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Data Structures and Algorithms




    Programming
    Concepts

How the Computer Stores Data
     @ Database

     @ File

     @ Record

     @ Field



Communicating with Computer
      @ Instructions

          aSyntax
               ¢ Bug
               ¢ Debugging




Programming Concepts                          *Property of STI
                                                  Page 1 of 8
Data Structures and Algorithms




       Analyzing the
       problem

The given data
  @ Data given in the problem or provided by the user.
       These can be known values or general names for
       data, such as price, quantity and so forth.

The required results
  @ Requirements for the output reports. This includes
       the information needed and the format required.

The processing that is required in the problem
  @ List of processing required. This includes equations
       or other types of processing, such as sorting,
       searching, and so forth.

A list of solution alternatives
  @ List of ideas for the solution of the problem.

Programming Concepts                                   *Property of STI
                                                           Page 2 of 8
Data Structures and Algorithms




      Writing the
      Algorithms

Pseudocode
  @ an outline of a program, written in a form that
       can easily be converted into real programming
       statements

Example : Bubble Sort

            while not at end of list
            compare adjacent elements
            if second is greater than first
            switch them
            get next two elements
            if elements were switched
            repeat for entire list




Programming Concepts                                 *Property of STI
                                                         Page 3 of 8
Data Structures and Algorithms




     Drawing the
     flowchart




Programming Concepts                  *Property of STI
                                          Page 4 of 8
Data Structures and Algorithms




    Flowcharting
    Symbols


                       Flowlines are indicated by straight
                       lines with optional arrows to show the
                       direction of data flow. The arrowhead
                       is necessary when the flow direction
                       might be in doubt. Flowlines are used
                       to connect blocks by exiting from one
                       and entering another


                       Flattened ellipses indicate the start
                       and the end of a module. An ellipse
                       uses the name of the module at the
                       start. The end is indicated by the word
                       end or stop for the top or control
                       module and the word exit for all other
                       modules. A start has no flowlines
                       entering it and only one exiting it; an
                       end or exit has one flowline entering
                       it but none exiting it.

Programming Concepts                                          *Property of STI
                                                                  Page 5 of 8
Data Structures and Algorithms




    Flowcharting
    Symbols

                       The rectangle indicates a
                       processing block, for such things as
                       calculations, opening and closing
                       files, and so forth. A processing
                       block has one entrance and one
                       exit.

                       The parallelogram indicates inout
                       to and output from the computer
                       memory. An I/O block has one
                       entrance and only one exit.



                       The diamond indicates a decision.
                       It has one entrance and two and only
                       two exits from the block. One exit
                       is the action when the resultant is
                       TRUE and the other exit is the action
                       when the resultant is false.

Programming Concepts                                       *Property of STI
                                                               Page 6 of 8
Data Structures and Algorithms




    Flowcharting
    Symbols

                       Rectangles with lines down each
                       side indicate the process of
                       modules. They have one entrance
                       and only one exit.




                       Flowchart sections can be
                       connected with two different
                       symbols. The circle connects
                       sections on the same page, and
                       the home base plate connects
                       flowcharts from page to page




Programming Concepts                                   *Property of STI
                                                           Page 7 of 8
Data Structures and Algorithms




    Testing the
    Solution



       When a solution is complete, it is important
       to test it to make sure it meets the
       requirements of the user, and to check for
       errors in logic or in the setup of the
       expressions and equations.




Programming Concepts                                    *Property of STI
                                                            Page 8 of 8

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3 programming concepts

  • 1. Data Structures and Algorithms Programming Concepts How the Computer Stores Data @ Database @ File @ Record @ Field Communicating with Computer @ Instructions aSyntax ¢ Bug ¢ Debugging Programming Concepts *Property of STI Page 1 of 8
  • 2. Data Structures and Algorithms Analyzing the problem The given data @ Data given in the problem or provided by the user. These can be known values or general names for data, such as price, quantity and so forth. The required results @ Requirements for the output reports. This includes the information needed and the format required. The processing that is required in the problem @ List of processing required. This includes equations or other types of processing, such as sorting, searching, and so forth. A list of solution alternatives @ List of ideas for the solution of the problem. Programming Concepts *Property of STI Page 2 of 8
  • 3. Data Structures and Algorithms Writing the Algorithms Pseudocode @ an outline of a program, written in a form that can easily be converted into real programming statements Example : Bubble Sort while not at end of list compare adjacent elements if second is greater than first switch them get next two elements if elements were switched repeat for entire list Programming Concepts *Property of STI Page 3 of 8
  • 4. Data Structures and Algorithms Drawing the flowchart Programming Concepts *Property of STI Page 4 of 8
  • 5. Data Structures and Algorithms Flowcharting Symbols Flowlines are indicated by straight lines with optional arrows to show the direction of data flow. The arrowhead is necessary when the flow direction might be in doubt. Flowlines are used to connect blocks by exiting from one and entering another Flattened ellipses indicate the start and the end of a module. An ellipse uses the name of the module at the start. The end is indicated by the word end or stop for the top or control module and the word exit for all other modules. A start has no flowlines entering it and only one exiting it; an end or exit has one flowline entering it but none exiting it. Programming Concepts *Property of STI Page 5 of 8
  • 6. Data Structures and Algorithms Flowcharting Symbols The rectangle indicates a processing block, for such things as calculations, opening and closing files, and so forth. A processing block has one entrance and one exit. The parallelogram indicates inout to and output from the computer memory. An I/O block has one entrance and only one exit. The diamond indicates a decision. It has one entrance and two and only two exits from the block. One exit is the action when the resultant is TRUE and the other exit is the action when the resultant is false. Programming Concepts *Property of STI Page 6 of 8
  • 7. Data Structures and Algorithms Flowcharting Symbols Rectangles with lines down each side indicate the process of modules. They have one entrance and only one exit. Flowchart sections can be connected with two different symbols. The circle connects sections on the same page, and the home base plate connects flowcharts from page to page Programming Concepts *Property of STI Page 7 of 8
  • 8. Data Structures and Algorithms Testing the Solution When a solution is complete, it is important to test it to make sure it meets the requirements of the user, and to check for errors in logic or in the setup of the expressions and equations. Programming Concepts *Property of STI Page 8 of 8