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9.
Lecture
Chemical Control and
Coordination
2
Dr. Sachin Kapur
M M.Phil, Phd 4,00,000 Students & Teachers Mentored
20+ years Teaching experience

10.
DWAYNE ‘THE ROCK’ JOHNSON
At age 22, after playing in just one professional
football game, he was cut from the team, ending
his football career. He went home with 7 dollars in
his pocket and his “dreams shattered”.
Actor, Producer, Professional wrestler.
FAMOUS FAILURES

11.
➢ For many years, the pituitary gland or hypophysis was called the “master”
endocrine gland because it secretes several hormones that control other
endocrine glands.
➢ We now know that the pituitary gland itself has a master—the hypothalamus.
Hypothalamus
Chemical Control and Coordination

12.
➢ This small region of the brain below the thalamus is the major link between the
nervous and endocrine systems.
➢ Cells in the hypothalamus synthesize at least nine different hormones, and the
pituitary gland secretes seven.
➢ Together, these hormones play important roles in the regulation of virtually all
aspects of growth, development, metabolism, and homeostasis.
Hypothalamus
Chemical Control and Coordination

13.
➢ It is a pea-shaped structure that measures
1–1.5 cm in diameter and lies in sella turcica
of the sphenoid bone.
➢ It attaches to the hypothalamus by a stalk,
the infundibulum and has two anatomically
and functionally separate portions:
○ Anterior pituitary
○ Posterior pituitary.
Pituitary gland
Chemical Control and Coordination

14.
Chemical Control and Coordination

15.
➢ It is also called adenohypophysis and accounts for about 75% of the total
weight of the gland.
➢ It consists of two parts in an adult:
○ Pars tuberalis forms a sheath around the infundibulum.
○ Pars distalis is the larger portion.
Anterior Pituitary
Chemical Control and Coordination

16.
➢ It is also called neurohypophysis and consists of two parts:
○ Pars nervosa
○ Infundibulum.
➢ A third region of the pituitary gland called pars intermedia atrophies during
human fetal development and ceases to exist as a separate lobe in adults.
Posterior Pituitary
Chemical Control and Coordination

17.
Chemical Control and Coordination

18.
➢ It secretes hormones that regulate a wide range of bodily activities, from growth
to reproduction.
➢ Release of its hormones is stimulated by releasing hormones and suppressed
by inhibiting hormones from the hypothalamus.
Adenohypophysis
Chemical Control and Coordination

19.
➢ Hypothalamic hormones reach
the anterior pituitary through a
portal system.
➢ Blood flows from capillaries in
hypothalamus into portal veins
that carry blood to capillaries of
the anterior pituitary.
Hypophyseal portal system
Chemical Control and Coordination

20.
➢ Hypothalamus has clusters of specialized neurons, called neurosecretory cells.
➢ They synthesize the hypothalamic releasing and inhibiting hormones in their cell
bodies.
➢ These hormones reach the axon terminals by axonal transport.
Neurosecretory Cells
Chemical Control and Coordination

21.
➢ Anterior pituitary hormones travel to target tissues throughout the body.
➢ Those anterior pituitary hormones that act on other endocrine glands are called
tropic hormones or tropins.
Tropic Hormones
Chemical Control and Coordination

22.
➢ Five types of anterior pituitary cells secrete seven hormones—
○ Somatotrophs
○ Thyrotrophs
○ Gonadotrophs
○ Lactotrophs
○ Corticotrophs
Types of Anterior Pituitary Cells
Chemical Control and Coordination

23.
➢ These secrete human growth hormone (hGH) or somatotropin.
➢ It stimulates several tissues to secrete insulin like growth factors.
Somatotrophs
Chemical Control and Coordination

24.
➢ These secrete thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) or thyrotropin.
➢ TSH controls the secretions and other activities of the thyroid gland.
Thyrotrophs
Chemical Control and Coordination

25.
➢ These secrete two gonadotropins:
○ Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
○ Luteinizing hormone (LH).
➢ FSH and LH both act on the gonads.
➢ They stimulate secretion of estrogens and progesterone and the maturation of
oocytes in the ovaries, and sperm production and secretion of testosterone in
the testes.
Gonadotrophs
Chemical Control and Coordination

26.
➢ These secrete prolactin (PRL), which initiates milk production in the mammary
glands.
Lactotrophs
Chemical Control and Coordination

27.
➢ These secrete adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) or corticotropin, which
stimulates the adrenal cortex to secrete glucocorticoids such as cortisol.
➢ Some corticotrophs (remnants of the pars intermedia) also secrete melanocyte-
stimulating hormone (MSH).
Corticotrophs
Chemical Control and Coordination

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