2. Disease Disease frequency.
frequency.
Distribution
Distribution.
determinants.
Determinants.

3.  Mortality.
 Morbidity.
 Disability.
 Presence & absence or distribution of..
 Medical needs.
 Utilization of health services.
 Demographic variables.

4. Rate
Ratio
Proportion

5.  Measures the occurrence of an event or
disease in a given population during a
given period (one Year).
(Birth rate, growth rate, accident rate)
 Usually expressed per 100 or per1000
population.
 It has a time dimension, whereas a
PROPORTION does not.

6.  A fraction is made up of 2 numbers.
 The top number is called the
NUMERATOR
 and the bottom number is called the
DENOMINATOR.
 In the fraction ¾ the 3 is the numerator
and the 4 is the denominator.

7. No of death in one year
 Death rate= -------------------- X 1000
Total mid year population
Numerator
Denominator.
Time specification
Multiplier
(Numerator is part of denominator )

8.  The value obtained by dividing one
quantity by another- X/Y.
 Male to female ratio.
 A ratio often compares two rates,
death rates for women and men at a
given age.

9.  Ratio also expresses relation of size
between the two quantities.
 Numerator is not part of Denominator.
 Expressed as X / Y.
Doctor : Population ratio.
Male : Female ratio.
WBC : RBC ratio

10.  A part/share or number considered in
comparative relation to a whole.
 "the proportion of greenhouse gases
in the atmosphere is rising”
 Usually expressed as a percentage %

11.  This is also relation /magnitude between
two quantities, And numerator is always
part of denominator.
 And expressed as percentage
-Proportion of female students .
-Proportion of anemic mothers
(60% mothers are anemic)

13. Incidence
Occurrence of new cases
•
Prevalence
Existence of all new & old cases.

14.  Prevalence:- how many people in
a population currently have the
disease (Photograph)
 Incidence:- how many people are
diagnosed each year (Film)

15. Cure rate

16. New cases

17. • The rate at which acute
disease is spreading --
used during epidemics
& expressed in %.
Attack rate
• % of exposed persons
developing disease after
primary case exposure
Secondary
attack rate

18. •Prevalence at any
given point of time.
• 4% TB cases on 1st April
Point
prevalence
•Prevalence at a given
period of time.
•Period will be 1year.
Period
prevalence

19.  Longer duration of the disease.
 Prolongation of life, with treatment.
 If incidence increases.
 Immigration of new cases.
 Better reporting of cases.
 Emigration of healthy people.

20. Longer
duration of
disease
Incidence
increases.
Prolongation
of life
without
cure.
20

21.  Shorter duration of diseases.
 Improved cure rate.
 Incidence decreases.
 Emigration of new cases.
 Under reporting of cases.
 Immigration of healthy people.

22. Improved cure rate.
Short duration of
disease.
Incidence decreases

24.  Crude Death Rate.
 Specific death rate.
 Case fatality rate.
 Proportional mortality rate.
 Survival rate.
 Standardized death rate.

25.  Number of deaths from all causes, per
1000 estimated mid year population in
one year in a given place.
No deaths during one year
CDR = _________________________ X 1000
Mid year population

26.  Cause Specific death rate like
disease death rate, Road accident…
 Age specific-IMR, Child Mortality rate
 Sex specific death rate – MMR/female
 Period specific death rate–Death in May

27.  Percentage of particular cases dying
during particular disease epidemic.
 Killing power of disease particularly
acute diseases
No of deaths due to cholera
 CFR= ----------------------- X 100
Total No of cholera cases

28.  Proportion or % of deaths due to
particular cause out of total deaths.
 It measures the disease burden.
 Under 5, No of deaths below 5 years
proportional = -------------------- X 100
mortality rate Total No all of deaths

29.  Percentage of the treated patients remaining
alive at the end of 5 years treatment.
 Yard stick for assessing the standard of
therapy in cancer.
 Survival pts alive at the end of 5 yrs
Rate = ---------------------- X 100
Total No of pts treated

30.  CDR can not be useful for comparison.
 Death rate need to be standardized
for comparisons.
 Standardization can be done by-
:adjusting death rate age wise,
:also can be done sex/race wise