Graphene is a miracle material of this era it has unique properties like thermal, mechanical, electrical and optical. It is also known as 2D material because it’s a single layer of carbon atom are arrange in hexagonal manner. It made up of only carbon atom we know that carbon- carbon bond is too strong so that this material is called strongest material ever. Because of single layer of graphite sheet it has Nano thickness so that it called lightest weight material. Because of the exceptional mechanical properties of Graphene have going to employed in composite materials with remarkable capability of progress. Its composite like Polyurethane- Graphene composite, Kevlar- Graphene composite etc. These composite are made by using very strong chemical bond between Graphene and other material. People have start testing this material in bullet proof vest. In future technology it has been replace in body armor.

1. Application of Graphene
A Review of Study on Graphene and its Composite
Shivcharan Kumar
Roll No- 216ID1338
Master of technology
Department of industrial design
National institute of technology Rourkela, India
Keywords:
Graphene,
2D material,
single layer,
graphite,
Nano thickness,
Polyurethane-Graphene composite,
Kevlar- Graphene,
strong chemical bond,
bullet proof vest,
body armor.
a b s t r a c t
Graphene is a miracle material of this era it has unique properties like thermal, mechanical,
electrical and optical. It is also known as 2D material because it’s a single layer of carbon atom
are arrange in hexagonal manner. It made up of only carbon atom we know that carbon-
carbon bond is too strong so that this material is called strongest material ever. Because of
single layer of graphite sheet it has Nano thickness so that it called lightest weight material.
Because of the exceptional mechanical properties of Graphene have going to employed in
composite materials with remarkable capability of progress. Its composite like Polyurethane-
Graphene composite, Kevlar- Graphene composite etc. These composite are made by using
very strong chemical bond between Graphene and other material. People have start testing
this material in bullet proof vest. In future technology it has been replace in body armor.
1. Introduction
1.1 Graphene
Graphene is discovered by two researcher Prof Andre Geim and Prof Kostantin Nonoselov in 2004 at the University
Manchester, it was actually observed in electron microscope in 1962.[1]
Term Graphene is introducing by Boehm et al. in 1986
from graphite since graphite is made up of infinite sheet of hexagonal arranged single layer of carbon atom. is an allotrope of
carbon which is made up of hexagonal arranged single atom layer of carbon atom called honey comb structure too? [1,2]
It is
knowing as 2D single atom thick layer which is connected with carbon-carbon atom together with single bonded sp2 bonds
which are separated with 0.142 nm, since it is made up of single layer of only pure carbon atom so that it is strongest as well
as thinnest material ever tested, it has more electrical and thermal conductivity than silver, not only Graphene is strongest it is
too much flexible and 98% transparent of light. It has very high surface area 2630 m2 per gram of Graphene. [1,3]
It is
thermodynamically unstable at size less than equal to 20 nm, and it is less stable structure at 6000 carbon atom and most stable
structure at 24000 carbon atom. [1]
Fig.1: Flexible Graphene display [11]
Fig.2: Graphene structure [7]
1.2 Graphene composite:
a) Polyurethane-Graphene Laminar Composite
Polyurethane is a one kind of polymer it composes of organic unit linked by urethane link. Some kind of Polyurethane Graphene
and Polyurethane are transparent so that it will work as transparent composite plate. Graphene can make composite easily according

2. to its properties, since it’s a 2D material it can react with both side easily. Example of Graphene oxide (GO), for making composite
of Polyurethane-Graphene first of all Graphene oxide has to make it will be showing in fig given below. [6]
Fig.2: Oxygen attached with Graphene [6]
In figure given below showing that how oxygen is bonded between Graphene and Polyurethane. Chemical modeling can be
generated by computer model of Graphene sheet and Polyurethane molecules by using VESTA. [6]
Fig.3: Polyurethane attached with Graphene [6]
b) Kevlar-Graphene composite
Kevlar is a para-aramid synthetic fiber which is developed Stephaine kwolek at Dupoint in 1965. It has lot of application like
bullet proof vest, vehicles tire, racing sails etc. it is 5 times stronger than steel. It can be use as makes composite with graphene by
reinforcing. Graphene is rigidly attached to Kevlar fiber by chemical bonding it broadly used in making of bullet proof vest,
automobile industries and high performance composite for aircraft etc. The fig. shows below of the Kevlar-Graphene fiber. [4]
Fig.4: Kevlar-Graphene fiber [10]

