Informal planning in a formal system

Informal planning in a formal planning system

The participation of
Rotterdam’s South
deprived neighborhood
network in the November 1st, 2011

regional development Ruud Hoekstra

perspectives of
Rotterdam city and
the Randstad Delta
metropolis

RUUD HOEKSTRA 1402587, GRADUATION STUDIO COMPLEX CITIES, P1 PRESENTATION, November 1st, 2011

INTRODUCTION RESEARCH Q. RELEVANCE FRAMEWORK RESEARCH APPROACH END PRODUCT TIME SCHEDULE

INTRODUCTION
INTRODUCING AND FRAMING OBJECTIVES
MOTIVATION
PROBLEM STATEMENT
AIMS
RESEARCH QUESTIONS
MAIN RESEARCH QUESTION
SUB RESEARCH QUESTION

RELEVANCE
SOCIETAL
ACADEMIC
ETHICAL
FRAMEWORK
THEORETICAL
PRACTICAL
RESEARCH APPROACH
STRATEGY
METHODOLOGY
END PRODUCT

TIME SCHEDULE

The participation of Rotterdam’s South deprived neighborhood network in the regional development perspectives of Rotterdam city and the Randstad Delta metropolis



INTRODUCTION

>>
INTRODUCING AND FRAMING OBJECTIVES
MOTIVATION
PROBLEM STATEMENT
AIMS

INTRODUCING
AND FRAMING
OBJECTIVES



INTRODUCING AND FRAMING THE OBJECTIVES

NETHERLANDS ROTTERDAM ROTTERDAM SOUTH

ROTTERDAM SOUTH

source; wikimedia.org

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INTRODUCING AND FRAMING THE OBJECTIVES
Development perspectives, Planning and Urban form

Defense Trade | defense Trade | expansion

highway development high-speed network development mega-region development
sources: (highway development) rijksplannen.nl, (high-speed) bk.tudelft.nl, (mega-region development) america2050.nl

5/43



MOTIVATION

The history of development perspectives: from defence to
competetiveness

the history of planning from structuralistic to post-structuralistic. Public
policy is usually not well apdatpted to meet the importance of place
and to handle a multitute of actors.

The position of Rotterdam South in this environment: multitute of actors,
competetive directed development perspectives

sources: (concurrentie gebieden NW-Europa) rr2020.nl, (economische clusters in de regio) stadsregio.info

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PROBLEM STATEMENT

Problem 1: we observe deprivation as a place although it is part from a network.
Indicatoren voor selectie van de wijken

Thema
Achterstanden Bron Peiljaar
Sociaal-economisch
1. Inkomen RIO, CBS 2002 gemiddeld be
2. Werk RIO, CBS 2002 aandeel werk
3. Opleiding Wegener/Geo- 2002 aandeel huis
marktprofiel
vraagstelling
9 antwoordkl

?
berekening :
Fysiek
Woningvoorraad CBS/Syswov/ 2002,2006 aandeel won
4. Kleine woningen /CFV # klein : eeng
5. Oude woningen # oud : bouw
NATIONAL NATIONAL 6. Goedkope woningen # goedkoop :

?
Problemen
Sociaal /leefbaarheid WBO/WoON 2002,2006
sociale overlast, vandalisme Oordeel bew

PROVINCIAL PROVINCIAL
en onveiligheid
7 vandalisme # bekladding
8 vandalisme # vernieling v
9. sociale overlast # ondervindt
10 sociale overlast # ondervindt
11. onveiligheid # bent u bang

MUNICIPAL MUNICIPAL
Fysiek WBO/WoON 2002,2006
12. tevredenheid woning Hoe tevreden
13. tevredenheid woonomgeving Hoe tevreden
14. verhuisgeneigdheid Aandeel verh

fysieke overlast Oordeel bew
15. geluidsoverlast # in welke ma
16. vervuiling # idem overla
17. verkeer # idem overla
18. veiligheid # oordeel bew

source: (Health valley Arnhem-Nijmegen) coolregion.nl, (Stedelijke regions NL) notaruimteonline.nl, (indicatoren voor de selectie van wijken) rijksoverheid.nl

7/43



PROBLEM STATEMENT


Problem 2: the top down planning system and the necessity of participation in planning
(bottom up).

planning in functions layer approach multifunctional area development actor participation

source; ruimtelijkeplannen.bronckhorst.nl, imageshack.us

8/43



PROBLEM STATEMENT

Problem 2: the top down planning system and the necessity of participation in planning
(bottom up).
Problem 3: the approach of problems in layers instead of a trans-scale approach
layer approach vertical planning horizontal planning
development approach for approach
perspectives execution of gathering
development stakeholders per
perspectives layer and tell them
what (development
perspective) to do
RANDSTAD
2040

