Obesity is a medical condition where excess body fat has accumulated to the extent that it may negatively impact health. It is generally defined as a body mass index over 30 kg/m2. Obesity increases the risk of heart disease, diabetes, sleep apnea, certain cancers, and osteoarthritis. It results from an imbalance between caloric intake and utilization, and can be caused by genetic susceptibility, excessive food intake, lack of physical activity, or underlying diseases. Treatment involves dietary changes, exercise, medication, and in severe cases, weight-loss surgery.

1. Obesity
Etiology and Hazards
CHITKARA UNIVERSITY
Department of Pharmacy
Practice
Chitkara College of Pharmacy
Submitted By:
Ranjit Saha

2. Obesity
Obesity is a medical condition in which excess body fat has accumulated
to the extent that it may have a negative effect on health.
 People are generally considered obese when their body mass index (BMI),
a measurement obtained by dividing a person's weight by the square of the
person's height, is over 30 kg/m2, with the range 25–30 kg/m2 defined
as overweight.Some East Asian countries use lower values.

3.  Obesity increases the likelihood of various diseases, particularly heart
disease, type 2 diabetes, obstructive sleep apnea, certain types of cancer,
and osteoarthritis.
 Obesity is most commonly caused by a combination of excessive food intake,
lack of physical activity, and genetic susceptibility. A few cases are caused
primarily by genes, endocrine disorders, medications, or mental illness.

5. ETIOLOGY :
 Obesity results when caloric intake exceeds untilsation .
The imbalance of these tw components can occur in the
following situations:
 Inadequate pushing of onself away from the dining table
causing overtreating .
 Insufficent pushing of onself out of the chair leading to
inactivity and sedentary life style
 Genitic predisposition to develop obesity

6.  Diets largely derived from carbohydrates and fats than protein-rich diets
 Secondary obesity may result following a number of underlying disease
such as :
 Hypothyroidism
 Cushing disease
 Insulinomia
 Hypothalamic disorder

7. Complications of obesity
Obesity health problem includes:
 Type 2 diabetes.
 High blood pressure.
 Stroke.
 Heart disease.
 Gallbladder disease.

8.  Osteoarthritis.
 Poor wound healing.
 Sleep apnea,( dangerous sleep disorder in which breathing repeatedly stops
and starts).
 High cholesterol and triglycerides.
 Metabolic syndrome.
 Cancer.
 Depression.

10. PATHOGENESIS :
 The lipid storing cells , adipocytes comprise the adipose tissue and are presnt
in vascular and stromal compartment in the body . Besides the generally
accepted role of adipocytes for fat storage , these cells also release endocrine
regulating molecules . These molecules includes :
 Energy regulatory hormones (leptin )
 Cytokines ( TNF-α and interleukin-6
 Insulin sensitivity regulating agents ( adiponectin , resistin and RBP4 )
 Prothrombotic factor
 Blood pressure regulating agent

11. The most important environmental factor of excess consumption of
nutrients can lead to obesity
 Recently, two obesity genes have been found Ob gene ( protein
product leptin )
 db gene ( protein product leptin receptor )

13. Hazards Of Obesity
Hyperinsulinemia :
Increased insulin secretion is a glycaemia of frank diabetes despite
Hyperinsulinaemia . This is due to a state of insulin resistance consequent to
tissue insensitivity.
Type -2 diabetes mellitus :
There is a strong association of Type -2 diabetes mellitus with obesity. Obesity
often exacerbates the diabetes state and in many cases weight reduction often
leads to amelioration of diabetes

14. Atherosclerosis :
Obesity predisposes to development of Atherosclerosis . As a result of
Atherosclerosis and hypertension , there is increased risk of myocardial
infarction and stroke in obese individuals .
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease ( NAFLD ) :
Obesity contributes to development of Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (
NAFLD ) which may progress further to cirrhosis of the liver

15. Hypertension :
A strong association between hypertension and obesity is observed
which is perhaps due to increased blood volume . Weight reduction
leads to significant reduction in systolic blood pressure
Hyperlipoproteinaemia :
The plasma cholesterol circulates in the blood as low-density lipoprotein (LDL)
containing most of the circulating triglycerides . Obesity is strongly associated
with VLDL and midly with LDL . Total blood cholesterol levels are also
alevated in obesity .

16. Treatment
This plan include:
 Dietary changes.
 Exercise and activity.
 Behavior change.
 Prescription medication.
 Weight-loss surgery.

17. The Prescription medication include:
 Orlistat (Xenical).
 Lorcaserin (Belviq).
 Phentermine-topiramate (Qsymia).
 Phentermine (Adipex-P, Suprenza).

18. Prevention
More exercise: 150 to 250
minutes of moderate intensity
activity every week is helpful to
keep you away from obesity, and
these activities such as fast
walking and swimming.

19. Eat healthy: low calorie and fibers rich food
such as fruits, vegetables are good food to have
every day, but saturated fats and sweets and
alcohol are extremely bad , they increase your
body weight, and threaten your health.
Monitor your weight: monitoring your
weigh and calculating your body mass index
will be very helpful to know how your
prevention plan work.