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Dr Roger Ramsbottom
Department of Sport and Health Sciences
Oxford Brookes University
United Kingdom
11th Congress of Sport and Physical Education
Pontevedra, Espaňa, 6-9 May, 2015.
THE UTILITY OF HEART RATE
MEASURES IN SPORT AND EXERCISE
SCIENCE
EXERCISE SCIENCE
ESTIMATION OF CARDIORESPIRATORY
FITNESS FROM THE SUBMAXIMAL HEART
RATE RESPONSE
ESTIMATION OF CARDIORESPIRATORY
FITNESS FROM THE SUBMAXIMAL HEART
RATE RESPONSE
Heart rate (b min-1)
Oxygenuptake(Lmin-1)
VO2max*
y = mx + c
r = 0.998
*Aerobic fitness = maximal aerobic power (or VO2max)
VO2 Heart rate
1.10 109
1.35 123
1.55 140
2.20 156
ESTIMATION OF ENERGY
EXPENDITURE FROM THE
SUBMAXIMAL HEART RATE
Heart rate (b min-1)
Oxygenuptake(Lmin-1)
y = mx + c
r = 0.998
*kJ 1.0 L O2 = 21 kJ energy
With an individual
relationship between
oxygen uptake and heart
rate – the rate of energy
expenditure can be
estimated*.
11th International Congress_Sports Science&Physical Education
MOUNT SNOWDON, WALES (1085-M)
ESTIMATED ENERGY EXPENDITURE
Distance 25.51 km
Mean HR 126 b min-1
EE 4,976 kcal (20.8 MJ)
Duration 9 hrs 29 min
MOUNT SNOWDON, WALES (1085-M)
HEART RATE RESPONSE AND WALK
PROFILE
THE HEART: CARDIAC CONDUCTION
SYSTEM
SA node ~ 60-100 bpm - sets the pace of the heartbeat
AV node ~ 50 bpm - delays the transmission of action potentials
70-80/min
40-60/min
20-40/min
Intrinsic
autorhymicity is
influenced by
parasympatheic
and sympathetic
neural input
PARASYMPATHETIC AND SYMPATHETIC
INNERVATION OF THE HEART
PARASYMPATHETIC AND
SYMPATHETIC INNERVATION OF THE
HEART
HEART RATE VARIABILITY (HRV)
Different Heart Rate
Variability (ms) in two
individuals with similar
Heart Rate (b min-1)
R-R Interval
TIME DOMAIN FREQUENCY DOMAIN
ANALYSIS
SDNN:
Standard deviation of
the R-R interval in
milliseconds.
Long-term control of
HRV
RMSSD:
Square root of the
mean of the squares of
successive R-R interval
differences
Short-term control of
HRV
High Frequency:
Vagal activity
Low Frequency:
Baroreceptor reflex
activity
Very Low Frequency:
e.g. Renin-angiotensin
Autoregression analysis
POINCARÉ PLOTS
Quantitative measures:
SD1: Short-term HRV
(SD of plot data along axis A)
SD2: Long-term HRV
(SD of plot data along axis B)
SD12 : (Poincaré dimension)
Quantitative description of
entire plot
A B
SD1 Measure of
instantaneous beat-to-beat
variability
SD2 Quantifies complex, long-term variability
STUDY I: SUBJECTS
Activity
level
n Mean Supine
Heart Rate
(b min-1)
Age
(years)
Body Mass
(kg)
Height
(m)
Moderate 20 73
(s=10)
26.1
(s=6.8)
67.5
(s=15.9)
1.66
(s=0.08)
High 20 59**
(s=5)
23.8
(s=4.9)
63.4
(s=7.7)
1.66
(s=0.05)
**P<0.01
Gilder and Ramsbottom (2008a) Measures of cardiac autonomic control in women with differing volumes of physical activity J.
Sports Sciences, 26 (7): 781-786.
