1. Solid Waste Management
in India : Reduce, Recycle and Reuse
Under Guidance of
Prof. (Dr.) K. M. Agrawal
Developed by
Rangeet Mitra
Debjani mukherjee

2. Definition of Solid Waste Managemen
“The term “solid waste” means any garbage, refuse, slu
from a waste treatment plant, water supply treatment
plant, or air pollution control facility and other discarde
material, including solid, liquid, semisolid, or contained
gaseous material resulting from industrial, commercial,
mining, and agricultural operations, and from commun
activities, but does not include…” (4)

3. Types of Solid waste
Solid waste can be classified into different types
depending on their source:
a) Household waste is generally classified as
municipal waste,
b) Industrial waste as hazardous waste, and
c) Biomedical waste or hospital waste as
infectious waste. (1)

4. Impact on Environment
• Corrosive: these are wastes that include acids or bases that are
capable of corroding mental containers, e.g. tanks
• Ignitability: this is waste that can create fires under certain condition,
e.g. waste oils and solvents
• Reactive: these are unstable in nature, they cause explosions, toxic
fumes when heated.
• Toxicity: waste which are harmful or fatal when ingested or absorb.(2)

5. WASTE Collection
• MSW collection is an important aspect in maintaining public health in cities
around the world.
• The amount of MSW collected varies widely by region and income level;
collection within cities can also differ greatly.
• Collection rates range from a low of 41% in low-income countries to a high of
98% in high-income countries.
• Collection Processer are written below
• House-to-House
• Community Bins
• Curbside Pick-Up
• Self Delivered
• Contracted or Delegated Service (3)

6. Swachh Bharat Mission
USD
54
Billion
100,00
0
12% 21.5
%
Poor sanitation
and hygiene
cause 100,000
child deaths per
year in India
Over 12% Urban
households in
India defecate in
the open
India loses USD
54 Billion per
year due to
inadequate
sanitation (health
related, access,
tourism)
Only 21.5% of
Solid Waste
generated in of
India is
processed (10)

7. Swachh Bharat Mission : People’s
Movement

8. Swachh Bharat Mission
CorporateUrban Local
Body
Citizens
DonateUpload Project
Monitor Progress
Sign
Agreement
Transact through SWACHH
Execute on
own

9. Objectives of Swachh Bharat Abhiyan
1. Public awareness will also be provided about the
drawbacks of open defecation and promotion of
latrine use for this dedicated ground staff will be
recruited. For proper sanitation use, the mission
will aim at changing people’s attitudes, mind-sets
and behaviors.
2. To keep villages clean, solid and liquid waste
management will be ensured through gram
panchayats.
3. To lay water pipelines in all villages, ensuring water
supply to all households by 2019.

10. Clean India a Great India
1. This campaign aims to accomplish the vision of
'clean India' by 2nd
October 2019, 150th birthday of
Mahatma Gandhi and is expected to cost over
INR62000 crore. The campaign was described as
"beyond politics" and "inspired by patriotism".
2. More than 3 million government employees and
students of schools and colleges of India are going
to participate in this abhiyan(event).

11. Report Card

12. WASTE Treatment process
• The solid waste treatment process are written below :
• Incineration
• Compaction
• Pyrolysis
• Gasification
• Composting (2)

13. Incineration
• It is a controlled
combustion process for
burning solid wastes in
presence of excess air
(oxygen) at high
temperature of about
1000o
C and above to
produce gases and residue
containing non-combustible
material. One of the most
attractive features of the
incineration process is that
it can be used to reduce the
original volume of
combustible MSW by 80–
90%. (2)

14. Compaction
• The waste is compacted or
compressed. It also breaks
up large or fragile items of
waste. This process is
conspicuous in the feed at
the back end of many
garbage collection vehicles.
deposit refuse at bottom of
slope for best compaction
and control of blowing
litter(2)

15. Pyrolysis
• Pyrolysis is defined as thermal
degradation of waste in the
absence of air to produce char,
pyrolysis oil and syngas, e.g. the
conversion of wood to charcoal
also it is defined as destructive
distillation of waste in the absence
of oxygen. External source of heat
is employed in this process.
Because most organic substances
are thermally unstable they can
upon heating in an oxygen-free
atmosphere be split through a
combination of thermal cracking
and condensation reactions into
gaseous, liquid and solid fraction
(2)

16. Gasification
• Gasification is a process in which
partial combustion of MSW is
carried out in the presence of
oxygen, but in lesser amount than
that is required for complete
combustion, to generate a
combustible gas (fuel gas) rich in
carbon monoxide and hydrogen
e.g. the conversion of coal into
town gas. When a gasifier is
operated at atmospheric pressure
with air as the oxidant, the end
products of the gasification process
are a low-energy gas typically
containing (by volume) 20% CO,
15% H2, 10% CO2 and 2% CH4 (2)

17. Composting
• Composting is the most
responsible technical solution for
many developing countries
especially, where the climate is arid
and the soil is in serious need of
organic supplements. The
composting process usually follows
2 basic steps as shown in Fig. 2.13,
which may be preceded or
followed by pre- or post
treatments (crushing, sorting,
humidification, mixing with other
waste, etc…) (2)

