Content of this
presentation…
 Introduction to tourism
 The impacts of tourism
 Economic impacts of tourism
 defining ecotourism
 Tourism concepts and
applications
 Reference

Definition
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First Definition for Tourism
The first definition of tourism was made by Guyer Feuler in 1905.
UNWTO Definition of Tourism
"Tourism comprises the activities of persons traveling to and staying in
places outside their usual environment for not more than one consecutive
year for leisure, business and other purposes."
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 Tourism is different from travel
 In order for tourism to happen, there must be a displacement
 But all travel is not tourism.
 Three criteria are used simultaneously in order to characterize a trip as
belonging to tourism:
 It involves a displacement outside the usual environment:
 Type of purpose: the travel must occur for any purpose different from being
remunerated from within the place visited: the previous limits, where tourism was
restricted to recreation and visiting family and friends are now expanded to
include a vast array of purposes;
 Duration: only a maximal duration is mentioned, not a minimal. Tourism
displacement can be with or without an overnight stay.
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 Tourism is travel for recreational, leisure or business purposes.
 The World Tourism Organization defines
 tourists as people "traveling to and staying in places outside their usual
environment for not more than one consecutive year for leisure, business and
other purposes".
 Tourism has become a popular global leisure activity.
 In 2011, there were over 983 million international tourist arrivals worldwide,
representing a growth of 4.6% when compared to 940 million in 2010.
 International tourism receipts grew to US$1.03 trillion (€740 billion) in 2011,
corresponding to an increase in real terms of 3.8% from 2010
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 In 2011, international travel demand continued to recover from the losses
resulting from the late-2000s recession, where tourism suffered a strong
slowdown from the second half of 2008 through the end of 2009.
 After a 5% increase in the first half of 2008, growth in international tourist
arrivals moved into negative territory in the second half of 2008, and ended
up only 2% for the year, compared to a 7% increase in 2007.
 The negative trend intensified during 2009, exacerbated in some countries
due to the outbreak of the H1N1 influenza virus, resulting in a worldwide
decline of 4.2% in 2009 to 880 million international tourists arrivals, and a
5.7% decline in international tourism receipts.
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In 1994, the United Nations classified
three forms of tourism in its
Recommendations on Tourism
Statistics:
 Domestic tourism, involving residents of
the given country traveling only within
this country.
 Inbound tourism, involving non-
residents traveling in the given country.
 Outbound tourism, involving residents
traveling in another country.R'tist @ Tourism, PU

World tourism statistics and rankings
 Most-visited countries by international tourist arrivals
 The World Tourism Organization reports the following ten countries as the
most visited in terms of the number of international travellers. In 2011,
Turkey overtook the UK to become the sixth most visited country.
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International tourism receipts
 International tourism receipts grew to US$1.03 trillion (€740 billion) in
2011, corresponding to an increase in real terms of 3.8% from 2010.
 The World Tourism Organization reports the following countries as the
top ten tourism earners for the year 2011, with the United States by far
the top earner
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International tourism expenditure
 The World Tourism Organization reports the following countries as the
top ten biggest spenders on international tourism for the year 2011.
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Most-visited cities by international tourist arrivals
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TOURISM, RECREATION AND LEISURE INTER-RELATIONSHIPS
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CLASSIFYING TOURISTS
 By Product
 Mass Tourism: Package tour
 Alternative Tourism: Ecotourism
By nature of the activity
 Active: Adventure tourism,
Ecotourism, Golf
 Passive: Sightseeing, Beach, Cruise
 Location preference
 Coastal, Rural, City, Mountains,
Lakes
 Duration of trip
 Day trip, weekend trip, annual
holiday
 Psychographic
 Allocentric
 Mid-centric
 Psychocentric
 By age/socio-economic group
 Backpackers
 DINKS
 SINKS
 Empty Nesters
 Boomers
 Youths
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Tourist Typologies
 Dalen (1989)
 Traditional Materialists
 Traditional Idealists
 Modern Materialists
 Modern Idealists
 American Express (1989)
 Adventurers
 Worries
 Dreamers
 Economizers
 Indulgers
 Valene Smith
 Explorers
 Elite Tourists
 Offbeat tourists
 Unusual tourists
 Incipient mass tourists
 Mass Tourists
 Perreault &Dorden (1979)
 Budget tourists
 Adventure tourists
 Homebody tourists
 Vacationer
 Moderates
 Cohen (1972)
 Recreational tourists
 Diversionary tourists
 Experimental tourists
 Experiential tourists
 Existential tourists
 Gray (1970)
 Wanderlust
 Sunlust
 Plog (1977)
 Psychocentric
 Allocentric
 Peters Inventory of Tourist attractions
 Cultural attractions
 Traditional attractions
 Scenic attractions
 Entertainment attractions
 Other attractions
 Iso Ahola
 Push-Pull Factors
 Cooper Tourism Demand
 Life Cycle Factors
 Life style FactorsR'tist @ Tourism, PU

