it is a project made by me romit jain on the structure of an atom

1. SCIENCE PROJECT

2. STRUCTURE OF AN ATOM

4. W HAT IS AN ATO M ? A n atom a fundamental piece of matter. (Matter is anything that can be touched physically.) Everything in the universe (except energy) is made of matter, and, so, everything in the universe is made of atoms. An atom itself is made up of three tiny kinds of particles called subatomic particles: protons, neutrons, and electrons. The protons and the neutrons make up the center of the atom called the nucleus and the electrons fly around above the nucleus in a small cloud. The electrons carry a negative charge and the protons carry a positive charge. In a normal (neutral) atom the number of protons and the number of electrons are equal. Often, but not always, the number of neutrons is the same, too.

5. W hat is inside the ato m ?

6. SUBPARTICLES IN AN ATOM ELECTRONS PROTONS NEUTRONS

14. Lead block Uranium Gold Foil Fluorescent Screen Rutherford's Expriment

15. What He Expected He Expected T he alpha particles to pass through without changing direction very much.

16. What he got

17. He thought the mass was evenly distributed in the atom

21. T he model created by Rutherford had still some serious discordance. According to the classic science, electron moving around the nucleus should emit an electromagnetic wave. Electron should than move not by the circle but helical and finally collide with the nucleus. But atom is stable.

22. Rutherford also realized that the nucleus must contain both neutral and positively charged particles. The neutron was then discovered in 1932 by Chadwick .

24. Following Rutherford’s planetary model of the atom, it was realized that the attraction between the electrons and the protons should make the atom unstable Bohr proposed a model in which the electrons would stably occupy fixed orbits, as long as these orbits had special quantized locations

25. Subatomic Particles Electron Proton Neutron Name Symbol Charge Actual mass (g) e - p + n 0 9.11 x 10 -28 1.67 x 10 -24 1.67 x 10 -24

27. In the Bohr model, the electron can change orbits, accompanied by the absorption or emission of a photon of a specific color of light.

28. Bohr’s Model 1913 – Atomic Model with Fixed Orbits proposed – The Atom has No Charge Number of Protons= Number of Electrons

29. An easy way to calculate the total number of electrons that can be held by a given energy level is to use the formula 2*n 2 , 98 7 72 6 50 5 32 4 18 3 8 2 2 1 Maximum number of electrons 2*n 2 Principle energy level ( n )

30. The most electrons possible in the first shell are 2. After the first shell is filled, the second shell starts filling up, according to the number of positive charges in the nucleus. The most allowed in the second shell is 8 electrons. Then the third shell starts to fill.

31. ROMIT JAIN 9 'B' HIMALAYA INTERNATIONAL