D on the basis of the
nature of the material involved in the fire.
Class Material Involved Recommended Extinguishments
Class - A Ordinary combustible
material such as Wood,
Paper, Coot on
Where cooling effect is needed
water expelling fire appliances
used viz. soda-Acid fire
extinguisher, water and dry sand
Class – B Fire in flammable liquids
such as petrol Oil,
Diesel, Naphtha etc.
Fire extinguisher discharging
foam, co2, dry powder and halon
Class – C Fire involving flammable
gases methane,
propane, butane, LPG
etc.
Dry powder, co2, fire
extinguisher, water
Class – D Fire involving metal like
Magnesium, Zinc,
Potassium
Special dry chemical powder or
dry sand etc.

Electrical Fire :-
Electrical fire also constitute a class, since any fire involving or started by
electrical equipment must, in fact be a fire of class A, B, C & D so the
normal procedure in such circumstances is to cut off the electricity and
to use an extinguishing method appropriate to material that is burning.
The burning of most material produces a flame.
A. Flash point :
Flash point is the lowest temperature at which there is sufficient
vaporization of the substance, to produce a vapour, which will flash
momentarily, when a flame is applied.
B. Fire point :
Fire point is the lowest temperature at which the heat from combustion
of a burning vapour capable to produce sufficient vapour to enable
combustion to continue. The different between flash point and the fire
point is that in the flash point, temperature is only required to produce
vapour to enable a momentary flash to take place to continue, while in
the fire point, temperature has to be high enough to produce sufficient
vapour to sustain the reaction, so that the substance to continues to
burn independently of the ignition source.
C. Spontaneous ignition temperature :
It is the lowest temperature at which the substance will ignite
spontaneously i.e. the substance will burn without the introduction of
flame or other ignition source. This is also known as :
Ignition Temperature, or Self Ignition temperature, or Auto Ignition
Temperature.
Method of Extinguishing Fire :-
Triangle of combustion shows that three factors are essential to
combustion or fire namely:
(a) The presence of a fuel or combustible substance.
(b) The presence of Oxygen/ air or other support of combustion.

To attain and maintain a certain minimum temperature. Fire extinction
in principle consists in the limitation of one or more of these factors, on
that methods of extinguishing fire are classified under the following
headings.
A. Starvation or limitation of fuel.
B. Smothering of limitation of air/ oxygen.
C. Cooling or the limitation of temperature.
A. Starvation :-
The extinction of fire by starvation is applied in three ways.
1. By removing combustible material from the neighbourhood of the
fire.
- Drainage of fuel from burning of oil tanks.
- Removal of unburnt cotton-bales from the fire-site.
- The demolition of building to create a fire stop.
- Counter burning in forest fires.
2. By removing the fire from the neighbourhood of combustion
material pulling apart a burning haystack or thatched roof.
B. Smothering :-
If the oxygen or air content of the atmosphere in the immediate
neighbourhood of burning material can be sufficiently reduced
combustion will cease. The principle of smothering is employed on a
small scale is snuffing a candle and on a large scale capping a burning oil
well. An important practical application of the smooth ring method is to
use of foam, which forms a viscous coating over the burning material
and cut the contact of burning surface from air.
- It also tends to prevent the formation of flammable vapour.
- Another method of smooth ring is by the application of a cloud of
finely divided particles of DCP.

C. Cooling :-
Fire extinguish by cooling method due to following characteristic water
is the most common extinguishing media widely used for fire fighting.
1. When water turns into vapour, approximately 22, 60,000 Jules are
required to convert 1 kilogram water at its boiling point into steam
and this figure shows that water absorbs maximum heat from fire
zone.
2. Its volumes increase by 1700 times when turned into steam, and
occupy more area in fire zone.
3. Water is cheapest extinguishing media.
4. Availability of water is in large quantities.
First Aid Fire Protection :-
All unit and building of gas power station are provided with various
types of fire extinguishers in various capacities as per annexure-I,
located at various fire hazardous places as per the different scope of fire
hazard in gas power station. It is, therefore, important that everyone
who may have occasion to operate and utilize such a fire extinguishers
should be familiar with it in order to operate and use it to secure best
possible results in case of fire. Besides, all the units of our power station
are provided and protected by internal, external hydrants and fire risers
fire protection system with separate fire pump.
Soda Acid Type Fire Extinguisher :-
This fire extinguisher consists of a cylindrical or conical container which
is normally filled with water to an indicating mark. This water is ejected
on to the fire by pressure of a gas generated by a chemical reaction set
up by allowing a charge of acid to react with sodium bicarbonate which
is dissolved in water. The gas generated by chemical reaction exerts a
pressure on the surface of water drives it out of the extinguishers
through a nozzle. Sodium bicarbonate and sulphuric acid are the two
chemical which are used as the expelling agents.
Warning : Not to be used on live electrical equipment or electrical fire.