NATIONAL

VISIE OP ZUID
HOLLAND

PROVINCIAL

REGIO
ROTTERDAM
2020
MUNICIPAL
scematic representation layer approach. by author

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PROBLEM STATEMENT

The participation of deprived networks in development perspectives needs to be
considered in a framework of:

i Competition oriented development perspectives

ii A top-down oriented spatial planning system

iii Regional networks as the context where the deprived area is part of.

stedelijke regios available on notaruimteonline.vrom.nl
competetiveness South-Holland available on ro.zuid-holland.nl

10/43



AIMS

the participation of Rotterdam’s South deprived network in the regional devel-
AIM opment perspectives of Rotterdam 2020 and Randstad 2040.

PRACTICAL THEORETICAL

integrate deprived define ‘deprivation’
areas in regional in the perspective
development of regional
perspectives. development.

actor participation building upon the
in development body of knowledge
perspectives in the of actor participation
case of Rotterdam within development
South and the perspectives in a
Randstad region. regional context.
(plan-making).

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RESEARCH QUESTIONS

>>
SUB RESEARCH QUESTIONS

MAIN
RESEARCH
QUESTION





How can the deprived network of Rotterdam South participate in the develop-
RQ ment perspectives of Rotterdam 2020 and Randstad 2040?

PRACTICAL THEORETICAL

integrate deprived areas define ‘deprivation’ in the
in regional development perspective of regional

actor participation in building upon the body
development perspectives of knowledge of actor
in the case of Rotterdam participation within
South and the Randstad development perspectives
region. in a regional context.
(plan-making).

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SUB RESEARCH QUESTIONS


How can the deprived network of Rotterdam South participate in the develop-
RQ ment perspectives of Rotterdam 2020 and Randstad 2040?

SQ PRACTICAL SQ THEORETICAL
What is the deprived network of PRACTICAL THEORETICALHow can actors participate in
Rotterdam South and who are the planning or plan making?
involved actors in which scales
(national, provincial, municipal,
integrate deprived areas Which actor engaging concepts
define ‘deprivation’ in the
neighborhood)? in regional development perspective of regionalstimulate decision power in the
spatial planning process of regional
How can actors participate in
actor participation in
development perspectives?
building upon the body
planning or plan making? development perspectives of knowledge of actor
in the case of Rotterdam participation within
What are the development and the Randstad
South development perspectives
perspectives of Rotterdam South and
region. in a regional context.
the ‘Randstad’ and how is the decision (plan-making).

structure and position of actors within
the execution?

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RELEVANCE

>>
SOCIETAL
ACADEMIC
ETHICAL

SOCIETAL




SOCIETAL RELEVANCE

1/3th (200.000) of the Rotterdams population (612.050) lives in one of the 7
deprived neighborhoods (krachtwijken) Rijksoverheid (2011)

People who do have a choice will chose another more connected place while people
who do not have the resources are condemned to less desirable places, the fragments.
van Kempen (2005).

Rijksoverheid (2011) 40 aandachtswijken/Rotterdam
Kempen van, R. (2005) Restructurating large housing estates in Europe. Policy Press p. 7

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ACADEMIC RELEVANCE

- Actor participation in planning and the improvement of livability in deprived areas.
- Development perspectives and its top down approach in a regional network environment
- A stronger voice of civil society asks for more participation in planning.

The current planning system with its layer approach has in its current way little grip on the region as a network in
the total urban system.

The combination of these topics in the context of deprived areas asks for new theory
on participation of deprived networks in regional development perspectives.

Saris J, Modder J, Ree van P, Stamsnijder M, (2011) Stedelijke regio’s, over informele planning op een regionale schaal. Rotterdam: Nai Uitgevers

17/43



ETHICAL RELEVANCE

In the competitive world of today and tomorrow where differences in prosperity are becoming bigger, it is the
task of the urban planner to intervene in the spatiality of the problem.

“Spatial planning is not a hobby of a limited number of professionals. It has to be a
service, promoting citizen participation and realizing consumer sovereignty. For urban
planners this means: generating alternative plans, and mobilizing long-term stake-
holders to express their preferences and to make choices.” P348 Priemus, Hall (2004)

There were citizens in less prosperity have little voice in decisions we as urban planners have to generate
alternative plans to counteract this phenomenon in order to keep balance in the societal community.

