1. CONSTRUCTION AND MATERIALS
TOPIC- PARTITION WALLS AND ADHESIVES
PRESENTED TO:-
AR. MAVISH ANJUM
AR. SRISHTI BALIYAN
PRESENTED BY:-
AYUSH JAISWAL
ROHIT BHATT
SUKHLEEN KAUR
B.ARCH IVTH SEM
K.C.A.D. BAREILLY

2. PART 1
PARTITION WALLS

3. INTRODUCTION
 A dividing or a screen wall which is constructed
inside the enclosed area is known as a partition and
it can be constructed either on ground floor or upper
floors.
 The construction of light partitions proves to be
extremely useful to divide rooms in upper floors of a
building, especially when it is not possible to
construct wall above wall or beam on lower floor.

4. PURPOSE
 Partition walls are designed as non-load bearing
walls. It may be of folding, collapsible or fixed type.
 If partition walls are load bearing then they are called
as ‘internal wall’.
 The thickness of partitions will reduce the usable
floor space in the building.
 The partition may be taken upto full floor height
or upto eye-level i.e. 2000 to 2500 mm.

5. REQUIREMENTS OF PARTITON WALLS
 Should be strong enough to carry its own weight.
 Should be strong capable of resisting impact developed due to the use of
building.
 Should act as a sound barrier especially when it divides a room into two
units.
 Should possess enough strength to support some wall fixtures, sinks,
wash basins, etc.
 Should have the capacity to support suitable decorative surface.
 Should be light, thin, cheap, fire-resistant and easy to construct.
 Shouldffer sufficient resistance against heat, dampness, white ant or
fungus etc.
 Should have thin cross-section so that maximum floor area can be
utilized.
 Provide adequate privacy in rooms both in respect of sight and sound.
 Should possess proper coherence with the type of building structure.
 Rigid enough to take the vibrations caused due to loads.

6. TYPES OF PARTITION WALLS
 Brick partitions
 Clay block partitions
 Concrete partitons
 Glass partitons
 Timber partitions
 Metal partitions
 Plaster slab partitions
 Asbestos cement sheet partitions
 Wood wool slab partitions
 Strawboard partitions

7. 1.BRICK PARTITIONS
 PLAIN BRICK PARTITON
 INSTALLATION- Through
normal brick wall construction
(stretcher bond).
 FEATURES-
 Can not take heavy load and their
height is restricted to about 2000
mm or so.
 Cheapest and simplest type of
partition.
 Can work as a visual barrier.
 Upto an extent it can also serve as a
sound and heat barrier.

8. 1.BRICK PARTITIONS
 REINFORCEMENT BRICK PARTITION
 INSTALLATION- Through normal RBW construction; the
reinforcement is put up at every third or fourth brick course and
the reinforcement may be in the form of wire mesh or exmet
(steel meshed strips) or hoop-iron or steel bars.
o FEATURES-
a. More durable and possess
more strength than the plain
one.
b. Can be of full floor height or
restricted to 2000-2500mm.
c. Serves as a visual, sound, fire
and heat barrier.

9. 1.BRICK PARTITIONS
 BRICK NOGGING PARTITION
 INSTALLATION-
 Consist of a framework of timber within which 1/2 brick
partition are fitted.
 Framework of timber consists of head, sill, vertical members
(studs), horizontal members (noggings), crossed braces and
puncheons (studs over door frame).
 Studs (100x50 mm), head and sill (100x75 mm)
 The studs are placed at a distance of 3 to 4 times of brick length.
 The nogging pieces are placed at a vertical distance of about
600-900 mm.
 The crossed braces are provided at intersections.

10. 1.BRICK PARTITIONS
 BRICK NOGGING PARTITION
 INSTALLATION-
 The brickwork should be carried out in cement mortar of 1:3.
 The surface of timber framework coming in contact with the
masonry should be coated with coaltar.
 To provide better stability a slight projection (50x25 mm) in the
wooden studs and a corresponding groove in the adjoining
bricks are provided.
 FEATURES-
 More durable and possess more strength than the other two's
 Can be of full floor height or restricted to 2000-2500mm.
 Serves as an efficient visual, sound, fire and heat barrier.

11. 1.BRICK PARTITIONS

12. 2.CLAY BLOCK PARTITONS
 INSTALLATION-
 prepared from clay or terra-cotta and maybe either solid (300 x
200 x 50-150mm) or hollow (300 x 200 x 400mm).
 grooves are provided on top, bottom and sides and work as keys
to the plaster
 Mud or normal cement mortar is used as binding material.
 FEATURES-
 Light in weight and are non-shrinkable
 Serves as a visual, sound, fire and heat barrier.
 Weaker than the brick partiton in terms of strength.