18. WASTE DISPOSAL
• Landfills:- Land filling is the most simple and economical measure as far as natural
decomposition occurs at the disposal site. Unscientific and ordinary Land filling is the
common practice for solid waste disposal in many developing countries.
• Sanitary Landfills:- Sanitary Land filling is a process of dumping of MSW in a scientifically
designed area spreading waste in thin layers, compacting to the smallest practicable
volume and covering with soil on daily basis. The methane (rich biogas) is produced due
to anaerobic decomposition of organic matters in solid waste.
• Underground injection wells:-waste are injected under pressure into a steel and
concrete-encased shafts placed deep in the earth.
• Waste piles:- it is accumulations of insoluble solid, non flowing hazard waste. Piles serves
as temporary or final disposal.
• land treatment:- it is a process by which solid waste, such as sludge from wastes is
applied onto or incorporated into the soil surface.(2)

19. Reason behind the solid waste
1. Population growth
2. Increase in industrials manufacturing
3. Urbanization
4. Modernization (2)

20. Reduce Recycle Reuse

21. Reduce Recycle Reuse (Continued)
Prevention
Minimization
Reuse
Recycling
Energy Recovery
Disposal Least favoured Option
Most favoured Option

22. Reduce Recycle Reuse : Anuec

23. Reduce, Reuse, Recycle : WWF

24. Reduce, Reuse, Recycle : NOAA's
National Ocean Service

25. Case Study
Eluru
In this study, household
surveys were done in six
divisions of Eluru Municipal
Corporation, A.P. It was
estimated that 59 – 65 tons of
wet waste is generated in Eluru
per day and if this wet waste is
converted to quality compost
12.30 tons of vermi compost
could be generated. If
Municipal Corporation of Eluru
(MCE) manages this wet waste
an income of over rupees 0.89
crores per annum could be
earned by MCE which is a
considerable amount for
providing of better services to
public. The study concluded
that the municipal corporations
had not been very effective as
far as MSW services are
concerned.
(7)
Guwahati
1.The most polluted area in
Guwahati city had been studied
from the point of municipal solid
waste. The most affected
aquifer zones were identified
through GIS applications. As
per the study, the average
waste generation in Guwahati
city was 2.66 kg per day per
household and the per capita
waste generation was 606
gram per day. The biomedical
waste finds its way into the
municipal solid waste to some
extent in Guwahati. The other
industrial wastes and
carcasses were also not
disposed in proper manner.
The wastes were disposed in
the West Boragaon dumpsite
without any processing,
causing health risk to the local
people and resulted in pollution
of the land, air and water.
Measures to reduce the
problem have to be taken in the
best possible way to keep the
Guwahati city as a clean and
healthy place for its citizens (7)
Case Study of
Mumbai:
Decentralized
Solid Waste
Management
1.Mumbai Metropolitan Region
(MMR), spread over 4,355sq.
km is home to seven municipal
corporations. All Municipal
Corporations in India are
mandated to look into solid
waste management in their
functional domains under the
74th Constitutional Amendment.
At present, all the seven
municipal corporations depend
upon centralized means of
managing waste which is
dumped at assigned landfills
post collection. Apart from the
corporation, there are multiple
players who play a crucial role
in managing the waste. Much of
this is managed by informal
sector and now emerging
recyclers who are setting up
processes for decentralized
waste management.
(8)
PURI
1.The basic purpose behind this
study was to find out the
environmental crisis which was
taking place in Puri urban region.
The main objective of this study was
to establish the status of existing
system of waste generation,
collection, transportation, recycling
and disposal. The study was
conducted to identify the sources of
solid waste generation in the Puri
town, to find out the environmental
crisis, to analyze the spatio-temporal
frameworks of solid waste
generation, collection, and disposal
and to access the processes and
practices being used for the
collection and disposal of solid
waste generated in the town. It was
concluded from the study that Puri
town is currently facing the
municipal solid waste dilemma, for
which all elements of the society are
responsible. Here in this town,
community sensitization and public
awareness is very low. There is no
proper system of segregation of
organic, inorganic and recyclable
waste at the household level. Public
awareness and adequate budget
should be made for SWM in Puri
town(7)

26. Conclusion
4,368,723
There are various Government and Industry’s initiatives for doing proper solid waste
management. In the same line, prevention is the primary protective measure which
helps to reduce the growth of solid waste management and after that recycle and
reuse are the two pillars of efficient solid waste management . On the other hand,
application of newly developed technologies , massive awareness program, safety
protocol etc are the other steps which create pro-environmental models to run the
solid waste management system, properly. Lastly it should be our future objective that
we have to more concentrate on the management part of the discussed system for
zeroing the Error.

27. Reference
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3. http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTURBANDEVELOPMENT/Resources/336387-1334852610766/Chap4.pdf
4. https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2016-02/documents/soliddef.pdf
5. http://www.unescap.org/sites/default/files/CH08.PDF
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8. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1878029616301438/pdf?md5=fc08ec14845d1de67c92d0e
9. https://www.conserve-energy-future.com/reduce-reuse-recycle.php
10. https://swachh.org.in/
11. https://www.slideshare.net/RajeshKumaran1/swach-bharat-ppt
12. https://www.slideshare.net/vjkvishal/swachh-bharat-abhiyan
13. https://www.thinglink.com/scene/719216794232946689
14. http://www.wwf.org.au/get-involved/change-the-way-you-live/reduce-reuse-recycle
15. https://twitter.com/noaaocean
16. https://in.pinterest.com/pin/245305510932588196/?autologin=true
17. https://www.shutterstock.com/image-vector/waste-management-infographics-reduce-reuse-recycle-
269376908
18. http://morrelizabeth.com/project/reduce-reuse-recycle/

28. 03/06/18