METHOD: MEASUREMENT OF HEART
RATE VARIABILITY (HRV)
Polar S810i
Supine rest:
20 minutes
of R-R
collection
Standing:
5 minutes
of R-R
collection
R-R data:
HRV
Analysis
Time Domain:
SDNN
RMSSD
Frequency Domain:
(Autoregression analysis)
LF & HF
LF/HF ratio (%)
Poincaré:
SD1, SD2
RESULTS: HRV - MODERATE VERSUS
HIGH PHYSICAL ACTIVITY GROUPS
Group
Moderate
High
RRI
827
1011**
SDNN
42.6
71.8**
RMSSD
42.1
82.2**
HF
230
515*
SD1
29.8
58.3*
SD1/SD2 ratio
0.39
0.49*
* P<0.05, **P<0.01
Each Poincaré plot shows
1000 R-R intervals
Participant A: Physical activity
> 3 sessions per week, > 60
min; SD1 47.0 ms, SD2 87 ms,
SD1/SD2 0.54
Participant B: Physical activity
1 session per week, > 30 min;
SD1 11.9 ms, SD2 62.1 ms,
SD1/SD2 0.19
POINCARÉ PLOTS: OVERTRAINING
Altered Poincaré plot shape in overtrained athletes (Mourot et al. 2004)
Trained Overtrained 1 Overtrained 2
R-R
Mourot et al. (2004) Decrease in heart rate variability with overtraining: assessment by the Poincaré plot analysis. Clin Physio
Funct Imaging 24: 10-18
POINCARÉ PLOTS: CONGESTIVE
HEART FAILURE
Plot shape indicates cardiac health status (Woo et al., 1994)
Normal Congestive Heart Failure
NA: 244 pg mL-1 NA: 750 pg mL-1
Plasma NA:
Normal range:
150-300 pg mL-1
STUDY 2: HRV MAY INDICATE THE
LACTATE AND VENTILATORY
THRESHOLDS
Di Michele et al. (2012) Estimation of the anaerobic threshold
from the heart rate variability threshold in an incremental
swimming test J. Strength & Cond. Res. 26 (11): 3059-3066.
James et al. (1989) Determination of anaerobic threshold by
ventilatory frequency Int. J. Sports Med. 10 (3): 192-196.
Karapetian et al. (2008) Use of heart rate variability to estimate
LT and VT Int. J. Sports Med. 29: 652-657.
Sales et al. (2011) Noninvasive method to estimate anaerobic
threshold in individuals with type 2 diabetes Diabetology &
Metabolic Syndrome 3: 1
HOW IS HRV DETERMINED?
Karapetian et al. (2008) Visual inspection
…’point at which there was no further
decline in HRV, thus indicating vagal
withdrawal. Thus, this HRV deflection
point was defined as the HRVT’.
Sales et al. (2011) ‘For the determination
of the HRVT, a stabilization point lower
than 3 milliseconds (ms) was adopted for
the vagal activity indices (SD1 and
RMSSD) plotted against the absolute
workload’.
DATA FROM INCREMENTAL CYCLE
ERGOMETRY
Work rate
(W)
0
30
60
90
120
150
180
210
240
57.1
27.8
12.5
10.8
5.8
4.2
2.6
2.7
3.4
RMSSD
(ms)
Blood lactate
(mmol L-1)
VO2
(L min-1)
VCO2
(L min-1)
SD1
(ms)
40.9
19.9
9
7.8
4.2
3
1.9
2
2.5
1.6
1.4
1.6
1.2
1.7
2.3
4.1
6.2
12.4
0.31
0.84
1.07
1.39
1.67
2.11
2.37
2.66
3.03
0.28
0.71
0.92
1.28
1.52
2.04
2.40
2.89
3.41
LACTATE THRESHOLD (0.4 MMOL L-1
ABOVE BASELINE)
0.0
2.0
4.0
6.0
8.0
10.0
12.0
14.0
0 50 100 150 200 250 300
BloodLactateConcentration
(mmol/L)
Work rate (w)
Blood lactate
(mmol L-1)
1.6
1.4
1.6
1.2
1.7
2.3
4.1
6.2