Interative maquette Rotterdam available on: mimoa.eu
Priemus, H., & Hall, P. (2004). Multifunctional Urban Planning of Mega-City-Regions. Journal of Built Environment Vol30(4) p. 348

18/43



FRAMEWORK

>>
THEORETICAL
PRACTICAL
development perspectives
site location / deprivation in Rotterdam

THEORETICAL




THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK

Globalization and development perspectives
splintering Urbanism / fragmentation
network regions
economy and infrastructure based development

Participation theory
concepts (ANT, ARA) REVIEW PAPER AR3U020
activation of actors (or how search/locate them?)
best practices in Europe
decision power structures
trampas (valkuilen) for participation
Which approaches have been taken to engage actors in different planning systems?
which actor participation concepts stimulate decision power in the spatial planning process of regional

Planning integration theories
(Exploration of successful planning integration strategies for deprived areas in Europe)
Vienna (normative mixed program rule)

20/43



PRACTICAL FRAMEWORK | ‘Randstad 2040’

making processes. Who is in power
Main focal points
planning system(s) or decision

- Climate change
for what decision?

- Versatile landscape
Development
perspectives
- International position
- Housing and accessibility
National
Randstad 2040
network region

“The region Amsterdam, with the South
axe as top location, has an economic
international top position. Schiphol is
Provincial one of the biggest airports of Europe,
South wing (Randstad)
Visie op Zuid-Holland
Rotterdam has a world-port, the Hague
is a city of governance, justice and
peace and Utrecht is pre-eminently
the knowledge city. The Greenports
Municipal
are international market leader around
Rotterdam 2020 production, processing and logistics of
horticulture and floriculture. Thes function
are being strengthened. Moreover the
cabinet wants to include this cities in the
Neighborhood
Pact op Zuid
international network of public transport
and road to make them even more
attractive.”
Randstad 2040 (source: rijksoverheid.nl/onderwerpen/randstad/randstad-2040/speerpunten-randstad-2040)

21/43



PRACTICAL FRAMEWORK | ‘Visie op Zuid-Holland’
Main focal points

- An attractive and
for what decision?

competitive international
Development
perspectives
profile
- Durable and climate
National
Randstad 2040
proof delta province
network region
- Divers and coherence
urban network
- Vital, divers and
Provincial
appealing landschape
- City and land connected

Municipal
Rotterdam 2020

Neighborhood
Pact op Zuid

source: http://www.zuid-holland.nl/overzicht_alle_themas/thema_ruimtelijke_ontwikkeling_wonen/visieopzuidholland.htm

22/43



PRACTICAL FRAMEWORK | ‘Regio Rotterdam 2020’

Main focal points

for what decision?

1.North axes: diversity on the inner-
flank of the Randstad metropolis
Development
perspectives
2.South flank: Delta landscape
3.International center Rotterdam:
National
strengthen, broaden and
Randstad 2040
network region
densifying
4.Greenport B-triangle: sustainable
glashousing landscape
5.River zones: utilization of regional
Provincial opportunity map
6.Break in the tendency of
restructuration
7.Pro-active approach of the
environmental issues
Municipal
Rotterdam 2020
8.Offensive approach of green
and water
9.Investment in the strengthening
of infrastructure and nodes
Neighborhood
Pact op Zuid 10.Strengthening the South-wing
structure
p59 Report Ruimtelijk Plan Regio Rotterdam, Tien punten voor de regio Rotterdam (2005) available on: http://www.rr2020.nl/Documenten/brochure%20plan.pdf

23/43



PRACTICAL FRAMEWORK | ‘Pact op Zuid’
Main focal points

The intention of the Pact is to combine
forces with the municipal executive,
for what decision?

housing corporations, sub-municipalities,
Development
school governors, residents’ associations,
perspectives business associations, care and welfare
institutions, the Government, district
water boards and the European Union.
National
Randstad 2040
network region
The three keystones of the Rotterdam
South Pact, which are to enhance the
social, economic and physical qualities
of Rotterdam South, are: Thriving
Provincial Neighborhoods, Attractive Districts and
South wing (Randstad) Strong Rotterdam South.

Municipal
Rotterdam 2020

Neighborhood
Pact op Zuid

Source: http://www.pactopzuid.info/index.php?pageID=22

24/43



PRACTICAL FRAMEWORK | site location / deprivation in Rotterdam

ROTTERDAM SOUTH’S DISTRICTS
200.000 + inhabitants | Rotterdam 612.502

FEIJENOORD
87.210

IJSSELMONDE
60.870

CHARLOIS
66.000

Source: google.nl/maps and own illustration

25/43




ROTTERDAM SOUTH’S DISTRICTS OF EMPOWERMENT (krachwijken)
Feijenoord
Afrikaanderwijk,
Bloemhof,
Hillesluis
Katendrecht
Vreewijk

