3. INTRODUCTION
Defense mechanism is an automatic reaction of the
body and mental process initiated unconsciously to
avoid experiencing conflict or anxiety.
Freud began rudimentary investigations into the
nature of ego defense mechanisms in several of his
works.
The first comprehensive study of defense
mechanisms was reported by Freud’s daughter Anna
Freud in his landmark work, THE EGO AND THE
MECHANISMS OF DEFENSE(1937)
Anna freud expanded her father’s work by providing
detailed descriptions of a number of individual
defense mechanisms.
4. DEFINITION
Anna Freud defined defense mechanisms
as "unconscious resources used by the ego"
to ultimately decrease internal stress.
Patients often devise these unconscious
mechanisms to decrease conflict within
themselves, specifically between the
superego and id.
6. MALADAPTATION
O A condition where- biological,
psychological, behavioural and/or defence
mechanisms are detrimental(tending to
cause harm) to the survival.
7. O ADAPTIVE BEHAVIOR
Adaptation is said to occur when an individual’s
physical or behavioral response to any change in
his or her internal or external environment results in
preservation of individual integrity or timely return to
equilibrium.
O MALADAPTIVE BEHAVIOR
Maladaptation occurs when an individual’s
physical or behavioral response to any change in
his or her internal or external environment results in
disruption of individual integrity or in persistent
equilibrium.
ADAPTIVE AND
MALADAPTIVE BEHAVIOR
9. INDIVIDUAL ADAPTATION
O The ability to effectively meet social and community
expectations for personal independence, physical
needs, and interpersonal relationships expected for
one's age and cultural group is termed as
individual adaptation.
O An individual’s behavior that interferes with
everyday activities is called maladaptive behavior
and it is undesirable, is socially unacceptable, or
interferes with the acquisition of desired skills or
knowledge
11. GROUP ADAPTATION
O Group adaptation is a process by which the group
maintains a balance so that it can promote growth of
individual and group members.
O For group to adapt successfully there must be
A. Good communication
B. Mutual respect
C. Adequate resources available
D. Previous experiences with stressors.
13. MALADAPTIVE PROCESS
1. Crisis: “a state of disequilibrium resulting from the
interaction of an event with the individual or family’s
coping mechanisms, which are inadequate to meet
the demands of the situation, combined with the
individual’s or family’s perception of the meaning of
the event”.
- TAYLOR, 1982
“Crisis is any event that is going (or is expected) to
lead to an unstable and dangerous situation affecting
an individual, group, community, or whole society.
14. TYPES OF CRISIS
1. Situational crisis/external crisis/coincidental crisis:
O Eg. Death of a loved ones
O An accident
O Loss of employment
2. Maturational crisis/developmental crisis/internal
crisis
O Maturational crisis involves how an individual will
perceive themselves, their role and their status.
O Eg. Adolescence
O marriage
15. Contd…
3. Socio – cultural crisis:
It arises from the cultural values that are embedded in
the social structure.
Eg. Discrimination
Between race and robbery
4. Crisis resulting from traumatic stress:
Crisis resulting when unexpected external stress over
which the individual has little or no control. Eg. Rape,
robbery
5. Crisis resulting from psychopathology:
Preexisting psychopathology has been instrumental in
precipitating the crisis. Eg. Neurosis.
16. Contd…
6. Adventitious crisis/community crisis:
it is accidental, uncommon, unanticipated results in
multiple losses may be because of environmental
changes. Eg. Natural disorders like floods,
earthquakes.
7. Psychiatric emergencies:
Crisis occurs when general functioning is impaired and
the individual is incompetent to assume personal
responsibility.
17. 2. STRESS
O The non - specific response of the body to any
demand placed upon it
- Hans selye
O It can be positive such as when it helps you avoid
danger or meet a deadline. but when stress lasts for
a long time, it may harm your health.
18. STRESS PROCESS
Any event or thought
Specific hormone is released
Make brain more alert
Muscles to tense
Increase in pulse
Short term – avoid danger long term - harmful
19. TYPES OF STRESS
O Acute stress
O Chronic stress
O Eustress
O distress
20. ACUTE STRESS:
Goes away quickly
Helps managing dangerous situation
All people have it.
CHRONIC STRESS:
Lasts for longer period
Goes for a week or months
When we don’t realize it is a problem
Don’t find ways to manage stress it may lead to
health problems.
21. O EUSTRESS:
Eustress or positive stress occurs when your level of
stress is high enough to motivate you to move into
action to get things accomplished.
O DISTRESS:
Distress are negative stress occurs when your level of
stress is either too high or too low and your body and
mind begin to respond negatively to the stressors.
22.
23.
