The 19th century (1801-1900) was a century of changes and filled of turning points in our historyand identity. It was this time when a lot of changes happened in aspects of political, economical and social. The nationalist sentiments awakened, a propaganda movement started, a national anti-colonial movement and revolution ignited, and our independence declared.
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2. I. Introduction
The 19th century (1801-1900) was a century of changes
and filled of turning points in our historyand identity. It was
this time when a lot of changes happened in aspects of
political, economical and social. The nationalist
sentiments awakened, a propaganda movement
started, a national anti-colonial movement and
revolution ignited, and our independence declared.
3. II. Lesson Proper
A. Economic Conditions.
During the 19th century, the Philippines’ economic
condition gave rise to Haciendas or the“cash-crop
economy”. Where large parts of lands would be used for
crops considered as cash-crop. Some cash-crops are:
Sugar, Tobacco, Abaka, and Coffee. Being open to
worldtrade and having these products abundant in the
Philippines, the Philippines became amajor exporter for
these products and became well-known in other parts of
the world.
4. By these events, there was a shift from barter system to
moneyed economy.
The number of families which prospered from foreign
commerce and trade were able to send their sons for an
education in Europe. Filipinos who were educated abroad
were able to absorb the intellectual development in
Europe.
5. B. Social Conditions
The Filipinos in the 19th century had suffered from
feudalistic and master slave relationshipby the Spaniards.
Their social structure is ranked into three groups:
1. Highest Class
2. Middle Class
3. Lowest Class
6. 1. Highest class – the people that belong in this class include
the Spaniards, peninsulares andthe friars. They have the
power and authority to rule over the Filipinos. They enjoyed
their positions and do what they want.
→ The Spanish officials
→ The Peninsulares (Spaniards who were born in Spain).
They held the most important government jobs, and made
up the smallest number of the population.
→ The Friars are members of any of certain religious orders
of men, especially the four mendicant orders (Augustinians,
Carmelites, Dominicans, and Franciscans).
7. 2. Middle Class – the people that belongs into this class
includes the natives, mestizos and the criollos.
→ Natives – the pure Filipinos
→ The Mestizos - are the Filipinos of mixed indigenous
Filipino or European or Chineseancestry.
→ Criollos/Insulares - European descent but born in the
colonies of Spain. A son or daughter of a Spanish couple is an
insulare.
3. Lowest Class – this class includes the Filipinos only.
→The Indios are the poor people having pure blood
Filipino which ruled by the Spaniards.
8. C. Political Conditions
The Spaniards ruled the Filipinos in the 19th century. The
Filipinos became the Spaniard’sslave. The Spaniards
claimed their taxes and they worked under the power of
the Spaniards.
1. The Gobernador y capitan-general was the
representative of the King of Spain in the Islands, also
the commander-in-chief of the army and navy, president
of the Real Audienciaor the Supreme Court, and the vice-
real patron who appoints someone over ecclesiastical
position. The Intramuros was the seat of government,
religion, and economy.
9. 2. The alcalde mayores headed the provinces.
3. While the gobernadorcillo was the counterpart of
today’s municipal mayor.
4. The cabeza de barangay was then part of kadatuan
and was a tax and contributions collector for the
gobernadorcillo. The Filipinos only held the
gobernadorcillo and cabeza de barangay positions.
10. Sources of Abuses in the Administrative
System
1. There was an appointment of officials with inferior
qualifications, without dedication of duty and moral
strength to resist corruption for material advancement.
Through the power and authority the Spaniards possess,
they collected and wasted the money of the Filipinos.
2. There were too complicated functions to the unions of
the church and the state.
11. 3. Manner of obtaining the position
Through the power that the Spaniards possess, they
had the right to appoint the different positions.The
appointment of positions is obtained by the highest
bidder which is the Governor-general of the country.
4. Term of office
Term of office or term in office is the length of time a
person (usually a politician) serves in a particular office is
dependent on the desire of the King of the country.
12. 5. Distance of the colony
The Spanish officials traveled to various places and the
needs of the Philippines were ignored. They did not put
too much attention to the needs of the other people.
There were inadequate administrative supervisions, they
were unable to face and solve the problems regarding to
the Philippines. There were also overlapping of powers
and privileges of officials which made them competitive.
6. Personal interest over the welfare of the State
13. III. Summary/ Essential Learning
1. The 19th century was a dynamic and creative age
especially in Europe and US. During this period such
concepts as industialism, democracy and nationalism
triggered revolutionary changes in social, economics and
politics. These changes enabled men to achieve the
heights of prosperity and dignity.
2. The political and social stratification were introduced to
justify colonialism.
14. 3. The Filipinos in the 19th century had suffered from
feudalistic and master slave relationship by the
Spaniards.
4. The Spaniards ruled the Filipinos in the 19th
century. The Filipinos became the Spaniard’s slave
