GenEd notes 2.docx

GENERALEDUCATION NOTES
PARTS OF THE CELL
The parts of the plant cell are as follows:
Cell wall is the outermost rigid covering of the plant cell. It is a salient feature of
plant cell.
Cell membrane or the plasma membrane is the outer lining of the cell inside the
cell wall.
Cytosolor cytoplasm is the gel-like matrix inside the cell membrane which
constitutes all other cell organelles.
Nucleus is the controlcenter of the cell. It is a membrane bound structure which
contains the hereditary material of the cell - the DNA
Chloroplast is a plastid with green pigment chlorophyll. It traps light energy and
converts it to chemical energy by the process ofphotosynthesis.
Mitochondria carries out cellular respiration and provides energy to the cells.
Vacuoles are the temporary storage center of the cell.
Golgibody is the unit where proteins are sorted and packed.
Ribosomes are structures that assemble proteins.
Endoplasmic reticulum are membrane covered organelles that transport materials.
The parts of the animal cell are as follows:
Cell membrane
• It is a semi-permeable barrier, allowing only a few molecules to move across it.
• Electron microscopic studies of cell membrane shows the lipid bi-layer model of
the plasma membrane, it also known as the fluid mosaic model.
• The cell membrane is made up of phospholipids which has polar(hydrophillic)
heads and non-polar (hydrophobic) tails.
Cytoplasm
• The fluid matrix that fills the cell is the cytoplasm.
• The cellular organelles are suspended in this matrix of the cytoplasm.
• This matrix maintains the pressure of the cell, ensures the cell doesn'tshrink or
burst.
Nucleus
• Nucleus is the house for most of the cells genetic material- the DNA and RNA.
• The nucleus is surrounded by a porous membrane known as the nuclear
membrane.
• The RNA moves in/out of the nucleus through these pores.
• Proteins needed by the nucleus enter through the nuclear pores.
• The RNA helps in protein synthesis through transcription process.

• The nucleus controls the activity of the cell and is known as the control center.
• The nucleolus is the dark spotin the nucleus, and it is the location for ribosome
formation.
Ribosomes
• Ribosomes is the site for protein synthesis where the translation of the RNA takes
place.
• As protein synthesis is very important to the cell, ribosomes are found in large
number in all cells.
• Ribosomes are found freely suspended in the cytoplasm and also are attached to
the endoplasmic reticulum.
Endoplasmic reticulum
• ER is the transport system of the cell. It transports molecules that need certain
changes and also molecules to their destination.
• ER is of two types, rough and smooth.
• ER bound to the ribosomes appear rough and is the rough endoplasmic reticulum;
while the smoothER do not have the ribosomes.
Lysosomes
• It is the digestive system of the cell.
• They have digestive enzymes helps in breakdown the waste moelcules and also
help in detoxification of the cell.
• If the lysosomes were not membrane bound the cell could not have used the
destructive enzymes.
Centrosomes
• It is located near the nucleus of the cell and is known as the 'microtubule
organizing center' of the cell.
• Microtubules are made in the centrosome.
• During mitosis the centrosome aids in dividing of the cell and moving of the
chromosometo the opposite sides of the cell.
Vacuoles
• They are bound by single membrane and small organelles.
• In many organisms vacuoles are storage organelles.
Vesicles are smaller vacuoles which function for transport in/out of the cell.
Golgibodies
• Golgi bodies are the packaging center of the cell.
• The Golgi bodies modify the molecules from the rough ER by dividing them into
smaller units with membrane known as vesicles.
• They are flattened stacks of membrane-bound sacs.
Mitochondria
• Mitochondria is the main energy sourceof the cell.
• They are called the power house of the cell because energy(ATP) is created here.

• Mitochondria consists of inner and outer membrane.
• It is spherical or rod shaped organelle.
• It is an organelle which is independent as it has its own hereditary material.
Peroxisomes
• Peroxisomes are single membrane bound organelle that contain oxidative
enzymes that are digestive in function.
• They help in digesting long chains of fatty acids and amino acids and help in
synthesis of cholesterol.
Cytoskeleton
• It is the network of microtubules and microfilament fibres.
• They give structural supportand maintain the shape of the cell.
Cilia and Flagella
• Cilia and flagella are structurally identical structures.
• They are different based on the function they perform and their length.
• Cilia are short and are in large number per cell while flagella are longer and are
fewer in number.
• They are organelles of movement.
• The flagellar motion is undulating and wave-like whereas the ciliary movement is
power stroke and recovery stroke.
Cell membrane
• Electron microscopic studies of cell membrane shows the lipid bi-layer model of
the plasma membrane, it also known as the fluid mosaic model.
• The cell membrane is made up of phospholipids which has polar(hydrophillic)
heads and non-polar (hydrophobic) tails.
Cytoplasm
• This matrix maintains the pressure of the cell, ensures the cell doesn'tshrink or
burst.
Nucleus
• The nucleus is surrounded by a porous membrane known as the nuclear
membrane.
• The nucleolus is the dark spotin the nucleus, and it is the location for ribosome
formation.

Ribosomes
• Ribosomes is the site for protein synthesis where the translation of the RNA takes
place.
• As protein synthesis is very important to the cell, ribosomes are found in large
number in all cells.
• Ribosomes are found freely suspended in the cytoplasm and also are attached to
the endoplasmic reticulum.
• ER is the transport system of the cell. It transports molecules that need certain
changes and also molecules to their destination.
• ER bound to the ribosomes appear rough and is the rough endoplasmic reticulum;
while the smoothER do not have the ribosomes.
Lysosomes
• They have digestive enzymes helps in breakdown the waste moelcules and also
help in detoxification of the cell.
• If the lysosomes were not membrane bound the cell could not have used the
destructive enzymes.
Centrosomes
• It is located near the nucleus of the cell and is known as the 'microtubule
organizing center' of the cell.
• During mitosis the centrosome aids in dividing of the cell and moving of the
chromosometo the opposite sides of the cell.
Vacuoles
Golgibodies
• The Golgi bodies modify the molecules from the rough ER by dividing them into
smaller units with membrane known as vesicles.
Mitochondria
• Mitochondria is the main energy sourceof the cell.

Peroxisomes
• Peroxisomes are single membrane bound organelle that contain oxidative
enzymes that are digestive in function.
• They help in digesting long chains of fatty acids and amino acids and help in
synthesis of cholesterol.
Cytoskeleton
• They give structural supportand maintain the shape of the cell.
Cilia and Flagella
• Cilia are short and are in large number per cell while flagella are longer and are
fewer in number.
• The flagellar motion is undulating and wave-like whereas the ciliary movement is
power stroke and recovery stroke.
Famous Scientists
Archimedes of Syracuse (287 - 212 BC)
Due to the fact that Archimedes was a person with multiple interests, including
math, physics, astronomy and engineering, he managed to become a successful
inventor. He became famous for his innovative thinking and was the one to come
up with a lot of innovative machines, including the Archimedes screw that is still
used today to pump liquids, coal, grain and more. But probably his most famous
discovery is the way of finding the volume of objects that have an irregular shape.
It is worth mentioning that most of his works were meant to help his home city.
Leonardo Da Vinci (1452 - 1519)
Leonardo Da Vinci was a great inventor, being fond of engineering, astronomy,
aeronautics, mathematics and more. His drawings include a number of various
inventions, the basics of which more or less can be found in different technologies
today. Da Vinci is considered to be the father of modern science. Some of his most
important inventions include the hydraulic machine, the boat and design of a flying
machine.