12.4
LT - 0.4 mmol L-1 sustained increase above baseline
LT at 120 W
rest
move away from baseline lactate
concentration >0.4 mmol L-1
VENTILATORY THRESHOLD VT1 (VCO2
PLOTTED AGAINST VO2)
y = 0.9928x - 0.1239
R² = 0.9981
y = 1.5028x - 1.133
R² = 0.998
0.00
0.50
1.00
1.50
2.00
2.50
3.00
3.50
4.00
0.00 0.50 1.00 1.50 2.00 2.50 3.00 3.50
VO2
(L min-1)
VCO2
(L min-1)
0.31
0.84
1.07
1.39
1.67
2.11
2.37
2.66
3.03
0.28
0.71
0.92
1.28
1.52
2.04
2.40
2.89
3.41
rest
VT1 breakpoint at 120 W
VT1 at 120 W
HRV THRESHOLD
(RMSSD VERSUS WORK RATE)
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
0 50 100 150 200 250 300
RMSSD(ms)
Work Rate (W)
RMSSD versus Work Rate
HRVT stabilization below 3 ms is at 2.6 ms
HRVT at 180 W
RMSSD
(ms)
57.1
27.8
12.5
10.8
5.8
4.2
2.6
2.7
3.4
rest
HRV THRESHOLD
(SD1 VERSUS WORK RATE)
0
5
10
15
20
25
0 50 100 150 200 250 300
SD1(ms)
Work Rate (w)
SD1 versus Work Rate
SD1
(ms)
40.9
19.9
9.0
7.8
4.2
3.0
1.9
2.0
2.5
HRVT stabilization below 3 ms is at 1.9 ms
HRVT at 180 W
rest
VENTILATORY THRESHOLD VT2
RESPIRATORY COMPENSATION POINT (VE
PLOTTED AGAINST VCO2)
y = 17.512x + 6.477
R² = 0.9956
y = 32.827x - 29.28
R² = 0.9975
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
0.00 0.50 1.00 1.50 2.00 2.50 3.00 3.50 4.00
VE
VCO2
VT2 breakpoint at 180 W
VT2 at 180 W
VCO2
(L min-1)
0.28
0.71
0.92
1.28
1.52
2.04
2.40
2.89
3.41
9.6
18.7
22.8
29.6
32.3
42.3
50.0
64.7
83.3
VE
(L min-1)
Work rate
(W)
0
30
60
90
120
150
180
210
240
SUMMARY
HEART RATE MEASURES CAN:
Estimate energy expenditure (kJ) during steady-rate
submaximal exercise.
Estimate cardiorespiratory fitness (VO2max) based on the
submaximal heart rate response.
Indicate the training status of an athlete.
Indicate cardiac autonomic health status in clinical
populations.
May reflect the lactate and ventilatory thresholds during
incremental exercise.

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11th International Congress_Sports Science&Physical Education

  • 1. Dr Roger Ramsbottom Department of Sport and Health Sciences Oxford Brookes University United Kingdom 11th Congress of Sport and Physical Education Pontevedra, Espaňa, 6-9 May, 2015. THE UTILITY OF HEART RATE MEASURES IN SPORT AND EXERCISE SCIENCE
  • 3. ESTIMATION OF CARDIORESPIRATORY FITNESS FROM THE SUBMAXIMAL HEART RATE RESPONSE
  • 4. ESTIMATION OF CARDIORESPIRATORY FITNESS FROM THE SUBMAXIMAL HEART RATE RESPONSE Heart rate (b min-1) Oxygenuptake(Lmin-1) VO2max* y = mx + c r = 0.998 *Aerobic fitness = maximal aerobic power (or VO2max) VO2 Heart rate 1.10 109 1.35 123 1.55 140 2.20 156
  • 5. ESTIMATION OF ENERGY EXPENDITURE FROM THE SUBMAXIMAL HEART RATE Heart rate (b min-1) Oxygenuptake(Lmin-1) y = mx + c r = 0.998 *kJ 1.0 L O2 = 21 kJ energy With an individual relationship between oxygen uptake and heart rate – the rate of energy expenditure can be estimated*.