13. 2.CLAY BLOCK PARTITONS

14. 3.CONCRETE PARTITIONS
 PRE CAST CONCRETE PARTITION
 INSTALLATION-
 Concrete(1:2:4) slabs of suitable sizes are prepared and secured
to the pre-casr posts.
 alternatively, the T-shaped or L-shaped units maybe prepared
and fixed.
 thickness is taken about 40mm.
 cement mortar is used as a binding material.
 FEATURES-
 Light in weight and are non-shrinkable
 Serves as a visual, sound, fire and heat barrier.
 Stronger than the brick and clay block partition in strength wise.

15. 3.CONCRETE PARTITIONS
 CAST-in-situ CONCRETE PARTITION
 INSTALLATION-
 A concrete(1:2:4) wall of thickness about 80mm may be
constructed
 To get more strength reinforcement may be provided at the
centre of thickness and is placed in the horizontal and vertical
directions.
 cement mortar is used as binding material.
 FEATURES-
 Light in weight and are non-shrinkable
 Serves as a visual, sound, fire and heat barrier.
 Stronger than the brick and clay block partition in strength wise.

16. 3.CONCRETE PARTITIONS

17. 4.GLASS PARTITIONS
 GLASS SHEET PARTITIONS
 INSTALLATION-
 A timber framework is prepared and then sheets of glass are inserted in
the panels.
 white cement or a mixture of linseed oil and whiting chalk named putty
to kept glass sheets in position.
 To get more strength reinforcement may be provided at the centre of
thickness and is placed in the horizontal and vertical directions.
 White cement mortar is used as binding material.
 FEATURES-
 Light in weight, vermin- proof, sound- proof and damp proof.
 Require less space, provide decorative effect through various colors and
designs.
 Delicate in maintainence and can be transparent or can not be.
 Used at those places where visual barrier is less required.
 Can be easily cleaned hence more hygenic.

18. 3.GLASS PARTITIONS
 GLASS BLOCK PARTITIONS
 INSTALLATION-
 Do not require any timber framework upto a maximum panel area of
11m2.
 Keys and grooves are provided for fixing in which whhite cement
mortar is filled.
 Sometimes ties and rubber beading is also provide for forming rigid
joints.
 White cement is used as a binding material.
 FEATURES-
 Can carry their own self weight only
 Light in weight, vermin- proof, sound- proof and damp proof.
 Provide decorative effect through various colors and designs.
 Delicate in maintainence and can be easily cleaned, hence hygenic.
 Suitable for those places where window openings cannot be provided and
where clear glass is objectionable for the sake of privacy.

19. 4.GLASS PARTITIONS

20. 4.GLASS PARTITIONS

21. 5.TIMBER PARTITIONS
 COMMON OR STUD PARTITION
 INSTALLATION-
 The terminologies of wooden framework
is same as in brick nogging partitions.
 Solid support is provided for the full
length of partition, therefore the sill is
placed either at right angles or over the
joists of the floor below.
 The nogging pieces are cut tightly and
fixed between the studs and nailed or
may be in the form of wooden strips
50x20 mm which can be inserted in the
studs and nailed
 The partition can be finished by inseting
wooden panels, etc. in the hollow spaces.

22. 5.TIMBER PARTITIONS
 FEATURES-
Light in weight and therefore can be easily constructed
where a base for partition is not available.
Transfer some load of wall (rigid and triangulation of
framing)
Easy to construct.
Should not be constructed at basement floors and
ground floors normally, due to dampness.
Do not possess fire- resisting properties.
Not properly insulate the sound ans resist to termites.
Can work as a visual barrier.

23. 5.TIMBER PARTITIONS
o TRUSSED AND BRACED PARTITION
 INSTALLATION-
 Similar to the common partitions. But braces,
steel straps and bolts are used in addition to
studs, head, sill and nogging pieces.
 Behave on the theory of truss, hence they are
useful when it is possible to provide supports
only at the ends of partiton.
 To make framework more rigid, a horizontal
member, intertie maybe provided between the
head and sill.
 The arrangement of various members of the
framework and their sizes depend on soan,
number of openings in the framework and the
amount of floor load to be carried by the trussed
partition.