Tourism Theories
 Leiper’s Tourism System Model (1990)
 Stanley plog’s model of Destination preferences
 Stanley Plog’s psychographics model (1974)
 Butler’s Tourism Area Life Cycle (TALC - 1980)
 Doxey’s Irritation Index (Irridex - 1975)
 Matheison and Wall Travel – Buying Behavior Model (1982)
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Tourism System
 Leiper’s model, which was suggested in 1979
and adapted in 1990
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Stanley plog’s Tourist model of Destination
preferences (1980)
 Smith(1990) argued that the allocentric-psychocentric model fails to
support the hypothesized association between personality types and
destination preferences.
 Litvin (2006) tested Plog’s model by showing that ideal destination and
the destination most recently visited differ.
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Stanley Plog’s psychographics model (1967)
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Allocentric Near Allocentric
Mid - Centric
Near Psychocentric Psychocentric

Butler’s Tourism Area Life Cycle (TALC - 1980)
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Doxey’s Irritation Index (Irridex - 1975)
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Matheison and Wall Travel – Buying Behavior Model (1982)
 Mathieson and Wall (1982) suggested a linear five-
stage model of travel buying behaviour
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Key Perspectives to Tourism
 Tourism impacts are likely to change over time as a
destination area develops (Butler, 1980).
 The impacts are also affected by time (when),
location (where) and seasonality.
 Tourism impacts also occur beyond the destination.

Key Perspectives to Tourism
 Tourism also has an impact on tourists themselves.

Some Fundamental Truths
about Tourism
1. Tourism consumes resources and creates waste.
2. Tourism has the ability to over-consume resources.
3. Tourism competes with other resource users and
needs to do this to survive.
4. Tourism is private sector dominated.

Economic Costs of Tourism
 Inflation
 Increase in prices of land, houses and food that can
occur as a result of tourism.
 Lies heavily on the demand.

Economic Costs of Tourism
 Leakage
 Goes out of the local economy to pay for imported
items, expatriate salaries or franchise fees.

Economic Costs of Tourism
 Seasonal Character of Jobs
 Job (and therefore income) insecurity
 No guarantee of employment from one season to the
next
 Difficulties in getting training, employment-related
medical benefits, and recognition of their experience
 Unsatisfactory housing and working conditions.

SW China Ecotourism

Yunnan’s Stone Forest

Yunnan Culture

Ecotourism in Southeast Asia
 Malaysia
 A leader in national park and nature reserve management
 Focus on Natural Ecosystem Management
 Combined with ecotourism principles
 Taman Negara National Park (West Malaysia)
 Sarawak and Sabah on Borneo (East Malaysia)
 Benefitted from Malaysia’s growing middle class
 Indonesia
 Most popular ecotour destination until 1997 political crisis
 Focus on Ecotourism to replace agriculture & fishing in nature
reserves
 Pro-poor economic development
 Initial success has struggles in recent years
 Major problems with illegal logging and burning of rainforests to
clear land

Indonesia

Borneo Orangutan

Tour Group Size
Smallest Average Largest
Group Group Group
 Mean 4.5 11.4 24.7
 Median 2 8 15
 Range 1 - 22 3 - 60 4 - 125
 Do you intentionally limit tour group sizes?
 Yes 34 (81%) No 8 (19%)
 If yes, what is your size limit?
 Mean: 14.9
 Median: 14.5
 Range: 6 - 40

Reasons Limiting Tour Group Size – p.1
IMPACTS:
1. Impacts are greater with more than 16 persons
2. To reduce/lessen impact/damage (7)
3. To ensure sustainable impact
4. To minimize cultural concerns/impacts (3)
5. Prevent negative impacts on culturally sensitive areas
6. To minimize environmental impacts (3)
7. To ensure privacy
8. Lower impact from camping
9. We will limit tour size to one person to some pristine environments to
lessen environmental and animal damage
SERVICE:
1. Guides are unable to have personal contact and control the situation
with more than 17 persons
2. More than eight is a mob
3. Ease of handling/controlling smaller groups (2)
4. Some private groups may exceed our maximum
5. Logistics of moving too large a group in the destination region
6. Manageable, yet profitable, size
7. We break our larger groups into smaller groups of four to five persons
each for daily activities

Role of Tourism
 As an instrument for employment generation, poverty alleviation and
sustainable human development
 Promotes national integration and international understanding and
gives support to local handicrafts and cultural activities
 Foreign exchange earnings
 Domestic tourism plays a vital role in achieving the national
objectives of promoting social and cultural cohesion and national
integration
 Contribution to generation of employment is very high
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Semantic barriers of communication for
Tourism
 Lack of common language
 Poor vocabulary
 Use of jargons
 Poor grammar, punctuation
 Round about verbiage
 Lack of clarity in the message
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Reference list.
 by shweta gaur, Data Analyst (Knowledge Resource
Centre) at Azim Premji Foundation on Mar 11, 2011
 Reymarie Oohlala, Lobby Ambassador at Pan Pacific
Hotel singapore on Sep 19, 2013 2,244
 tofujay on Oct 07, 2012
 Ramakrishna Kongalla, Assistant Professor at Indian
Institute of Tourism & Travel Management on Dec 31, 2012
 Ramakrishna Kongalla, Assistant Professor at Indian
Institute of Tourism & Travel Management on May 22, 2013
 Alan Lew, Professor at Northern Arizona University on Apr
27, 2008
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