3. Graphene:
1. Properties [1,2,3,5]
 Graphene is only allotrope of carbon which each and every atom are available for chemical reaction because of its 2D
structure.
 A completely flat Graphene is chemically inert.
 Graphene can react with oxygen gas only within 260 °C (530 K), otherwise it will combust at 350 °C (620 K).
 Tensile strength and young modulus of Graphene are respectively 130.5 GPa and 1 TPa, squire shape Graphene has 31 Ω.
 Graphene is 200 times stronger than steel as well it’s too flexible.
 It behaves like a barrier because even helium atom can’t pass through it.
 Its melting point is 4125K.
 It capacity to self-repair its holes.
2. Method of production
 At starting Andre and Nonoselov used adhesive tape to separate Graphene sheets from Graphite. [1]
 Bombarding with pure carbon atom. [1]
 Exfoliation method and it can be separated from Graphite. [1,3]
 Conductive Graphene film can produce by burning of a DVD (Digital Versatile Disc) coated with Graphite oxide. [1]
 It has to be produce by sugar, from this method we can control thickness of Graphene. [1]
 It also produced by silicon carbide (SiC) by heating 1100°C at very low pressure 10−6
torr. [1]
Fig.6: Exfoliation mechanism of graphite into Graphene sheets with supercritical CO2 fluid. [7]
3. Application
 Graphene is transparent, flexible and very high conductor of electricity so it is to be use as flexible display, solar-cells,
light emitting diode, touch panels etc.
 Graphene supercapacitors is to be use as energy storage device like electronics batteries. Graphene based batteries charges
fast and it is environmental friendly.
 Graphene is 200 times stronger than steel and lightest material so it is to be use as body armor or bullet proof vest. [1,2]
 According to Graphene Properties He atom can’t pass through it so that it is use to be as water filter. Log 9 Material is
making cigarette filter using Graphene.
Graphene composite:
Polyurethane-Graphene Laminar Composite:
1.Properties [6]
 It is transparent protective material.
 It impacts strength increased by 10%.
 Its reduces 30% kinetic energy.

4. 2.Method of production
Fig.7: Produce by fabrication [6]
Fig.8: Produced by chemical method [8]
3.Application
 Bullet proof armor.
 Bullet proof windows.
 It is transparent so it can be use as vehicles windows.
Kevlar-Graphene composite
1.Properties
 It is 5 times stronger than steel.
 It has grater tensile strength than compressive strength.
2.Method of production
Kevlar fiber is produce by wet-spinning from solution of sulfuric acid. While in corrosive arrangement, Kevlar frame fluid
crystalline stage, with pole like polymer anchors all around adjusted parallel to each other, and reinforced by hydrogen bonds
crosswise over to shape solid planar sheets. Such sheets are stacked radially to shape Kevlar fiber. [4]
Fig below shows that the
process to attach Kevlar to Graphene sheet.
…
Fig.9: Process to attach Kevlar to Graphene sheet [9]
3.Application
 To use as a bullet proof vest.
 To use as a protective clouding.
 To make high performance composite for aircraft.
 It is use in automobile industries also.

5. Simulation of Polyurethane-Graphene Laminar Composite:
The ballistic test of 2D axisymmetric body in ANSYS. In this simulation 1-inch Polyurethane is attached four Graphene sheets
are equally spaced throughout the composite. In this simulation energy reduce from 469.74 J to 386.49 J (83.25 J) but energy
reduces by 1-inch Polyurethane is 62.88 J. So we can say that 32% extra energy reduce by composite. [6]
Fig.10: 2D axisymmetric simulation of stress field. [6]
Fig.11: Comparison curve of kinetic energy of bullet
I impact on 1-inch Polyurethane and composite [6]
Conclusion
After studding about Graphene and its composite I realize that it will be very common material in such field like electronic (solar
cell, battery, flexible display), Mechanical (we know that it is 200 times stronger steel so it will be use as bullet proof armor),
Mechatronics (water filter) etc. Graphene based composite absorb extra 32% energy than without Graphene.
Reference:
[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graphene.
[2] Dheeraj Singh, Ravi Katukam, A simulation study on Graphene composite for aerospace, international journal of advances in science,
engineering and technology, ISSN: 2321 –9009.
[3] Ryan Rice, Graphene and the applications in bulletproofing and body armor, conference session c5 paper #40.
[4] Karen S. Martirosyan, M. Zyskin, Simulation of the Elastic Properties of Reinforced Kevlar-Graphene Composites, arXiv:1208.0060v1
[cond-mat.mes-hall] 1 Aug 2012.
[5] Jinhong Du, Hui-Ming Cheng, The Fabrication, Properties, and Uses of Graphene/Polymer Composites, Macromol. Chem. Phys. 2012,
213, 1060−1077.
[6] Mike Floccare, Casey Forman, Ian Hochuli, Kenny Lopez, DoRonne Shyu, and Dan Urban, Polyurethane‐Graphene Laminar
Composite as Transparent Armour.
[7] Jorge Miguel Grossinho Araújo, Finite Element Modelling of the Mechanical Behaviour of Graphene Nanocomposites, in Aerospace
Engineering, December 2016.
[8] Meenakshi Verma, Pawan Verma, S. K. Dhawanb and Veena Choudhary, Tailored Graphene based Polyurethane composites for
efficient electrostatic dissipation and electromagnetic interference shielding applications, RSC Adv., 2015, 5, 97349.
[9] Chunsen Liu, David Wei Zhang, and Peng Zhou, Atomic crystals resistive switching memory, 14.139.208.84 on 06/04/2018 at 22:24.
[10] https://www.haikudeck.com/how-bulletproof-clothing-is-made-education-presentation-34PdWVSDFw.
[11] https://www.theregister.co.uk/2017/02/14/graphen_busted_or_just_too_early/.