24. 5.TIMBER PARTITIONS
 FEATURES-
Light in weight and therefore can be easily constructed
where a base for partition is not available.
Transfer some load of wall (rigid and triangulation of
framing)
Easy to construct.
Should not be constructed at basement floors and
ground floors normally, due to dampness.
Do not possess fire- resisting properties.
Not properly insulate the sound and resist to termites.
Can work as a visual barrier.

25. 5.TIMBER PARTITIONS

26. 6.METAL PARTITIONS
 Mild steel and bronze are the common metals used for this
purpose
 INSTALLATION-
 Vertical posts of mild steel are erected and then panels are
formed by fixing sheets of mild steel or bronze.
 The hollow spaces may be filled with some good insulating
material.
 When metal laths are used they are fixed by wires with 9mm or
12mm diameter steel rods or steel channels.
 The expanded metal lath is commonly used for this purpose.
 Plastering is done on both the sides.
 The thickness of completed partition is about 50mm.

27. 6.METAL PARTITIONS
 FEATURES-
Light in weight, vermin- proof and damp proof.
Easy to construct and easy to remove.
Suitable for office buildings, industrial
buildings.Should not be constructed at basement
floors and ground floors normally, due to
dampness.
Possess fire- resisting properties.
Not properly insulate the sound.
Can work as a visual barrier.

28. 6.METAL PARTITIONS

29. 7.PLASTER SLAB PARTITONS
 Generally made of burnt gypsum or plaster of paris and sawdust is
added in it to reduce its density.
 Prepared in moulds of iron or wood.
 INSTALLATION-
 Plaster boards (1000-2000 x 300 x 50-100mm) either solid or
hollow are provided with grooves so as to form rigid joints.
 The temporary frames or liners may be used when the plaster
slabs are being erected.
 Screws and nails can also drive in these plaster slabs.
 FEATURES-
 Light in weight and are non-shrinkable
 Serves as a visual, sound, fire and heat barrier.

30. 7.PLASTER SLAB PARTITONS

31. 8.ASBESTOS CEMENT SHEET PARTITONS
 FEATURES-
 Light in weight, durable, impervious to water and economical.
 Serves as a visual, sound, fire and heat barrier.
o INSTALLATION-
A framework of wood is prepared and
asbestos sheets are fixed either to one side
or to both the sides of the frame.
Absestos cement slab partition generally
consist of two sheets of 10 mm thickness
and they are attached to an inner
corrugated sheet (5mm).
The slabs are placed in position and
joined by cement mortar and surface is
then painted or distempered.

32. 9.WOOD WOOL SLAB PARTITIONS
 Prepared from a mixture of portland cement and wood wool or
wood shavings. A small quantity of Gypsum is sometimes added.
 INSTALLATION-
 The slabs are placed in position and joined by cement mortar
and surface is then painted or distempered.
 FEATURES-
 Light in weight, durable and economical.
 Serves as a visual, sound, fire and heat barrier.
 Get effected by moisture easily.

33. 10.STRAWBOARD PARTITIONS
 Prepared from compressed straw and covered with thick paper
or hardboard are used.
 INSTALLATION-
 The slabs are placed in position and joined by cement
mortar and surface is then painted or distempered.
 FEATURES-
 Light in weight and economical.
 Serves as a visual, sound and heat barrier.
 Get effected by moisture easily.
 Do not possess fire- resisting properties.
 Can be easily affecte

34. PART 2
ADHESIVES

35. ADHESIVES
“An adhesive is a medium that allows the surfaces of two or more components to be
attached or bonded together”.
• Adhesives come from natural or synthetic sources.
• They are hugely used across the construction industries.
• Adhesive is a substance used for sticking two unlike bodies together, due to
molecular forces existing in the area of contact.
• The development of adhesives has continued over the centuries to meet the
requirements of various civilization, but it was not until the industrial revolution
that demands were made for major advances in adhesive technology

36. PROPERTIES OF ADHESIVES
Adhesives Should Have High Tensile Strength. The Important Physical Properties
Of Adhesives Are Cohesive Strength, Adherence, Fluidity And Wet Ability Of The
Substrate.
 Cohesive Strength :
Adhesive should have more cohesive strength than either of the surfaces being
held together.
Usually the adhesive becomes more brittle as its cohesive strength is increased.
 Adherence :
For an adhesive to hold two surfaces together the former should form a strong bond
at each of the interfaces between the surface and the adhesive, and the adhesive
must have strong cohesive strength.