Evangelista Torricelli(1608-1647)
The famous Italian physicist and mathematician is the author of the barometer
(scientific tool used in the field of meteorology to estimate atmospheric pressure),
built in 1643. It would be interesting to note that a number of Italian Navy
submarines were named after the inventor.
Ferdinand Verbiest (1623 - 1688)
Verbiest was an astronomer and a mathematician. He was the one to invent the
world's first automobile. The inventor came up with the idea to create an
automobile while visiting China as a missionary. His automobile was powered by
steam, but could not carry humans.
Karl Drais (1785 - 1851)
The German inventor is the author of the Laufmaschine (German for "running
machine"), which was later called the velocipede and is believed to be the
forerunner of the bicycle and motorcycle. His invention represented the first means
of transport to use the two-wheeler principle and the starting point of the
mechanized personal transport.
Louis Pasteur(1822-1895)
The famous French chemist and microbiologist was the one who has come up with
the process ofpasteurization, a process that involves heating a food, usually liquid,
to a certain temperature for a specific length of time, and then cooling it instantly.
Pasteurization is used today to slow the development of microorganisms in food.
Levi Strauss (1829 - 1902)
Everyone knows that jeans were invented in the United States, some know that
Levi Strauss was the author of this invention but few know that Strauss was an
immigrant from Germany managed to found in San Francisco, California the
world's first firm to manufacture blue jeans. The company called Levi Strauss &
Co., started its operation back in 1853.
Gottlieb Daimler (1834 - 1900)
Daimler is another representative of German intelligentsia, being an engineer,
industrial designer and industrialist. He was the first to develop internal-
combustion engine and a pioneer in the field of automobile development. Daimler

is the author of the first high-speed petrol engine and the world's first four-wheel
vehicle.
Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen(1845 - 1923)
The famous German physicist Röntgen is the one who discovered the X-rays (also
known as Röntgen rays).
This invention allowed the German scientist to win the first Nobel Prize in Physics
in 1901
Thomas Edison (1847 - 1931)
He is the author of a large number of inventions, but the most well-known one is
the electric bulb. Among other discoveries of Thomas Edison there are telegraph
devices, phonograph, carbontransmitter, direct current generator, universal electric
motor, and more.
Emile Berliner (1851 - 1929)
The German-born Jewish American scientist became known thanks to his disc
record gramophone (in the United States known as phonograph or record player).
Used for recording and reproducing sounds on a gramophone record, vinyl record,
the device (with certain modifications made once in a while) was popular until
1980s.
Alexander Graham Bell (1857 - 1922)
During the experiments he carried out with the telegraph, Bell came up with the
idea of the telephone.
The inventor of one of the most popular devices today thought that the telephone
was intruding, which is why he did not have one in his workplace.
Rudlf Christian Karl Diesel(1858 -last seenalive 1913)
Being a mechanical engineer, Rudolf Christian Karl Diesel managed to discover
the diesel engine.
The German inventor was also a well-known thermal engineer, a polyglot, an
expert in arts, and a social theorist

Amalie Auguste Melitta Bentz (1873 - 1950)
She was born Amalie Auguste Melitta Liebscher. Bentz was a German business
lady, who invented the coffee filter back in 1908. Todayher grandchildren,
Thomas and Stephen, are managing the family business (Melitta Group KG) based
in Minden in eastern North Rhine-Westphalia.
Albert Einstein (1879 - 1955)
One of the greatest scientists of the 20th century is the author of numerous
inventions and theories that transformed a lot of concepts linked to spaceand time,
with the most important discovery being the theory of relativity. Other discoveries
of Einstein include the photoelectric effect and the Einstein calculator.
Sir Alexander Fleming (1881 - 1955)
During the World War I Fleming worked as an army medical corp.
He is the inventor of penicillin that prevented a lot of soldiers from being infected.
The discovery of penicillin managed to significantly boostthe evolution of
medicine industry.
Fritz Pfleumer (1881 - 1945)
The German-Austrian engineer is the author of the magnetic tape used for
recording sound. Pfleumer decided to grant the right of use to the AEG, a German
manufacturer of electrical equipment. The event tookplace on December 1, 1932.
Based on Pfleumer's magnetic tape, the German firm created the world's first
practical tape recorder dubbed Magnetophon K1.
Frederick Banting (1891 - 1941)
Initially Banting was dedicated to politics but later decided to shift to medicine. In
1916 he completed his MD and during the World War I worked as a doctor. He
was very interested in diabetes and continuously worked on a cure for it. It would
be worth noting that the Banting searcher for cure for diabetes together with Dr.
Charles Best. In 1923 the researcher was awarded with the Nobel Prize for
discovering insulin.
Edwin Herbert Land (1909 - 1991)

The co-founderof the Polaroid Corporation was the first who came up with low-
costfilters for polarizing light (useful system of in-camera instant photography).
His most popular invention, Polaroid instant camera, was officially launched in late
1948 and allowed users to take and develop a picture in just under 60 seconds.
ORGAN SYSTEMS OF THE BODY
INTEGUMENTARYSYSTEM
• Forms the external bodycovering
• Composed ofthe skin, sweat glands, oil glands, hair, and nails
• Protects deep tissues from injury and synthesizes vitamin D
SKELETAL SYSTEM
• Composed ofbone, cartilage, and ligaments
• Protects and supports bodyorgans
• Provides the framework for muscles
• Site of blood cell formation
• Stores minerals
MUSCULAR SYSTEM
• Composed ofmuscles and tendons
• Allows manipulation of the environment, locomotion, and facial expression
• Maintains posture
• Produces heat
NERVOUS SYSTEM
• Composed ofthe brain, spinal column, and nerves
• Is the fast-acting control system of the body
• Responds to stimuli by activating muscles and glands
CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM • Composed ofthe heart and blood vessels
• The heart pumps blood
• The blood vessels transport blood throughout the body
LYMPHATIC SYSTEM • Composedofred bone marrow, thymus, spleen,
lymph nodes, and lymphatic vessels
• Picks up fluid leaked from blood vessels and returns it to blood
• Disposes of debris in the lymphatic stream
• Houses white blood cells involved with immunity
RESPIRATORYSYSTEM
• Composed ofthe nasal cavity, pharynx, trachea, bronchi, and lungs
• Keeps blood supplied with oxygen and removes carbondioxide

DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
• Composed ofthe oral cavity, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine,
rectum, anus, and liver
• Breaks down food into absorbableunits that enter the blood
• Eliminates indigestible foodstuffs as feces
URINARY SYSTEM
• Composed ofkidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra
• Eliminates nitrogenous wastes from the body
• Regulates water, electrolyte, and pH balance of the blood
MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
• Composed ofprostate gland, penis, testes, scrotum, and ductus deferens
• Main function is the productionof offspring
• Testes producesperm and male sex hormones
• Ducts and glands deliver sperm to the female reproductive tract
FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM • Composedofmammary glands,
ovaries, uterine tubes, uterus, and vagina
• Ovaries produceeggs and female sex hormones
• Remaining structures serve as sites for fertilization and development of the fetus
• Mammary glands producemilk to nourish the newborn
ASTRONOMYNOTES
• Largest circular storm in our solar system is found in Jupiter.
• The rapidly moving stream of charged particles that is being driven away from
the sun is known as Solar Wind.
• Biggest known asteroid is Ceres.
• One Mercurian year is equal to 88 Earth days.
• Largest volcano in the solar system is Olympus Mons found on Mars.
• One Jupiter day is equal to 9 hours 50 minutes.
• Between 1979 and 1998, the farthest planet from the sun was Neptune.
• The sunspotcycle is 11 years.
• The Hertzsprung-Russel Diagram directly compares temperature and luminosity
of stars.
• The Andromeda galaxy is spiral.
• The Milky Way galaxy is 100,000 light years across.
• The smallest planet in our solar system is Pluto.
• The only planet with a moon almost as big and as heavy as the planet itself is
Pluto.
• Neil Armstrong landed on the moon on 1969.

• The only planet with a day longer than its year is Venus.
• Pluto’s moon is called Charon.
• The area between Saturn’s two rings is called Cassini’s division.
• Heliocentric means around the sun; geocentric means around the earth.
• Neptune’s moon Triton has an ocean made of liquid Nitrogen.
• The first man to classify stars according to their brightness was Hipparchus.
• The nearest star to the sun is Proxima Centauri, also known as Alpha Centauri.
• The greatest distance of a planet from the sun is called aphelion (A for Away).
The smallest distance of a planet from the sun is called perihelion (P for Proximal
or near).
• The main component of the atmosphere of Mars is Carbon Dioxide.
• Jupiter has a mass greater than the combined masses of all the planets.
• The summer solstice usually occurs on June 21.
• The only two planets that do not have their moons or natural satellites are Venus
and Mercury.
• The constellation Andromeda is also called the Chained Maiden.
• Taurus is the brightest star in Aldebaran.
• A comet’s tail always points away from the sun.
• Spectral line splitting due to the influence of magnetic fields is called Zeeman
Effect.
• 99.8 percent of asteroids have orbits between Mars and Jupiter.
• A Red Giant has a low effective temperature (3000 to 4000 Kelvin) and a radius
of around 100 times the Sun’s.
• When three celestial bodies are in a line or collinear, it is called a syzygy.
• Pluto has the most eccentric orbit around the sun.
• Beads of light visible around the rim of the moon at the beginning and end of a
total solar eclipse are called Baily’s Beads.
• The last planet Voyager II visited is Neptune.
• Only 0.001% of the Sun’s mass has been converted into energy.
BRANCHES OF SCIENCE
• Geology: the science that deals with the earth's physical structure and substance,
its history, and the processesthat act on it.
• Meteorology: the branch of science concerned with the processes and phenomena
of the atmosphere, especially as a means of forecasting the weather.
• Paleontology: the branch of science concerned with fossil animals and plants.
• Oceanography: the branch of science that deals with the physical and biological
properties and phenomena of the sea.
• Volcanology: the scientific study of volcanoes.
• Chemistry: the branch of science that deals with the identification of the

substances of which matter is composed;the investigation of their properties and
the ways in which they interact, combine, and change; and the use of these
processes to form new substances.
• Physics: the branch of science concerned with the nature and properties of matter
and energy. The subject matter of physics, distinguished from that of chemistry
and biology, includes mechanics, heat, light and other radiation, sound, electricity,
magnetism, and the structure of atoms.
• Thermodynamics: the branch of physical science that deals with the relations
between heat and other forms of energy (such as mechanical, electrical, or
chemical energy), and, by extension, of the relationships between all forms of
energy.
• Mechanics: the branch of applied mathematics dealing with motion and forces
producing motion.
• Astronomy: the branch of science that deals with celestial objects, space, and the
physical universe as a whole.
• Biology: the study of living organisms, divided into many specialized fields that
cover their morphology, physiology, anatomy, behavior, origin, and distribution.
• Zoology: the scientific study of the behavior, structure, physiology, classification,
and distribution of animals.
• Botany: also called plant science(s), plant biology or phytology, is the science of
plant life and a branch of biology.
• Genetics: the study of heredity and the variation of inherited characteristics.
• Agriculture: the science or practice of farming, including cultivation of the soil
for the growing of crops and the rearing of animals to provide food, wool, and
other products.
• Forestry: the science or practice of planting, managing, and caring for forests.
• Engineering: the branch of science and technology concerned with the design,
building, and use of engines, machines, and structures.
• Metallurgy: the branch of science and technology concerned with the properties
of metals and their production and purification.
• Optics: the scientific study of sight and the behavior of light, or the properties of
transmission and deflection of other forms of radiation.
LABORATORY TOOLS AND SAFETYMEASURES
a. Beaker: hold and heat liquids
b. Reagent bottle: storage, mixing and displaying
c. Bunsen burner: heating and exposing items to flame
d. Buret: chemical analysis; measure precisely how much liquid is used in titration
e. Crucible: heat small quantities of substances in very high temperatures
f. Erlenmeyer flask: heat and store liquids; bottomis wider than the top