  • 7. MOUNT SNOWDON, WALES (1085-M) ESTIMATED ENERGY EXPENDITURE Distance 25.51 km Mean HR 126 b min-1 EE 4,976 kcal (20.8 MJ) Duration 9 hrs 29 min
  • 8. MOUNT SNOWDON, WALES (1085-M) HEART RATE RESPONSE AND WALK PROFILE
  • 9. THE HEART: CARDIAC CONDUCTION SYSTEM SA node ~ 60-100 bpm - sets the pace of the heartbeat AV node ~ 50 bpm - delays the transmission of action potentials 70-80/min 40-60/min 20-40/min Intrinsic autorhymicity is influenced by parasympatheic and sympathetic neural input
  • 12. HEART RATE VARIABILITY (HRV) Different Heart Rate Variability (ms) in two individuals with similar Heart Rate (b min-1) R-R Interval
  • 13. TIME DOMAIN FREQUENCY DOMAIN ANALYSIS SDNN: Standard deviation of the R-R interval in milliseconds. Long-term control of HRV RMSSD: Square root of the mean of the squares of successive R-R interval differences Short-term control of HRV High Frequency: Vagal activity Low Frequency: Baroreceptor reflex activity Very Low Frequency: e.g. Renin-angiotensin Autoregression analysis
  • 14. POINCARÉ PLOTS Quantitative measures: SD1: Short-term HRV (SD of plot data along axis A) SD2: Long-term HRV (SD of plot data along axis B) SD12 : (Poincaré dimension) Quantitative description of entire plot A B SD1 Measure of instantaneous beat-to-beat variability SD2 Quantifies complex, long-term variability
  • 15. STUDY I: SUBJECTS Activity level n Mean Supine Heart Rate (b min-1) Age (years) Body Mass (kg) Height (m) Moderate 20 73 (s=10) 26.1 (s=6.8) 67.5 (s=15.9) 1.66 (s=0.08) High 20 59** (s=5) 23.8 (s=4.9) 63.4 (s=7.7) 1.66 (s=0.05) **P<0.01 Gilder and Ramsbottom (2008a) Measures of cardiac autonomic control in women with differing volumes of physical activity J. Sports Sciences, 26 (7): 781-786.
  • 16. METHOD: MEASUREMENT OF HEART RATE VARIABILITY (HRV) Polar S810i Supine rest: 20 minutes of R-R collection Standing: 5 minutes of R-R collection R-R data: HRV Analysis Time Domain: SDNN RMSSD Frequency Domain: (Autoregression analysis) LF & HF LF/HF ratio (%) Poincaré: SD1, SD2
  • 17. RESULTS: HRV - MODERATE VERSUS HIGH PHYSICAL ACTIVITY GROUPS Group Moderate High RRI 827 1011** SDNN 42.6 71.8** RMSSD 42.1 82.2** HF 230 515* SD1 29.8 58.3* SD1/SD2 ratio 0.39 0.49* * P<0.05, **P<0.01
  • 18. Each Poincaré plot shows 1000 R-R intervals Participant A: Physical activity > 3 sessions per week, > 60 min; SD1 47.0 ms, SD2 87 ms, SD1/SD2 0.54 Participant B: Physical activity 1 session per week, > 30 min; SD1 11.9 ms, SD2 62.1 ms, SD1/SD2 0.19
  • 19. POINCARÉ PLOTS: OVERTRAINING Altered Poincaré plot shape in overtrained athletes (Mourot et al. 2004) Trained Overtrained 1 Overtrained 2 R-R Mourot et al. (2004) Decrease in heart rate variability with overtraining: assessment by the Poincaré plot analysis. Clin Physio Funct Imaging 24: 10-18
  • 20. POINCARÉ PLOTS: CONGESTIVE HEART FAILURE Plot shape indicates cardiac health status (Woo et al., 1994) Normal Congestive Heart Failure NA: 244 pg mL-1 NA: 750 pg mL-1 Plasma NA: Normal range: 150-300 pg mL-1
  • 21. STUDY 2: HRV MAY INDICATE THE LACTATE AND VENTILATORY THRESHOLDS Di Michele et al. (2012) Estimation of the anaerobic threshold from the heart rate variability threshold in an incremental swimming test J. Strength & Cond. Res. 26 (11): 3059-3066. James et al. (1989) Determination of anaerobic threshold by ventilatory frequency Int. J. Sports Med. 10 (3): 192-196. Karapetian et al. (2008) Use of heart rate variability to estimate LT and VT Int. J. Sports Med. 29: 652-657. Sales et al. (2011) Noninvasive method to estimate anaerobic threshold in individuals with type 2 diabetes Diabetology & Metabolic Syndrome 3: 1
  • 22. HOW IS HRV DETERMINED? Karapetian et al. (2008) Visual inspection …’point at which there was no further decline in HRV, thus indicating vagal withdrawal. Thus, this HRV deflection point was defined as the HRVT’. Sales et al. (2011) ‘For the determination of the HRVT, a stabilization point lower than 3 milliseconds (ms) was adopted for the vagal activity indices (SD1 and RMSSD) plotted against the absolute workload’.