37.  Fluidity :
When the liquids are stirred, they become temporarily more fluid
because of alignment of their tiny crystals. The fluids thickens as soon
as stirring is stopped. This property, called thixotropy of adhesives.
 Wettability:
Adhesive must wet the surface thoroughly as it spreads. It must be
able to flow into the surface crevices displacing dirt, moisture and
trapped air.

38. ADVANTAGES:
*A wide variety of combinations in joining is possible.
*It can be used for bonding the surfaces of glass, metal, plastics and wood.
*It creates a massive effect.
*It is possible to prevent corrosion between different metals joined by adhesive.
*It produce adequate strength.
*The permeable joint can be made impermeable for water and gas by the
application of adhesives.
*The process of applying adhesive is easy, economical and speedy.
DISADVANTAGES:
*It is not possible to adopt any adhesive for all substances. Depending upon
the properties of substances to be joined, suitable adhesive has to be selected.
*The adhesive substance does not become strong immediately after its
application. It requires some time to attain the desired strength.
*The adhesive substance generally does not remain stable at high temperature.

39. TYPES OF ADHESIVES
TYPES
NATURAL
ADHESIVES
THERMOPLASTIC
ADHESIVES
THERMOSETTING
ADHESIVES
RUBBER
ADHESIVES
•ANIMAL
•CASEIN
•BITUMINOUS
POLYVINYL
ACETATE
•UREA
FORMELDEHYDE
•PHENOL
FORMELDEHYDE
•MELAMINE
FORMELDEHYDE
•RESORCINOL
FORMELDEHYDE
•EPOXIDE RESINS

40. NATURAL ADHESIVES
• Natural glues are prepared from inert mineral sources,
or organic sources such as vegetable substance,
starch, natural resins or from animals e.g. casein or
animal glue.
• They are often referred to as bio-adhesives.
• Used in furniture construction.
•Some natural adhesives are quite strong, while others are incredibly flexible.
•Some are waterproof, whilst others are soluble in water.
•Natural glues are often slightly more expensive than the synthetic glues and are not
as easy to use – most need to be kept at a high temperature.

41. ANIMAL GLUES
ANIMAL HOOF
FISH GLUE
SEA SHELL GLUE
•An animal glue is an adhesive that is created by prolonged boiling of animal
connective tissue.
•These protein colloid glues are formed through hydrolysis of the collagen from skins,
bones, tendons, and other tissues, similar to gelatin.
•Animal glues are obtained from the skin and internal parts of animals and such glues
are used in a large quantity.
•These are water soluable.

42. USES:-
Used animal and fish glue to develop veneering and marquetry, the bonding of thin
sections or layers of wood.
Use hoof glue primarily as a binder and as a water-resistant coating by boiling it down
from leftover animal parts and applying it to exposed surfaces.
Gelatin, a form of animal glue, is found in many contemporary products, such as
gelatin desserts, marshmallows, and pharmaceutical capsules, and is used to
Reinforce wood, leather, bark, and paper.
Rabbit-skin glue, another form of hide-glue, was used to coat canvasses to protect the
decay of the canvas fabric from the active components of linseed oil.
Animal hoof glue, which is one of the oldest forms of glue still in use, can be used for
carpentry and delicate furniture decoration processes

43. CASEIN
CASEIN GLUE PREPERATION
 Manufactured from soured, skimmed milk curbs, which are dried and crushed
into a powder form.
 Casein-based glues were popular for woodworking, including for aircraft.
 Casein glue is also used in transformer manufacturing (specifically transformer
board) due to its oil permeability.
 While largely replaced by synthetic resins, casein-based glues still have a use
in certain niche applications, such as laminating fireproof doors and the labeling
of bottles.
 To use the powder it is mixed with cold water into a smooth creamy paste.

44. BITUMINOUS
• Bitumen may be defined as a non crystalline, solid or viscous material derived
from petroleum.
• It is asphalt in solid state and mineral tar in semi fluid state.
• The Egyptians, the Greek and the Romans were already acquainted with it.
• The Romans called it earthpitch. Its natural source was Ragusa on Sicily,
where it was found in rock-formations, which contained about 14% of bituminis.
• Used in paints and maker inks by some graffiti supply companies to increase the
weather resistance and to make the color much darker.
BITUMEN JOINTED SETTS

45. THERMOPLASTIC ADHESIVES
•Thermoplastic adhesives are fusible, soluble and poor heat and creep resistant.
•Thermoplastic adhesives have low/medium shear strength and suffer from creep
at high loading.
•They have good resistance to oils but poor resistance to water.
•Thermoplastic adhesives include polyvinyl acetate (PVA), polyvinyl alcohol (PVA),
polyacrylates, polyester acrylics, acrylic solvent cement, cyanoacrylates
(superglue), silicone resins, polyamides and acrylic acid diesters.
•These types of adhesives may be in the form of a solid which softens when
heated and when cooled will regain their original form and strength.

