1. Growth
Hormon
e
Effects &
Disorders
Presented byRemalle Ruth Blessy
Roll NO:22/BIOT/017
Dept: Biotechnology (2nd Semester)
Mizoram University

2. What is GH/Somatotrophin?
Structure:
Levels:
Source:
Males secrete GH at the rate of about
0.4-10 ng/ml, while healthy females
secrete GH at the rate of about 1-14
ng/ml (Gardner et al.,2007)
Secreted by Somatotrophes which
are Acidophilic cells of anterior
Pituitary.
2
3
1
-Protein of 191 amino acids
-Molecular weight of 22,124 daltons.
-Single Chain Polypeptide
-Intramolecular Disulphide Bridges- 2
Somatostatin- Inhibits the
release of GH
Somatropin – these are growth
hormones that are in the
synthetic form produced utilizing
recombinant DNA technologies.

6. There are two
isoforms of GH – a
22kDa (bound to
Zn2+) and 20 kDa
They bind to GHBP.
The Receptors
dimerize and hGH
binds to it.

7. GHsecretionpeaks1hraftersleep
1. Hypoglycemia
(Low Blood Sugar)
2. Adrenal Glands secrete
Epinephrine and that causes
release of GHRH
3 High levels of
Testosterone and
Estrogen
Exercise:
Puberty
It is stimulated by
Internal Stimuli:

9. PHYSIOLOGICAL EFFECTS
On protein metabolism
1. Increases Amino acid
transport through the cell
membrane
2. Increases RNA
translation
3. Increases Transcription
of Dna to Rna
4, Increases Catabolism of
protein
5. Promotes anabolism of
proteins indirectly (because
of insulin release)
On Fat metabolism
1.Mobilizes fat from adipose
Tissue to increase it in body
fluids
2.Fatty acids are used for
production of energy by cells.
Thus proteins are spared
3.During use of FA for
energy, acetoacetic acid from
liver might lead to ketosis
4. Excess mobilization of fat
from adipose tissue causes
fatty liver
On Carbohydrate metabolism
1.Reduces use of Glucose for
energy by formation of Acetyl
CoA and converts Glucose to
Glycogen. This increases
Glycogen deposition in the cells
and lowers Glucose uptake
2.Diabetogenice effect: Beta
cells are overstimulated by GH
to produce insulin and
increases blood glucose level .
This leads to deficient insulin
and Diabetes mellitus

10. Regulation of GH Secretion:
GH
Somatomedin
s
Three forms include:
Somatomedin A, which is another name
for insulin-like growth factor 2 (IGF-2)
Somatomedin B, which is derived
from vitronectin
Somatomedin C, which is another name
for insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1)

12. Regulation of GH Secretion:
GH
Somatomedin
s
Three forms include:
Somatomedin A, which is another name
for insulin-like growth factor 2 (IGF-2)
Somatomedin B, which is derived
from vitronectin
Somatomedin C, which is another name
for insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1)
IGF 1
IGF-1, somatomedin as a
sulfation factor that is secreted
from the liver to induce
longitudinal bone growth.

15. Regulation of GH Secretion:
GH
Somatomedins + GH
= SOMATOSTATIN
Somatostatin inhibits insulin and glucagon secretion.
Somatostatin has two active forms produced by the alternative
cleavage of a single preproprotein: one consisting of 14 amino
acids , the other consisting of 28 amino acids.

16. Two Paths for Somatostatin Secretion and action
ActsonPituitaryGland
-BlocksGHRHfromactingon
Somatotrophcells
IN
HYPOTHALAMUS
IN
PANCREAS
Hypothalamic-Pituitaryaxis GITract
ActsonDeltacellsofPancreas
- InhibitInsulin,Glucagon,
- Vasoactiveintestinalpeptide
- Gastrin

26. -Very prominent forehead and a prominent
jaw.
-Gaps between their teeth.
-Thickening of their facial features.
-Large hands and feet with thick fingers and
toes.
Other symptoms of gigantism include:
-Enlargement of internal organs, especially
your child’s heart.
-Excessive sweating (hyperhidrosis).
-Double vision or difficulty with side
(peripheral) vision.
-Headaches.
-Joint pain.
-Delayed puberty.
-Irregular menstruation (periods).
-Sleeping problems, such as sleep apnea.
-Muscle weakness.

28. Enlarged hands or feet.
Changes in your face shape, including a
more prominent jaw and/or forehead.
Increase in size of your lips, nose and/or
tongue.
Excessive sweating or oily skin.
Deepening of your voice.
Other symptoms include:
Headaches.
Joint pain.
Vision changes.
Increase in the number of skin tags.
Numbness in your hands.
Sleep apnea.
Carpal tunnel syndrome or spinal cord
issues.

29. Familial: If parents and other family members
are short, it can be normal for their child to be
short.
Genetic mutation: Changes to a person’s DNA.
Growth hormone deficiency: The brain doesn’t
make enough of the hormone that causes bones
to grow.
Late bloomer (constitutional delay): Some
children are short earlier in childhood because
they are programmed to grow later than their
peers. There is sometimes a family history of a
similar pattern of growth.
Malnutrition: Not having adequate nutrition can
affect a child’s ability to grow.
Small for gestational age: Most babies that are
born small will catch up with their growth within
the first two to three years of life, but 10% do
not.
Causes

30. The increased Growth
hormone (GH) level is seen
in the following:
Pituitary gigantism
(Acromegaly = up to 400
ng/ml).
Ectopic GH secretion, e.g.,
Stomach neoplasm, lung.
Renal failure.
Cirrhosis.
Stress, exercise, prolonged
fasting.
Uncontrolled diabetes
mellitus.
Anorexia nervosa.
Starvation and malnutrition.
Hypoglycemia.
Major surgery.
Exercise.

31. The decreased growth
hormone (GH) level is
seen in the following:
Pituitary dwarfism,
hypopituitarism.
Adrenocortical
hyperfunction.
Hyperglycemia.
Delayed sexual maturity.
Growth hormone
deficiency.