g. Evaporating dish: heat and evaporate liquids
h. Florence flask; heat substances that need to be heated evenly; mostly used in
distillation experiments
i. Funnel: transfer liquids into another container to avoid spillage
j. Microspatula: transfer small amounts of solid from one container to another
k. Mortar and pestle: crush solids into powders
l. Pipet: move small amounts of liquid from one container to another
m. Ring stand: used to items being heated; used with clamps or rings
n. Stirring rod/ glass rod: stir solutions to dissolve substances
o. Stopper/cork:seal test tubes and flasks
p. Testtube brush: easily clean the inside of a test tube
q. Testtube holder: hold test tubes while being heated
r. Testtube rack: hold test tubes upright while observing reactions
s. Thermometer: take temperature
t. Tongs:hold flasks, crucibles and evaporating dish when they are hot
u. Clay triangle: used to hold crucibles when they are being heated
v. Volumetric flask: measure one specific volume; used in preparing solutions
Father of Biology : Aristole
Father of Modern Biology: Linnaeus
Father of Antibiotics : Alexander Fleming
Father of Taxonomy : Carolus Linnaeus
Father of Immunology : Edward Jenner
Father of Microbiology : Anton van Leenuwenhoek
Father of Modern Microbiology : Louis Pasteur
Father of Medical Microbiology : Robert Koch
Father of Pathology : Rudolph Virchow
Father of Bacteriology : Robert Koch
Father of Virology : W.M.Stanley
Father of Embryology : Aristotle
Father of Modern Embryology : Ernst Von Baer
Father of Physiology : Stephan Hales
Father of Modern experimental physiology : Calude Bernard
Father of Genetics : Rev. Gregor Mendel
Father of Modern Genetics : Bateson
Father of Human Genetics/ Biochemical genetics : Arachibald Garrod
Father of Experimental Genetics : T.H. Morgan
Father of Haploid Genetics / Neurospora Genetics : Dodge
Father of Ecology : Theophrastus

Father of Cloning : Ian Willmut
Father of Plant anatomy : Grew
Father of Histology (Microscopic anatomy) : Malpighi
Father of Cytology : Robert Hooke
Father of modern Cytology : Swanson
Father of Paleontology : Leonard da Vinci
Father of modern Paleontology : Cuvier
Father of Concept of Evolution: Empedocles
Father of Botany: Theophrastus
Father of Modern Botany : Bauhin
Father of Zoology : Aristotle
Father of Biochemistry : Liebig
Father of Epidemiology : John Snow
Father of Plant Pathology : de Bary
Father of Modern Pathology : Rudolf Virchow
Father of Genetic Engineering : Paul Berg
Father of Gene therapy : Anderson
Father of Ethology : Konard Lorentz
Father of Endocrinology : Thomas Addison
Father of Eugenics : Galton
Father of Gerantology : Korenchevsk
Father of Palynology : Erdtman
Father of Stress physiology : Hans Selye
Father of Electrocardiography : Einthoven
Father of DNA Fingerprinting : Alec Jeffery
Father of Mycology : Micheli
Father of Bryology : Hedwig
Father of Phycology:Father of ATP cycle: Lipmann
Father of Chemotherapy :Father of Anatomy : Herophilus
Father of Modern Anatomy : Andrea
GEN.ED MARATHON
(INTENSIVE COACHING)
Grand design �destiny
Arena theater� Montano, Severino
Love Sonnets� Ophelia Dimalanta

The Brook "the second time it was a tiny Snake" � Metaphor
Epitaph� gravestone / short poem
Alliteration � repetition of similar sound
Foil� character who contrast with character to another character.
Protagonist� main character/ good person
Antagonist� main force against protagonist/ the villain
Theoretical Linguistics� how languages constructed
General Linguistics & Descriptive Linguistics � not related
Free Morpheme� independent occurence
Macromolecules� Polysaccharides, triglycenides, Polypeptides & Nucleic Acid
Abstinence� 100% success rate methodof contraception.
Amphibians� animals lives on land but return to water to breed.
Cold blooded� reptiles & amphibians
Warm Blooded� mammals &
Vestigial Organ or Structure� appendix/part of the large intestine that is no longer
seems to have a purpose.
Homologous Structures� similar structure
�different function
Analogous Structures
�different Structure
�Similar Function
Symbiosis /Mutualism -� benefit each other ( bee & flower )
Predation � Prey & predator
Parasitism� 1 harm & 1 benefited (termites & wood)

Competition� Frog & Fish
Tendon� body part serves as a lever /simple machine
Enzymes � chemical change in food
Kingdom Plantae� Magnolidae
Protozoa� protista
Prokaryotes� Monera
Fungi�Fungi
Molting� birds shed of feathers
Plant� producer in community
Vestigial � lost usefulness
Saphrophytes Bacteria� feed on dead organic matter
Leaves � sugar manufactured in rice
Villia/villus or Villi� finger shaped assist speeding up of food in intestine
Smooth muscles� digestive system
Non-sister chromatids of a bivalent� crossing over occur
Chromatid� parallel strands of a chromosomes
Centromere� sister chromatids are held together
Cerebrum� center of emotions/ brains
Medulla� functions are involuntary
Cerebellum� coordinate muscle movements
Thalamus� relay motor & sensory signals
Chitin� tough skeleton /trilobites & cryfish

Spicules� needle like
Pruning � remove optical dominance / shoot apex inhibits growth of lateral buds
Phloem / storage regions to regions � Source & Sink
Oviduct or Fallopian Tube� feetilization of human eggs
Typhoon� speed of 200kph / tropical cyclone
Yolanda� Super Typhoon
Tropical Depression� winds up 61kph
Tropical Storm� winds up 62-88 kph
Severe Tropical Storm� winds up 89-117 kph
Typhoon� 118-220kph
Super typhoon� exceeding 220kph
Tornado� violent/ smallest form typically 30meters
Phonology� sound & stresses
Taxation� raise revenue
1987 constitution /Basic Principle � recognition of family
Dynasty� powered of hands/few families
Authority� synonymous of government
Deregulation� increasing reliance on markets, not government.
� removing or reducing
Privitization� transferring enterprises

Liberalization� lifts restrictions
Globalization� growing independence
PARENTING:
�Permissive� caring but unmindful of their childrens manners
�Authoritative� high bidirectional
� Authoritarian� high undirectional
(FATF) Financial Action Task Force� act against money laundering
WALANG PAKSA:
�Modal� gusto, nais, pwede, maaari, dapat o kailangan
�Temporal� kalagayan
�Existensyal� mayroon at wala
�Penomenal� kalagayan ng kalikasan
Pamatlig� panturo sa mga bagay /Demonstrative pronoun
Personal Pronoun� Panao
Interrogative Pronoun� Pananong
Indefinite Pronoun� Panaklaw /grupo
Pamanggit� : ng
Salawikain� butil ng karunungan
Balbal� pinakamababang lebel ng wika
"Rice Terraces" � gamitin ang katutubong katumbas /pagtutumbas
Salitang Upemistiko� iba ang kahulugan sa salitang binubuo.
Pormularyong Panlipunan� "Walang Anuman"

� " Magandang Umaga po"
�"Kumusta ka?"
Panagot� "Opo" at "Ayaw ko"
How many ways of 5players/from group of 9 players?
�Combination� pipili palang
�Permutation� maglalagay sa position
Sol'n:
9C5= 9! / (9-5)! 5!
= 9! / 4! 5!
=9×8×7×6×5×4×3×2×1
----------------
4×3×2×1×5×4×3×2×1
= 126
Line graph� use in progress in academic grades over four grades
Thursday� day follows the day before yesterday if three days from now will be
Monday?
Leap year� divisible by 4 ang year
Unpolarized beam light� superposition of many meams in the same direction of
propagation but each with random polarization.
� occur in all directions perpendicular to their motion direction
Polarized Beam light� vibrations lie on one single plane only.
Volume Formula:
V= Lwh
�Thigmotropism�touch / stems of vines grow around poles of fences.
�Hydrotropism� water reaction
�Phototropism� sunlight
�Geotropism� gravity of the earth