Charlois
Oud Charlois
Carnisse
Tarwewijk
Pendrecht
Zuidwijk

Source: google.nl/maps, own illustration, http://www.rijksoverheid.nl/onderwerpen/aandachtswijken/40-aandachtswijken/rotterdam/rotterdam-oud-zuid

26/43




ROTTERDAM SOUTH’S NEIGHBORHOODS | SAFETY
< 3,9 unsave neighborhood
3,9-5,0 problem neighborhood
5,0-6,0 threatened neighborhood
6,0-7,1 priority neighborhood
>7,1 reasonably safe neighborhood

Source: google.nl/maps, own illustration, safety index available on rotterdamveilig.nl / v-index.nl

27/43



RESEARCH APPROACH

>>
RESEARCH STRATEGY
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

RESEARCH
STRATEGY



RESEARCH STRATEGY
How can the deprived network of Rotterdam South
RQ participate in the development perspectives of Rot-
terdam 2020 and Randstad 2040?

SQ PRACTICAL SQ THEORETICAL

ANALYSIS SLITERATURE RESEARCH
development perspectives literature review
what is the position of actors? what is the position of actors?
planning systems globalization and development
history? perspectives
decision power splintering urbanism?
who is in power for which decisions? participation theories
definition deprivation which participation theories are there?
what is deprivation and is it a place or a network?
The case of Rotterdam South
How does the deprived network appear in the regional
network of ROtterdam and the Randstad?

CASE STUDIES
Limburg
what is the position of actors?

29/43



RESEARCH STRATEGY

CASE STUDIES
Limburg
what is the position of actors?

INTEGRATION STRATEGIES FOR DEPRIVED NETWORKS IN DEVELOPMENT PERSPECTIVES

PRODUCT PRODUCT
design intervention proposels development perspectives knowledge on actor participation of deprived networks
in development perspectives

EVALUATION
what is the practical applicability of the design intervention proposels?

FINAL PRODUCT
adapted integration strategies
recommendations on futher research

30/43



RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

methods Literature research (LR)
sub-research questions LR DA M SO CA CS DR RD Theoretical
How can actors participate in Reviewing the theory on participation
planning or plan making? in the spatial planning process in
order to retrieve theoretical insight
Which actor engaging concepts
which should be useable in forming a
stimulate decision power in the
bottom-up approach in the planning
spatial planning process of regional
process of development perspectives.
Practical documents
The review on actor involvement
What is the deprived network of
and analysis of documents as
Rotterdam South and who are the
development perspectives set up by
involved actors in which scales
the public sector. Aim is to retrieve
(national, provincial, municipal,
possible entries for participation in the
neighborhood)?
creation of these perspectives.
What are the development
perspectives of Rotterdam South Case studies (CA)
and the ‘Randstad’ and how is the The case study consists of a comparison
decision structure and position of between the actor network and
actors within the execution? the influence in the development
perspective as well the participation
in the planning process. The case
schematic representation research methodology (own illustration) study(ies) should be conducted within
an matrix and in a methodological
theoretical practical way to offer a solid basis for their
evaluation and the usability of the
LR = literature research SO = site observation DR = design research findings / results.
DA = data research CA = case studies RD = research by design
M = mapping CS = scenarios

31/43



END PRODUCT

>>
BOTTOM-UP APPROACH DEVELOPEMENT
PERSPECTIVES
ACTOR PARTICIPATION IN PLANNING
DEFINITION DEPRIVED NETWORK

END
PRODUCT

Current traditional top-down create


END PRODUCT

perspectives
Development
perspectives

Randstad 2040
national

Design intervention proposels within the development
Provincial perspectives to stimulate integration of the deprived
network among scales

Rotterdam 2020
Municipal

Pact op Zuid
Neighorhood

schematic representation end products and hypothesis (own illustration)
33/43

Current traditional planning system

ing
plann

g
lannin

own a blic sector

n in p
ipatio h:
ch:

c
Actor -up approa
END PRODUCT

pproa
Top-d nal pu
perspectives

partic
io

Bottum
Tradit
Development
perspectives

Randstad 2040
national

Actor participation (deprived network) in
the planning process.
Provincial In the context of post-structuralistic
planning (layer approach)

delivers input for the current debate; is
Rotterdam 2020
the structuralistic planning still suitable for
Municipal regional objectives?

Pact op Zuid
Neighorhood

34/43


ing
plann

g
lannin

own a blic sector

n in p
ipatio h:
ch:

c
Actor -up approa
END PRODUCT

pproa
Top-d nal pu
perspectives

partic
io

Bottum
Tradit
Development
perspectives

Randstad 2040
national

Provincial
Definition of deprived network
and localization of actors in
the different scale-levels.