46. POLYVINYL ACETATE
•Supplied as an emulsion in water, for porous materials, especially wood.
•Shear strength is good. Resistant to oil . Poor resistance to water.
•Low heat tolerance. ( White glue).
•Materials Bonded ...:Wood, Metal, glass, ceramics
USES:-
•As wood glue PVAc is known as "white glue" and the yellow “carpenter’s glue"
or PVA glue.
•As paper adhesive during paper packaging converting in bookbinding and book
arts, due to its flexible strong bond and non-acidic nature (unlike many other
polymers).
•For handcrafted works.
•As envelope adhesives,
•As wallpaper adhesive.

47. THERMOSETTING ADHESIVES
• These are transformed into tough, heat-resistant solids by the addition of a
catalyst or the application of heat.
• Used in such structural functions as bonding metallic parts of aircraft and
space vehicles.
Eg.- urea formaldehyde,
phenol formaldehyde,
melamine formaldehyde,
resorcinol resins,
epoxide resins
FOR TIMBER PRODUCT
PRODUCTION

48. UREA FORMALDEHYDE
Urea-formaldehyde, also known as urea-methanal,
is a non-transparent thermosetting resin or plastic.
Produced by the chemical combination of formaldehyde (a gas produced from
methane) and urea (a solid crystal produced from ammonia)
USES:-
•Urea-formaldehyde resins are used mostly for gluing plywood, particleboard, and
other wood products.
•If a glued product is labelled furniture grade it likely
has Urea Formaldehyde and is water resistant.
• Suitable for laminating, fabricating and veneering
when large presses or good cramping facilities are
available.

49. PHENOL FORMALDEHYDE (PH)
• Phenol formaldehyde resins (PF) or phenolic resins are synthetic polymers
obtained by the reaction of phenol or substituted phenol with formaldehyde.
• PFs were the first commercial synthetic resins (plastics).
USES:-
• Used where great strength is required, durable and water resistant.
• An 'engineering adhesive' used for heavy structural work and quality.
Phenolic resins are also used for making exterior
plywood commonly known as
WBP (Weather & boil proof) Plywood
• Used in the production of hard decorative plastic
laminates, furniture assembly, shop fitting,
professional wood working.

50. MELAMINE FORMALDEHYDE
Melamine formeldehyde is a hard, thermosetting plastic material made from melamine
and formeldehyde by polymerization.
It was initially discoveredby William F. Talbot , who applied to patent it on December
12,1936.
USES:-
•The principle use of melamine formeldehydeis the main constituent of high
pressure laminates, such as formica and Arbortite, and of laminate flooring.
• Melamine formeldehyde tile wall panels can also
be used as Whiteboards.
• It is used in plastic laminate and overlay materials.
• Formeldehyde is more tightly bound in Melamine
formeldehyde than it is in Urea formeldehyde.

51. RESORCINOL RESINS
• Resorcinol glue, also known as resorcinol-formaldehyde, is an adhesive
combination of resin and hardener that withstands long-term
water immersion and has high resistance to ultraviolet light.
• Glues of these resins are dark
viscous liquids.
• They become hard in short time at
low temperatures.
• They are resistant to heat, moisture,
fungi & bacteria.
• Water resistance is very good
• They are used to make exterior
plywood
• Materials bonded are Wood & porous
materials.

52. EPOXIDE RESINS
• Epoxy is a thermosetting polymer
formed from reaction of an epoxide
resin with polyamine hardener.
• Epoxy resins are tough, chemically
resistant, rigid materials that cure
at room temperature.
Uses:-
• Used for bonding broken concrete,
setting metal post in concrete as in
staircases
• It is used for rubber, plastic, glass,
metal.

53. RUBBER ADHESIVES
• Made by dissolving rubber in benzene.
• Have excellent property of forming rigid bonds.
• This enable the adhesive the adhesive to flex and stretch under stress and
recover to its original position as soon as the load is removed.
• Have high bond strength and durability.
• Reclaimed natural rubber adhesive has the advantage flow cost as automobile
tyres form the largest source of reclaimed rubber of making of adhesives

54. THANK YOU!!!