Door knobs placed at the edge of a door�increase the lever arm
Torque� perpendicular force is applied to the lever arm is the distance between the
door knob.
PHILIPPINE HISTORY
♣�The first book written in the Philippines was DOCTRINA CRISTIANA.
♣�The Father of Ilocano Literature is PEDRO BUKANEG.
♣�The Father of Tagalog Poetry is FRANCISCO BALTAZAR.
♣�Lola Basyang is the pen name of SEVERINO REYES.
♣�The first and longest running komiks series in the Philippines is
KENKOY(Liwayway Magasin,1929)
♣�The Father of Pampango Literature who wrote There is no God is JUAN
CRISOSTOMO SOTO.
♣�The oldest existing newspaper in the Philippines since the 1900 is MANILA
BULLETIN.
♣�The Father of Modern Tagalog Poetry is ALEJANDRO ABADILLA.
♣�The work of Bonifacio which tells the history of the Philippines ANG DAPAT
MABATID NG MGA TAGALOG.
♣�He wrote the popular fable The Monkey and the Turtle - JOSE RIZAL
♣�This is known as Andres Bonifacio's Ten Commandments of the Katipunan - THE
DECALOGUE.
♣�Rizal's model for Pilosopong Tasyo was PACIANO RIZAL.
♣�The following characters created by rizal reflect his own personality except
SIMOUN (El Filibusterismo)
♣�The line 'whoever knows not how to love his native tongue is worse than any beast
or even smelly fish' TO MY FELLOW CHILDREN
♣�Rizal's pen name - DIMASALANG, LAONG-LAAN
♣�Taga-ilog is JUAN LUNA's Pen name.
♣�The first filipino alphabet was called ALIBATA/BAYBAYIN
♣�the first filipino alphabet consisted of 15 LETTERS
♣�This is a song about love - TALINDAW, awit ng mga taong hindi naimbetahan sa
kainan (COLADO)
♣�He was known for his `Memoria Fotografica` - JOSE MA. PANGANIBAN
♣�He is known as the `poet of the workers or laborers` - AMADO HERNANDEZ
♣�Ilocano balagtasan is called BUKANEGAN
♣�Visayan epic about good manners and right conduct - MARAGTAS
♣�The father of Filipino newspaper is PASCUAL POBLETE

♣�Lupang Tinubuan is considered to be the best story written during Japanese
Period. The author is NARCISO REYES
♣�The original title of Ibong Adarna was CORIDO AT BUHAY NA
PINAGDAANAN NG TATLONH PRINSIPENG ANAC NG HARING
FERNANDO AT REYNA VALERIANA SA CAHARIANG BERBANIA
♣�PANDEREGLA - first filipino bread
♣�The Great Plebian: Andres Bonifacio
♣�The Father of the Katipunan: Andres Bonifacio
♣�Hero of the Tirad Pass Battle: Gregorio Del Pilar
♣�President of the First Philippine Republic: General Emilio Aguinaldo
♣�Brains of the Philippine Revolution: Apolinario Mabini
♣�Martyred Priests in 1872: GOMBURZA
♣�Brains of the Katipunan: Emilio Jacinto
♣�Co-founder of La Independencia: General Antonio Luna
♣�Mother of Balintawak: Melchora Aquino
♣�Greatest Filipino Orator of the Propaganda Movement: Graciano Lopez- Jaena
♣�First Filipino Cannon-maker: Pandar Pira
♣�Managing Editor of La Solidaridad: Mariano Ponce
♣�Lakambini of Katipunan: Gregoria de Jesus
♣�Poet of the Revolution: Fernando Ma. Guerrero
♣�Outstanding Diplomat of the First Philippine Republic: Felipe Agoncill
♣�First University of the Philippines President: Rafael Palma
♣�Greatest Filipino Painter: Juan Luna
Greatest Journalist of the Propaganda
♣�Movement: Marcelo H. del Pilar
♣�First Filipino Poetess: Leona Florentino
♣�Peace of the Revolution: Pedro Paterno
♣�Founder of Philippine Socialism: Isabelo
♣�Delos Reyes Viborra: Artemio Ricarte
♣�Author of the Spanish lyrics of the Philippine National Anthem: Jose Palma
♣�Chief of Tondo: Lakandola
♣�The Last Rajah of Manila: Rajah Soliman
♣�Fiancée of Jose Rizal: Leonor Rivera
♣�Maker of the
First Filipino Flag: Marcela Agoncillo
♣�Co-founder of Katipunan: Galicano Apacible
♣�Leader of the Ilocano Revolt: Diego Silang
♣�First Filipino Hero: Lapu-lapu
♣�Leader of the Longest Revolt in Bohol: Francisco Dagohoy
♣�The Man of Many Talents: Epifanio Delos Santos
♣�Prince of Tagalog Poets: Francisco Baltazar

♣�Visayan Joan of Arc: Teresa Magbanua
♣�Mother of Biak-na-Bato: Trinidad Tecson
♣�Wife of Artemio Ricarte: Agueda
♣�EstebanLeader of the Tarlac Revolt: Gen. Francisco Makabulos
♣�Composer of the Philippine National Anthem: Julian Felipe
♣�Spaniards born in the Philippines: Insulares
♣�Leader of Magdalo: Baldomero Aguinaldo
♣�Leader of Magdiwang: Mariano Alvarez
♣�Founder of La Liga Filipina: Jose Rizal
♣�Painter of the Spolarium: Juan Luna
List of the Famous Filipino Writers and their Pen Names or Pseudonyms
�Jose dela Cruz - Huseng Sisiw
�Marcelo H. Del Pilar - Plaridel, Dolores Manapat, Piping Dilat, Siling Labuyo,
Kupang, Haitalaga, Patos, Carmelo, D.A. Murgas, L.O. Crame D.M. Calero, Hilario,
and M. Dati.
�Severino de las Alas - Di-kilala
�Epifanio delos Santos - G. Solon
�Valeriano Hernandez Peña - Ahas na Tulog, Anong, Damulag, Dating Alba, Isang
Dukha, Kalampag and Kintin Kulirat
�Severino Reyes - Lola Basyang
�Pedro de Govantes de Azcarraga - Conde de Albay
�Francisco dela Cruz Balagtas - Francisco Baltazar
�Asuncion Lopez Bantug (Rizal’s grand niece) - Apo ni Dimas
Jose Ma. Basa
�Dr. José Protasio Rizal Mercado y Alonso Realonda - José Rizal, Dimas-alang
(Tagalog for Touch me not), Laong-Laan (which means Ever-prepared), Agnoand
Calambeño
�Hugo Salazar - Ambut
�Moises Salvador - Araw
�Jose Turiano Santiago - Tiktik
�Lope K. Santos - Anak-Bayan and Doctor Lukas
�Juan Crisostomo Soto - Crissot
�Luis Taruc - Alipato (which means spark that spreads a fire and one of Rizal’s pet
dogs)
�Jose Ma. Sison - Amado Guerrero
�Dr. Pio Valenzuela - Madlang-Away
�Clemente Jose Zulueta - M. Kaun
�J. Zulueta - Juan Totoó