Foam Type Fire Extinguishers :-
The foam type extinguishers having cylindrical shapes are available in
capacities of 9 litres or two or two gallons and consists of two
containers, one outer container filled with a solution bicarbonate and
the other inner container filled with a solution of a aluminium sulphate.
When the ‘T’ type plunger is pulled and rotated and the extinguishers
turned over with a little shake, a viscous foamy liquid ejected through
the nozzle. This foam slowly covers the surface of burning liquid and
forms a blanket over the burning liquid, thus dose not allow the vapors
to come in the contact with and excludes oxygen from the surface of the
liquid. These types of fire extinguishers are useful and effective on small
and incipient inflammable liquid fires.
Warning : do not use this fire extinguisher on an electrical fire or
inflammable metal fires.
Carbon Dioxide Type Fire Extinguisher :- (co2 type)
A co2 gas type fire extinguisher is made of a seamless high pressure
cylinder in which liquid co2 gas is filled mechanically. For operation,
there is a screw type valve and a discharge horn. When valve is
operated, co2 is projected in sweeping motion on the material and forms
a sort of blanket around the fire and excludes fresh air and oxygen from
the seat of fire and thus achieves extinction of fire. It is useful for all
types of fire excluding electrical and mechanical fires.
Dry Chemical Power Type Fire Extinguisher :-
These are cylindrically shaped fire extinguishers, available in capacities
ranging from 2.0 kg. to 132 kg. This fire extinguisher is operated by
removing safety pin and striking the knob or plunger provided on top
and directing the nozzle of the discharge tube on to the seat of fire. Dry
power of the extinguisher, expelled by the pressure of co2 gas stored in
the gas cartridge extinguishers the fire. This fire extinguisher is useful for
all type of fires.

Halon (BCF) Type Fire Extinguisher :-
Halon 1211 (BCF) is amongst the most effective of vaporizing liquid used
for fire fighting. It is ideal for all classes of fire, providing an
instantaneous fire killing action with a clinically clean vapour which
leaves no traces. It is electrically safe and having low toxicity. BCF is
stored under pressure in the extinguisher and is discharged as a semi –
liquid at a high velocity and evaporate rapidly to cover the fire in a
blanket of mist and this extinguishes fire instantly. The high nozzle
velocity and instant vapour station result in longer throw and grater
coverage.
Gas Fire : With Special Reference to Natural Gas.
The natural gas used in GT’s and conditional skid pose a serious fire
hazard. It is not toxic but highly flammable and therefore presents an
additional risk of explosion.
Fire fighting procedure in case of –
[A] Leakage Without Ignition :-
1. Stop the leakage at once using approximate value. All efforts shall be
made to shut off the leakage at source to prevent any possible large
scale fire incident.
- Disperse the gas mixture to prevent explosion by using diffuser spray
nozzle.
- Approach from up-wind side, water curtain may by used a safety
measure.
- Exposimeter should be used after stopping the leakage.
[B] Leakage With Ignition :-
1. Fire shall never be extinguished, until the leakage has been stopped
otherwise, an extremely hazardous situation will be created.
2. Careful use of water is controlling burning of gas cool down the
source of gas and screens the fire with water by fog nozzle or
diffuser nozzle.

CONCLUSION
After analyzing the RGTPP 270.50 MW combined cycle
power plant, we can describe that this power plant is a
very efficient one as compared to other power plants in its
series.
Also, we would like to add up that it is very compact in size,
less pollutive to nature, easily controlled & decent power
plant that we had ever seen.
We really had nice time here & got a treasure of practical
knowledge from the RGTPP employees. In future we are
sure that this vocational training in RGTPP is going to help
us in our rest of the studies

REFERENCE
 Manuals provided by the RGTPP
 Books collected:
 THERMODYNAMICS BY PK NAG
 Notes by NPTEL
 Websites :-
www.scribd.com
www.powershow.com
www.slideshare.com
 Google search engine

Training Report on Ramgarh Gas Thermal Power Plant

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