1.
LEARNING OUTCOME
✓ Spinal Cord
✓ Reflex action and reflex arc
✓ Case Study: Multiple Sclerosis
Neural control and Coordination

2.
NEURAL CONTROL AND COORDINATION
Spinal Cord
✓ Spinal cord extends from base of brain into vertebral canal formed by the vertebrae.
✓ Cross section shows that spinal cord has a central canal, gray matter, and white
matter.
Spinal cord (cross section)

3.
Brain
Central nervous
system (CNS)
Spinal cord
Peripheral
nervous
system (PNS)
Cranial
nerves
Ganglia
outside
CNS
Spinal
nerves
NEURAL CONTROL AND COORDINATION
Spinal Cord
✓ Spinal cord is divided into five
different parts.
✓ Several spinal nerves emerge out of
each segment of spinal cord.
✓ There are 8 pairs of cervical, 5
lumbar, 12 thoracic, 5 sacral and 1
coccygeal pair of spinal nerves

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9.
NEURAL CONTROL AND COORDINATION
Reflex Action
Receptor:
✓ A receptor is specialized cell or group of nerve endings or a specialized organ which
responds to sensory stimuli.
✓ They receive the stimulus from
the surrounding

10.
NEURAL CONTROL AND COORDINATION
Reflex Action
Sensory neuron or afferent neuron:
✓ A neuron, which conducts impulses representing information about an (external or
internal) environmental
change towards to the
brain or spinal cord.

11.
NEURAL CONTROL AND COORDINATION
Reflex Action
Control center:
✓ Cells on the CNS, which receive sensory information from the environment, process
that information, and, if
appropriate, generate
motor commands to
effectors’ organs in response
to the stimulus from the
environment.

12.
NEURAL CONTROL AND COORDINATION
Reflex Action
Interneuron: A nerve cell found entirely within the CNS that acts as a link between sensory
neurons and motor neurons and integrating or communicating or transmitting information
between different parts of the
CNS.

13.
NEURAL CONTROL AND COORDINATION
Reflex Action
Motor Neuron: A neuron that conveys impulses outward from the CNS to a muscle, gland,
or other effector tissue that regulates the activity of the effector.

14.
NEURAL CONTROL AND COORDINATION
Reflex Action
Effector: A muscle, gland, or other organ capable of responding to a stimulus which has
been evaluated by a control center, mediated by a nerve impulse or a hormonal signal.

15.
NEURAL CONTROL AND COORDINATION
Reflex Arch
A reflex arc defines the pathway by which a reflex travels from the stimulus to sensory
neuron to motor neuron to reflex muscle movement.

16.
CASE STUDY: Multiple Sclerosis