�Isaac Fernando delos Rios
�Bautista - Ba Basiong
�Gen. Vito Belarmino - Blind Veteran
�Andres Bonifacio - Agapito Bagumbayan, while his inspiring Katipunan name was
Maypagasa
�Felipe Calderon - Simoun and Elias (names from Rizal’s novels)
�José Corazón de Jesús - Huseng Batute
�Mariano del Rosario - Tito-Tato
�Antonio K. Abad - Akasia
�Jose Abreu - Kaibigan
�Macario Adriatico - Amaori, C. Amabri and Felipe Malayo
�Faustino Aguilar - Sinag-Ina
�Emilio Aguinaldo - Magdalo
�Virgilio Almario - Rio Alma
�Pascual Alvarez - Bagongbuhay
�Aurelio Alvero - Magtanggul Asa
�Cecilio Apostol -Catulo, Calipso and Calypso
�Francisco Arcellana - Franz Arcellana
�Salvador Vivencio del Rosario - X and Juan Tagalo
�Domingo Gomez - Romero Franco
�Nestor Vicente Madali Gonzalez - N.V.M. Gonzalez
�Fernando Ma. Guerrero - Fluvio Gil
�Amado Hernandez - Amante Ernani, Herininia de la Riva and Julio Abril
�Emilio Jacinto - Dimas-ilaw and his Katipunan name was Pingkian
�Nick Joaquin - Quijano de Manila
�Jesus Lava - B. Ambrosio Rianzares
�Sixto Lopez - Batulaw
�Gen. Antonio Luna - Taga-Ilog
�Juan Luna - J.B. and Buan (a translation of his surname Luna which means moon)
�Apolinario Mabini - Bini and Paralitico
�Jose Palma - Ana-haw, Esteban Estebanes and Gan Hantik
�Rafael Palma - Hapon and Dapit-Hapon
�Jose Maria Panganiban - Jomapa and J.M.P.
�Pascual H. Poblete - Anak-Bayan
�Mariano Ponce - Naning, Tikbalang, and Kalipulako
Prepositions of TIME AT, ON, and IN.
AT- usually sa exact time like at 7pm, at 3 oçlock, etc...

ON - is used with days and dates like on January 2, on Monday, on Tuesday, on the
4th of April, ganun.....
IN - is used with months and years like in April, in June, in 1990, in 2017...etc....
prepositions of LOCATION, AT, ON, and IN.
.AT- usually sa specific point like at the center, at the corner, and in addresses usually
pag may number si house like
I live at #3 Roxas street, etc...
ON - is used with surfaces like on the wall, on the floor, on the table, on the ground,
and in addresses usually paag name lang ng street, avenue, road like
I Live on Roxas street, I live on Roxas avenue ganun.....
IN - is used when the thing is inside the boxlike structure like in the kitchen, in the
room, in the hall..with addresses naman use IN with cities, places like in Seoul, in the
Philippines, in Mindanao, etc....
PARTS OF THE CELL
PLANT CELL
Cell wall is the outermost rigid covering of the plant cell. It is a salient feature of plant cell.
Cell membrane is the outer lining of the celL.
Cytosol or cytoplasm is the gel-like matrix inside the cell membrane which constitutes all other
cell organelles.
Nucleus is the control center of the cell. It is a membrane bound structure which contains the
hereditary material of the cell - the DNA
Chloroplast is a plastid with green pigment chlorophyll. It traps light energy and converts it to
chemical energy by the process of photosynthesis.
Mitochondria carries out cellular respiration and provides energy to the cells.
Vacuoles are the temporary storage center of the cell.
Golgi body is the unit where proteins are sorted and packed.

Ribosomes are structures that assemble proteins.
Endoplasmic reticulum are membrane covered organelles that transport materials.
ANIMAL CELL
Cell membrane
• Electron microscopic studies of cell membrane shows the lipid bi-layer model of the plasma
membrane, it also known as the fluid mosaic model.
• The cell membrane is made up of phospholipids which has polar(hydrophillic) heads and non-
polar (hydrophobic) tails.
Cytoplasm
• This matrix maintains the pressure of the cell, ensures the cell doesn't shrink or burst.
Nucleus
• The nucleus is surrounded by a porous membrane known as the nuclear membrane.
• The nucleolus is the dark spot in the nucleus, and it is the location for ribosome formation.
Ribosomes
• Ribosomes is the site for protein synthesis where the translation of the RNA takes place.
• As protein synthesis is very important to the cell, ribosomes are found in large number in all
cells.
• Ribosomes are found freely suspended in the cytoplasm and also are attached to the
endoplasmic reticulum.
• ER is the transport system of the cell. It transports molecules that need certain changes and also
molecules to their destination.
• ER bound to the ribosomes appear rough and is the rough endoplasmic reticulum; while the
smooth ER do not have the ribosomes.
Lysosomes
• They have digestive enzymes helps in breakdown the waste moelcules and also help in

detoxification of the cell.
• If the lysosomes were not membrane bound the cell could not have used the destructive
enzymes.
Centrosomes
• It is located near the nucleus of the cell and is known as the 'microtubule organizing center' of
the cell.
• During mitosis the centrosome aids in dividing of the cell and moving of the chromosome to
the opposite sides of the cell.
Vacuoles
Golgi bodies
• The Golgi bodies modify the molecules from the rough ER by dividing them into smaller units
with membrane known as vesicles.
Mitochondria
• Mitochondria is the main energy source of the cell.
Peroxisomes
• Peroxisomes are single membrane bound organelle that contain oxidative enzymes that are
digestive in function.
• They help in digesting long chains of fatty acids and amino acids and help in synthesis of
cholesterol.
Cytoskeleton
• They give structural support and maintain the shape of the cell.
Cilia and Flagella
• Cilia are short and are in large number per cell while flagella are longer and are fewer in
number.
• The flagellar motion is undulating and wave-like whereas the ciliary movement is power stroke
and recovery stroke.

