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1
Chapter 10
Personality

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Chapter Preview
• Psychodynamic Perspectives
• Humanistic Perspectives
• Trait Perspectives
• Personological and Life Story Perspectives
• Social Cognitive Perspectives
• Biological Perspectives
• Personality Assessment

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Personality
• Pattern of enduring, distinctive:
• Thoughts
• Emotions
• Behaviors
• Characterize how an individual adapts to the
world

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Psychodynamic Perspectives
• Emphasize that personality is primarily
unconscious, or beyond awareness
• Freud’s psychoanalytic theory
• Sexual drive
• Most important human motivator
• Main determinant of personality
• Hysteria
• Physical symptoms that have no physical cause
• Symptoms stemmed from unconscious psychological
conflicts

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Structures of Personality
• Id
• Consists of unconscious drives
• Reservoir of sexual energy
• Works according to pleasure principle
• Ego
• Deals with demands of reality
• Abides by the reality principle
• Superego
• Evaluates morality of behavior
• Reflected in “conscience”

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• Freud’s Model of Personality
Freud’s model of personality.
Freud’s own representation of his three-part conception of personality shows the
relation of the id, ego, and superego to the unconscious, preconscious, and
conscious areas of the mind.
Conscious
Preconscious
Unconscious
Immediate awareness
of current environment
Available to awareness
(e.g., names of friends,
home address)
Unavailable to awareness
(infantile memories,
repressed wishes and
conflicts)

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Defense Mechanisms
• Tactics the ego uses to reduce anxiety by
unconsciously distorting reality
• Displacement
• Directs unacceptable impulses at a less
threatening target

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Defense Mechanisms
• Repression
• Pushes unacceptable id impulses back into the
unconscious mind
• Foundation for all psychological defense
mechanisms
• Sublimation
• Transforms unconscious impulses into beneficial
activities

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Psychosexual Stages of Personality
Development
• Erogenous zones
• Parts of body that have strong pleasure-giving
qualities at particular stages of development
• Adult personality is determined by the way
conflicts are resolved between early sources
of pleasure and demands of reality

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Psychosexual Stages of Personality
Development
• Oral stage (first 18 months)
• Pleasure centers around mouth
• Chewing, sucking, biting reduce tension
• Anal stage (18 to 36 months)
• Pleasure centers around anus and urethra and
their functions
• Toilet training
• Phallic stage (3 to 6 years)
• Pleasure focuses on genitals
• Discovery that self-stimulation is enjoyable

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Phallic Stage
• Oedipus [ed-i-puss] complex
• Boy’s intense desire to replace father and enjoy
affections of mother
• Castration anxiety
• Boy’s intense fear of being mutilated by father
• Electra Complex
• Girl’s intense desire to replace mother and enjoy
affections of father
• Development of superego
• child identifies with same gender parent and adopts
similar roles to reduce conflict and learn

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Oedipus/Electra Complex
• It is necessary to deal with these feelings
• Option 1, “get over it”
• Superego developed enough to realize not acceptable
• Ego develops to employ repression (hides this desire in
unconscious) and find suitable alternative (such as
marry someone who is like your parent instead of
parent
• Option 2, “don’t get over it”
• Superego not strong
• Ego maybe engages in repression or denial, but Id still
has desires. Maybe marry, maybe have commitment
issues, likely trouble with authority figures
12

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Psychosexual Stages of Personality
Development
• Latency period (6 years to puberty)
• Setting aside all interest in sexuality
• No real development
• Genital stage (adolescence to adulthood)
• Sexual reawakening
• Source of sexual pleasure shifts to someone
outside the family
• Sublimation used to fulfill ID in socially acceptabel
way

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Psychosexual Stages of Personality
Development
• Fixation
• Particular psychosexual stage colors an
individual’s adult personality
• For example an anal retentive person is fixated at
the anal stage

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Defense Mechanisms
& Freudian Stages

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Critics & Revisionists
• Sexuality not pervasive force behind
personality
• Oedipal complex not universal
• First five years not as powerful in shaping
adult personality
• Ego and conscious thought more dominant
• Sociocultural factors more important

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Trait Perspectives
• Gordon Allport (1897-1967)
• Focus on healthy, well-adjusted individuals
• Uniqueness of each person and capacity to adapt
• Traits
• Mental structures that make different situations the
same for the person
• Lexical approach & factor analysis
• If a trait is important to people in real life, it ought
to be represented in the natural language people
use to talk about one another

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Five-Factor Model
• Neuroticism
• Prone to negative emotions and worry
• Extraversion
• NOT NECESSARILY talkative!
• Sensation seeking, active, liking to be around others
• Openness to experience
• Appreciation new (ideas, activities, etc)
• Agreeableness
• Follower (vs leader), frank
• Conscientiousness
• Awareness of self and others

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Five-Factor Model
• Evidence of five factors of personality in:
• Different cultures
• Animals
• Strong relationship between personality traits
and well-being
• Extraversion  Higher levels of well-being
• Neuroticism  Lower levels of well-being

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Five-Factor Model
• Subjective well-being
• Person’s assessment of his/her own level of
positive affect
• Traits as enduring characteristics
• States are briefer experiences, such as mood

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Trait Perspectives
• Practical value of personality traits
• Connections between personality traits and:
• Health
• Ways
• Career success
• Relations with others
• Criticisms
• Missing the importance of situational factors
• Painting personality with very broad strokes

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Behavior Genetics
• Study of inherited underpinnings of behavioral
characteristics
• Twin studies
• Genetic factors explain differences in big five traits
• Autobiographical memories influenced by genetics
• Role of genetic factors enormously complex
• Genes and environments intertwined
• Traits influenced by multiple genes

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Biological Perspectives
• Tie personality to :
• Animal learning models
• Advances in brain imaging
• Evolutionary theory
• Cautions
• Biology can be effect, not cause, of personality
• Issue of whether personality can change
throughout life

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Personality Assessment
• Rigorous methods for measuring mental
processes
• Assess personality for different reasons
• Self-report tests
• Projective tests
• Other assessment methods

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Self-Report Tests
• Directly ask people whether different items
describe their personality traits
• Social desirability
• Motivates individuals to respond in ways that
make them look better

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Self-Report Tests
• To address social desirability
• Give questionnaire designed to tap into tendency
• Design scales so it is impossible to tell what is being
measured
• Use empirically-keyed test to distinguish known groups

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Self-Report Tests
• MMPI
• Most widely used and researched empirically-
keyed self-report personality test
• Used to assess personality and predict outcomes
• NEO-PI-R
• Geared toward assessing the five-factor model
• Includes items with face validity

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Projective Tests
• Present individuals with ambiguous stimulus
• Ask them to describe it, or tell a story about it
• Especially designed to elicit unconscious
feelings and conflicts
• Theoretically aligned with psychodynamic
perspectives on personality

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Projective Tests
• Rorschach inkblot test
• Responses are scored based on indications of
various underlying psychological characteristics
• Reliability and validity criticized
• Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)
• Designed to elicit stories that reveal personality
• Greater reliability and validity

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Type of Stimulus Used in the
Rorschach Inkblot Test

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Picture from the Thematic
Apperception Test (TAT)

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Other Assessment Methods
• Measuring behavior directly
• Cognitive assessments
• Friend or peer ratings
• Psychophysiological measures