  • 23. DATA FROM INCREMENTAL CYCLE ERGOMETRY Work rate (W) 0 30 60 90 120 150 180 210 240 57.1 27.8 12.5 10.8 5.8 4.2 2.6 2.7 3.4 RMSSD (ms) Blood lactate (mmol L-1) VO2 (L min-1) VCO2 (L min-1) SD1 (ms) 40.9 19.9 9 7.8 4.2 3 1.9 2 2.5 1.6 1.4 1.6 1.2 1.7 2.3 4.1 6.2 12.4 0.31 0.84 1.07 1.39 1.67 2.11 2.37 2.66 3.03 0.28 0.71 0.92 1.28 1.52 2.04 2.40 2.89 3.41
  • 24. LACTATE THRESHOLD (0.4 MMOL L-1 ABOVE BASELINE) 0.0 2.0 4.0 6.0 8.0 10.0 12.0 14.0 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 BloodLactateConcentration (mmol/L) Work rate (w) Blood lactate (mmol L-1) 1.6 1.4 1.6 1.2 1.7 2.3 4.1 6.2 12.4 LT - 0.4 mmol L-1 sustained increase above baseline LT at 120 W rest move away from baseline lactate concentration >0.4 mmol L-1
  • 25. VENTILATORY THRESHOLD VT1 (VCO2 PLOTTED AGAINST VO2) y = 0.9928x - 0.1239 R² = 0.9981 y = 1.5028x - 1.133 R² = 0.998 0.00 0.50 1.00 1.50 2.00 2.50 3.00 3.50 4.00 0.00 0.50 1.00 1.50 2.00 2.50 3.00 3.50 VO2 (L min-1) VCO2 (L min-1) 0.31 0.84 1.07 1.39 1.67 2.11 2.37 2.66 3.03 0.28 0.71 0.92 1.28 1.52 2.04 2.40 2.89 3.41 rest VT1 breakpoint at 120 W VT1 at 120 W
  • 26. HRV THRESHOLD (RMSSD VERSUS WORK RATE) 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 RMSSD(ms) Work Rate (W) RMSSD versus Work Rate HRVT stabilization below 3 ms is at 2.6 ms HRVT at 180 W RMSSD (ms) 57.1 27.8 12.5 10.8 5.8 4.2 2.6 2.7 3.4 rest
  • 27. HRV THRESHOLD (SD1 VERSUS WORK RATE) 0 5 10 15 20 25 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 SD1(ms) Work Rate (w) SD1 versus Work Rate SD1 (ms) 40.9 19.9 9.0 7.8 4.2 3.0 1.9 2.0 2.5 HRVT stabilization below 3 ms is at 1.9 ms HRVT at 180 W rest
  • 28. VENTILATORY THRESHOLD VT2 RESPIRATORY COMPENSATION POINT (VE PLOTTED AGAINST VCO2) y = 17.512x + 6.477 R² = 0.9956 y = 32.827x - 29.28 R² = 0.9975 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 0.00 0.50 1.00 1.50 2.00 2.50 3.00 3.50 4.00 VE VCO2 VT2 breakpoint at 180 W VT2 at 180 W VCO2 (L min-1) 0.28 0.71 0.92 1.28 1.52 2.04 2.40 2.89 3.41 9.6 18.7 22.8 29.6 32.3 42.3 50.0 64.7 83.3 VE (L min-1) Work rate (W) 0 30 60 90 120 150 180 210 240
  • 29. SUMMARY HEART RATE MEASURES CAN: Estimate energy expenditure (kJ) during steady-rate submaximal exercise. Estimate cardiorespiratory fitness (VO2max) based on the submaximal heart rate response. Indicate the training status of an athlete. Indicate cardiac autonomic health status in clinical populations. May reflect the lactate and ventilatory thresholds during incremental exercise.