#LABAN
#TEACHERCEPPEE
Famous Scientists
Archimedes of Syracuse (287 - 212 BC)
Due to the fact that Archimedes was a person with multiple interests, including
math, physics, astronomy and engineering, he managed to become a successful
inventor. He became famous for his innovative thinking and was the one to come
up with a lot of innovative machines, including the Archimedes screw that is still
used today to pump liquids, coal, grain and more. But probably his most famous
discovery is the way of finding the volume of objects that have an irregular shape.
It is worth mentioning that most of his works were meant to help his home city.
Leonardo Da Vinci (1452 - 1519)
Leonardo Da Vinci was a great inventor, being fond of engineering, astronomy,
aeronautics, mathematics and more. His drawings include a number of various
inventions, the basics of which more or less can be found in different technologies
today. Da Vinci is considered to be the father of modern science. Some of his most
important inventions include the hydraulic machine, the boat and design of a flying
machine.
Evangelista Torricelli(1608-1647)
The famous Italian physicist and mathematician is the author of the barometer
(scientific tool used in the field of meteorology to estimate atmospheric pressure),
built in 1643. It would be interesting to note that a number of Italian Navy
submarines were named after the inventor.
Ferdinand Verbiest (1623 - 1688)
Verbiest was an astronomer and a mathematician. He was the one to invent the
world's first automobile. The inventor came up with the idea to create an
automobile while visiting China as a missionary. His automobile was powered by
steam, but could not carry humans.

Karl Drais (1785 - 1851)
The German inventor is the author of the Laufmaschine (German for "running
machine"), which was later called the velocipede and is believed to be the
forerunner of the bicycle and motorcycle. His invention represented the first means
of transport to use the two-wheeler principle and the starting point of the
mechanized personal transport.
Louis Pasteur(1822-1895)
The famous French chemist and microbiologist was the one who has come up with
the process ofpasteurization, a process that involves heating a food, usually liquid,
to a certain temperature for a specific length of time, and then cooling it instantly.
Pasteurization is used today to slow the development of microorganisms in food.
Levi Strauss (1829 - 1902)
Everyone knows that jeans were invented in the United States, some know that
Levi Strauss was the author of this invention but few know that Strauss was an
immigrant from Germany managed to found in San Francisco, California the
world's first firm to manufacture blue jeans. The company called Levi Strauss &
Co., started its operation back in 1853.
Gottlieb Daimler (1834 - 1900)
Daimler is another representative of German intelligentsia, being an engineer,
industrial designer and industrialist. He was the first to develop internal-
combustion engine and a pioneer in the field of automobile development. Daimler
is the author of the first high-speed petrol engine and the world's first four-wheel
vehicle.
Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen(1845 - 1923)
The famous German physicist Röntgen is the one who discovered the X-rays (also
known as Röntgen rays).
This invention allowed the German scientist to win the first Nobel Prize in Physics
in 1901
Thomas Edison (1847 - 1931)
He is the author of a large number of inventions, but the most well-known one is
the electric bulb. Among other discoveries of Thomas Edison there are telegraph

devices, phonograph, carbontransmitter, direct current generator, universal electric
motor, and more.
Emile Berliner (1851 - 1929)
The German-born Jewish American scientist became known thanks to his disc
record gramophone (in the United States known as phonograph or record player).
Used for recording and reproducing sounds on a gramophone record, vinyl record,
the device (with certain modifications made once in a while) was popular until
1980s.
Alexander Graham Bell (1857 - 1922)
During the experiments he carried out with the telegraph, Bell came up with the
idea of the telephone.
The inventor of one of the most popular devices today thought that the telephone
was intruding, which is why he did not have one in his workplace.
Rudlf Christian Karl Diesel(1858 -last seenalive 1913)
Being a mechanical engineer, Rudolf Christian Karl Diesel managed to discover
the diesel engine.
The German inventor was also a well-known thermal engineer, a polyglot, an
expert in arts, and a social theorist
Amalie Auguste Melitta Bentz (1873 - 1950)
She was born Amalie Auguste Melitta Liebscher. Bentz was a German business
lady, who invented the coffee filter back in 1908. Todayher grandchildren,
Thomas and Stephen, are managing the family business (Melitta Group KG) based
in Minden in eastern North Rhine-Westphalia.
Albert Einstein (1879 - 1955)
One of the greatest scientists of the 20th century is the author of numerous
inventions and theories that transformed a lot of concepts linked to spaceand time,
with the most important discovery being the theory of relativity. Other discoveries
of Einstein include the photoelectric effect and the Einstein calculator.
Sir Alexander Fleming (1881 - 1955)
During the World War I Fleming worked as an army medical corp.
He is the inventor of penicillin that prevented a lot of soldiers from being infected.

The discovery of penicillin managed to significantly boostthe evolution of
medicine industry.
Fritz Pfleumer (1881 - 1945)
The German-Austrian engineer is the author of the magnetic tape used for
recording sound. Pfleumer decided to grant the right of use to the AEG, a German
manufacturer of electrical equipment. The event tookplace on December 1, 1932.
Based on Pfleumer's magnetic tape, the German firm created the world's first
practical tape recorder dubbed Magnetophon K1.
Frederick Banting (1891 - 1941)
Initially Banting was dedicated to politics but later decided to shift to medicine. In
1916 he completed his MD and during the World War I worked as a doctor. He
was very interested in diabetes and continuously worked on a cure for it. It would
be worth noting that the Banting searcher for cure for diabetes together with Dr.
Charles Best. In 1923 the researcher was awarded with the Nobel Prize for
discovering insulin.
Edwin Herbert Land (1909 - 1991)
The co-founderof the Polaroid Corporation was the first who came up with low-
costfilters for polarizing light (useful system of in-camera instant photography).
His most popular invention, Polaroid instant camera, was officially launched in late
1948 and allowed users to take and develop a picture in just under 60 seconds.
ORGAN SYSTEMS OF THE BODY
• INTEGUMENTARYSYSTEM
• Forms the external bodycovering
• Composed ofthe skin, sweat glands, oil glands, hair, and nails
• Protects deep tissues from injury and synthesizes vitamin D
• SKELETAL SYSTEM
• Composed ofbone, cartilage, and ligaments
• Protects and supports bodyorgans
• Provides the framework for muscles

• Site of blood cell formation
• Stores minerals
• MUSCULAR SYSTEM
• Composed ofmuscles and tendons
• Allows manipulation of the environment, locomotion, and facial expression
• Maintains posture
• Produces heat
• NERVOUS SYSTEM
• Composed ofthe brain, spinal column, and nerves
• Is the fast-acting control system of the body
• Responds to stimuli by activating muscles and glands
• CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
• Composed ofthe heart and blood vessels
• The heart pumps blood
• The blood vessels transport blood throughout the body
• LYMPHATIC SYSTEM
• Composed ofred bonemarrow, thymus, spleen, lymph nodes, and lymphatic
vessels
• Picks up fluid leaked from blood vessels and returns it to blood
• Disposes of debris in the lymphatic stream
• Houses white blood cells involved with immunity
• RESPIRATORYSYSTEM
• Composed ofthe nasal cavity, pharynx, trachea, bronchi, and lungs
• Keeps blood supplied with oxygen and removes carbondioxide
• DIGESTIVE SYSTEM