Rotterdam 2020
Municipal

Pact op Zuid
Neighorhood

35/43



TIME SCHEDULE

>>
PHASING

TIME
SCHEDULE



TIME SCHEDULE
2011 2012
Sept. Okt. Nov. Dec. Jan. Feb. Mrt. Apr. Mei Jun. Jul.
the participation of Rotterdam’s South deprived
AIM network in the regional development perspectives of
Rotterdam 2020 and Randstad 2040.

1

evaluation

concolidation

graduation
How can the deprived network of Rotterdam South
RQ participate in the development perspectives of Rot-
terdam 2020 and Randstad 2040? TF 2 4
TP 3 5
PF
PRACTICAL THEORETICAL CE
SQ PRACTICAL SQ THEORETICAL CR
What is the deprived integrate deprived areas define ‘deprivation’ in the can actors participate
How

review methodology
network of in regional development
Rotterdam perspective of regional planning or plan making?
in
South and who are perspectives.
the development. APT 6
involved actors in which Which actor engaging
actor participation in
scales (national, provincial,
development perspectives
building upon the body of
concepts
knowledge of actor partici-
stimulate RPA 7
municipal, neighborhood)? decision power in the
in the case of Rotterdam pation within development
spatial planning process TEST
How can actors participate and the Randstad
South perspectives in a regionalregional development
of
region.
in planning or plan making? context. (plan-making).
perspectives?
TR 8 9
What are the development
perspectives of Rotterdam
South and the ‘Randstad’
and how is the decision relevance
structure and
social
position
ethical relevance academic
relevance P1 P2 go/no go P3 P4 go/no go P5
of actors within the
execution?

TF theoretical framework 1 graduation motivation poster
TP thesis plan 2 abstract theoretical review paper
PRODUCT PRODUCT 3 preliminary thesis plan
design intervention proposels knowledge on actor participation of
PF practical framework
development perspectives deprived networks in development
perspectives 4 theoretical review paper
CE case studie; best practices Europe 5 thesis plan
EVALUATION CR case studie; Rotterdam South 6 theory on participation of actors (deprived areas) in
what is the practical applicability of the design intervention
proposels? APT actor participation theory deprived areas development prospectives
RPA recommendations for participating actors 7 recommendations on development plans to integrate deprived areas
FINAL PRODUCT
TEST testing instruments in design proposel interventions 8 draft thesis report
adapted integration strategies
recommendations on futher research 9 thesis report
TR thesis report
schematic representation phasing and time schedule (own illustration)

37/43



NEXT
STEPS >>



ANALYSIS OF THE DEVELOPMENT PERSPECTIVES (practical)
i which actors involved
(practical)
ii decision power structures

products (theoretical):
A participation of deprived
network in the development
persepctive

Development perspective Randstad 2040 Cramer J., Eurlings C., Verburg G. (2008) Randstad 2040 available on: rijksoverheid.nl
Development perspective Visie op Zuid Holland, available on: zuid-holland.nl
Development perspective Regio Rotterdam 2020, available on: rr2020.nl
Plan description Pact op Zuid, available on: pactopzuid.info

39/43



ANALYSIS OF THE LAYER APPROACH (theoretical)
nning

g
i layer approach (theory)
n app c sector pla

lannin
n in p
ipatio h: Heeling, Meyer & Westrik
:

c
roach

Actor -up approa
Top-d nal publi

Dupuy (Network City)
partic

Castells (Space of Flows)
ow
itio

Bottum
Trad

Lefebvre (Social Space)
ii participation concepts (theory: review paper)
ANT, ARA
iii definition deprivation as a network

A interscalar approach
(post structuralistic planning)
B participation as deprived network in planning
C definition deprived network

40/43



COMPARATIVE RESEARCH (practical)

Hillside Delights, South Limburg
i actor localization
ii actor participation (practical: review paper)
iii development perspective

A interscalar approach
(post structuralistic planning)
B participation as deprived network in planning
C definition deprived network

Boelens, L. (2010). Theorizing practice and practicing theory: Outlines for an Actor-Relational-Approach in planning. Journal of Planning Theory. Vol9(1): 28-62
Omgevingsschap Heuvelland Zuid-Limburg Helende Hellingen, available on: urbanunlimited.nl

41/43



SITE RESEARCH

Rotterdam-south, Rotterdam
i mapping deprived network
ii actor localization (which actors are
represented within the deprived network?)
iii current development perspective
iiii current upgrading strategies

products (practical):
A depicted deprived network
(for research: how to locate a deprived
network)
B practical example of actor localization

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