24. O Disaster is defined by WHO as “ a severe
disruption, ecological and psychological, which
greatly exceeds the coping capacity of the affected
community.
O It can be natural and man – made, psychological
reaction may be either adaptive or maladaptive.
3. DISASTER
25. ETIOLOGY: BIO – PSYCHO –
SOCIAL FACTORS
O Cause of mental illness can be chronologically
divided into 3 groups:
PRE – DISPOSING FACTORS:
O These occurs before the onset of the disease or
before psychopathology have appeared.
O Genetic factors
O Biological factors
O Psychological factors
26. Contd…
PRECIPITATING FACTORS:
O These are events that occur shortly before the
onset of disorders and appear to have induced it.
O Physical factors
O Physiological factors
O Psychological factors
O Social factors.
27. Contd…
PERPETUATING FACTORS:
O These are factors that prolong the course of a
disorder after it has been provoked. It is extremely
vital to consider these factors while planning
treatment.
33. DEFENCE MECHANISM
MEANING:
Behavior used to protect oneself from unpleasant
emotions or situations known as defense
mechanism.
This process is usually unconscious.
HEALTHY or POSITIVE:
Helps to develop new acceptable behavior.
Change external environment positively.
Can modify needs.
UNHEALTHY or NEGATIVE:
Escape from the reality.
34. TYPES
1. COMPENSATION:
counter balancing weakness by strength.
Eg. A student who fails in his studies may
compensate by becoming the college champion
in athletics.
35. 2. DENIAL
Any individual refuses to face the reality.
Quite harmless
But can lead to serious difficulties in health and
lifestyle if practised in excess.
Eg. When someone very near and dear one die
in the family, some people will say no, he is still
alive.
36. 3. DISPLACEMENT:
The transfer of negative emotion from one person or
thing to an unrelated person or thing.
Eg. A person who is angry with his boss but cannot
show it for fear of losing the job may fight with his
wife on return from the office.
37. 4. IDENTIFICATION:
An attempt to increase self – worth by acquiring
certain attributes and characteristics of an
individual one admires.
Eg. A teenage girl emulates the mannerisms and
style of dress of a popular female rock star.
An illiterate father often takes his son’s higher
education as his own achievement.
38. Individual will ignore or avoid the emotional
aspect associated with a stressful situation by
using the intellectual processes of logic,
reasoning and analysis.
Eg.
5. INTELLECTUALIZATION:
39. 6. INTROJECTION:
Integrating the beliefs and values of another
individual into one’s own personality.
Eg. A women who likes to live in a simple way
introjects in her the sophisticated way, of living like
her husband.
41. 8. RATIONALIZATION:
The substitution of a safe & reasonable explanation
for the true cause of behavior. It occurs when we tell
an element of truth but deny the larger truth of the
matter.
Eg. A student who cheats on a test may say: “I only
cheated on a few question, I know most of the
answers.”
A girl fails to get admission for the nursing course
may point out a number of difficulties of nursing
profession.
42. 9. REACTION FORMATION:
Converting of unwanted or dangerous thoughts to the
exact opposite thought.
Eg. Jane hates nursing. She attended nursing school
to please her parents. During career day, she speaks
to prospective students about the excellence of
nursing as a career.
43. 10. REGRESSION
when someone is under a lot of stress, they return
to behavior from an earlier stage of development.
Also known as back journey.
EG. A lady regressed into adolescent starts to walk,
talk or dress like as her younger self. When a
person is confronted to some loss may be back
journey to a stage which had been more pleasant &
successful in his lifetime.
44. 11. REPRESSION:
Repression is a process of unconscious
forgeetfullness of our unpleasant experiences.
Eg. An accident victim can remember nothing about
his accident.
45. 12. SUBLIMATION:
A mechanism that causes channelization if socially
unacceptable desires into acceptable form.
Eg. A young man who has lost his lover may turn to
write poetry about love.
A person who is aggressive feeling and cannot
express in society can become a soldier or boxer.
46. 13. SUPPRESSION:
The voluntary blocking of unpleasant feelings
and experiences from one’s awareness to avoid
discomfort and anxiety.
Eg. Scarlett O Hara says, “I don’t want to think
about that now. I’ll think about that tomorrow.
47. 14. UNDOING:
Symbolically negating or canceling out an
experience that one finds intolerable.
Eg. A man spills some salt on the table, then
sprinkles some over his left shoulder to “prevent
bad luck”.
48. OTHERS
WITHDRAWAL:
Escaping from the situation.
Eg. Fear of rejection in making friends.
DAY – DREAMING:
Thinking to deviate from stress or problem.
SOMATIZATION:
The person’s negative feelings are transferred into
physical symptoms.
HUMOR:
Focusing on funny aspects of a painful situation.