• Composed ofthe oral cavity, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine,
rectum, anus, and liver
• Breaks down food into absorbableunits that enter the blood
• Eliminates indigestible foodstuffs as feces
• URINARY SYSTEM
• Composed ofkidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra
• Eliminates nitrogenous wastes from the body
• Regulates water, electrolyte, and pH balance of the blood
• MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
• Composed ofprostate gland, penis, testes, scrotum, and ductus deferens
• Testes producesperm and male sex hormones
• Ducts and glands deliver sperm to the female reproductive tract
• FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
• Composed ofmammary glands, ovaries, uterine tubes, uterus, and vagina
• Ovaries produceeggs and female sex hormones
• Remaining structures serve as sites for fertilization and development of the fetus
• Mammary glands producemilk to nourish the newborn
ASTRONOMYNOTES
• Largest circular storm in our solar system is found in Jupiter.
• The rapidly moving stream of charged particles that is being driven away from
the sun is known as Solar Wind.
• Biggest known asteroid is Ceres.
• One Mercurian year is equal to 88 Earth days.
• Largest volcano in the solar system is Olympus Mons found on Mars.
• One Jupiter day is equal to 9 hours 50 minutes.
• Between 1979 and 1998, the farthest planet from the sun was Neptune.

• The sunspotcycle is 11 years.
• The Hertzsprung-Russel Diagram directly compares temperature and luminosity
of stars.
• The Andromeda galaxy is spiral.
• The Milky Way galaxy is 100,000 light years across.
• The smallest planet in our solar system is Pluto.
• The only planet with a moon almost as big and as heavy as the planet itself is
Pluto.
• Neil Armstrong landed on the moon on 1969.
• The only planet with a day longer than its year is Venus.
• Pluto’s moon is called Charon.
• The area between Saturn’s two rings is called Cassini’s division.
• Heliocentric means around the sun; geocentric means around the earth.
• Neptune’s moon Triton has an ocean made of liquid Nitrogen.
• The first man to classify stars according to their brightness was Hipparchus.
• The nearest star to the sun is Proxima Centauri, also known as Alpha Centauri.
• The greatest distance of a planet from the sun is called aphelion (A for Away).
The smallest distance of a planet from the sun is called perihelion (P for Proximal
or near).
• The main component of the atmosphere of Mars is Carbon Dioxide.
• Jupiter has a mass greater than the combined masses of all the planets.
• The summer solstice usually occurs on June 21.
• The only two planets that do not have their moons or natural satellites are Venus
and Mercury.
• The constellation Andromeda is also called the Chained Maiden.
• Taurus is the brightest star in Aldebaran.
• A comet’s tail always points away from the sun.
• Spectral line splitting due to the influence of magnetic fields is called Zeeman
Effect.
• 99.8 percent of asteroids have orbits between Mars and Jupiter.
• A Red Giant has a low effective temperature (3000 to 4000 Kelvin) and a radius
of around 100 times the Sun’s.
• When three celestial bodies are in a line or collinear, it is called a syzygy.
• Pluto has the most eccentric orbit around the sun.
• Beads of light visible around the rim of the moon at the beginning and end of a
total solar eclipse are called Baily’s Beads.

• The last planet Voyager II visited is Neptune.
• Only 0.001% of the Sun’s mass has been converted into energy.
BRANCHES OF SCIENCE
• Geology:the science that deals with the earth's physical structure and substance,
its history, and the processesthat act on it.
• Meteorology: the branch of science concerned with the processes and
phenomena of the atmosphere, especially as a means of forecasting the weather.
• Paleontology:the branch of science concerned with fossil animals and plants.
• Oceanography: the branch of science that deals with the physical and biological
properties and phenomena of the sea.
• Volcanology: the scientific study of volcanoes.
• Chemistry: the branch of science that deals with the identification of the
substances of which matter is composed;the investigation of their properties and
the ways in which they interact, combine, and change; and the use of these
processes to form new substances.
• Physics:the branch of science concerned with the nature and properties of matter
and energy. The subject matter of physics, distinguished from that of chemistry
and biology, includes mechanics, heat, light and other radiation, sound, electricity,
magnetism, and the structure of atoms.
• Thermodynamics: the branch of physical science that deals with the relations
between heat and other forms of energy (such as mechanical, electrical, or
chemical energy), and, by extension, of the relationships between all forms of
energy.
• Mechanics:the branch of applied mathematics dealing with motion and forces
producing motion.
• Astronomy: the branch of science that deals with celestial objects, space, and the
physical universe as a whole.
• Biology:the study of living organisms, divided into many specialized fields that
cover their morphology, physiology, anatomy, behavior, origin, and distribution.
• Zoology: the scientific study of the behavior, structure, physiology,
classification, and distribution of animals.
• Botany: also called plant science(s), plant biology or phytology, is the science of
plant life and a branch of biology.
• Genetics:the study of heredity and the variation of inherited characteristics.
• Agriculture: the science or practice of farming, including cultivation of the soil

for the growing of crops and the rearing of animals to provide food, wool, and
other products.
• Forestry: the science or practice of planting, managing, and caring for forests.
• Engineering: the branch of science and technology concerned with the design,
building, and use of engines, machines, and structures.
• Metallurgy: the branch of science and technology concerned with the properties
of metals and their production and purification.
• Optics: the scientific study of sight and the behavior of light, or the properties of
transmission and deflection of other forms of radiation.
LABORATORY TOOLS AND SAFETYMEASURES
a. Beaker: hold and heat liquids
b. Reagentbottle: storage, mixing and displaying
c. Bunsenburner: heating and exposing items to flame
d. Buret: chemical analysis; measure precisely how much liquid is used in titration
e. Crucible: heat small quantities of substances in very high temperatures
f. Erlenmeyer flask: heat and store liquids; bottom is wider than the top
g. Evaporating dish: heat and evaporate liquids
h. Florence flask;heat substances that need to be heated evenly; mostly used in
distillation experiments
i. Funnel: transfer liquids into another container to avoid spillage
j. Microspatula:transfer small amounts of solid from one container to another
k. Mortarand pestle: crush solids into powders
l. Pipet: move small amounts of liquid from one container to another
m. Ring stand: used to items being heated; used with clamps or rings
n. Stirring rod/ glass rod: stir solutions to dissolve substances
o. Stopper/cork:seal test tubes and flasks
p. Testtube brush: easily clean the inside of a test tube
q. Testtube holder: hold test tubes while being heated
r. Testtube rack: hold test tubes upright while observing reactions
s. Thermometer: take temperature
t. Tongs:hold flasks, crucibles and evaporating dish when they are hot
u. Clay triangle: used to hold crucibles when they are being heated
v. Volumetric flask: measure one specific volume; used in preparing solutions

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