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Sustainable Development & Agriculture: Historical
Underpinnings and Carbon’s Emergent Role
Melinda Sundell and Amy S. Willis, SIANI
ABSTRACT
Managing the natural environment in order to improve human well-being has been an ever-
present task. Over time, the ideas of sustainable development and sustainable agriculture
have been molded and adapted to the changing needs of a growing, dynamic, and
increasingly industrializing society. Taking a close look at what has moved the discussion
forward, and how climate change concerns have caused carbon to enter the sustainable
development and agriculture discourse, provides a conceptual framework for how
environmental policy is likely to implement sustainability-focused change in the coming
decades. As carbon sequestration is discussed more frequently, the myriad of benefits
surrounding carbon sequestration as a part of sustainable agriculture methodology is
revealed. In many respects, carbon sequestration simultaneously addresses climate change,
food security, and natural resource concerns. In turn, already-existing sustainable agriculture
techniques can enhance carbon sequestration.
If the positive outcomes from sustainable agriculture’s use of carbon sequestration are
outlined and if these pressing issues of climate change, hunger, and resource use are framed
effectively, policymakers and those in the environmental arena will have the impetus to take
action more capably than ever.
The Sustainable Development
Discourse
In essence, sustainable
development is a
process of change in
which the exploitation of
resources, the direction of
investments, the
orientation of
technological
development; and
institutional change are all
in harmony and enhance
both current and future
potential to meet human
needs and aspirations
“
”
- Brundtland Report
1987
Events in Sustainable Development
300 BC: Aristotle
Recognizes a tragedy of
commons-type problem
and the need to conserve
resources
1700s: a reaction against
mercantilism fuels activity
within sustainable
development discourse
1800s: concerns
surrounding
population
growth begin to
mount
1972: UN Stockholm
Conference on the
Human Environment
1987: Publication of the
Brundtland Report by the
World Commission on
Environment & Development
1992: UN
Conference on
Environment &
Development and
Agenda 21
2000: Adoption
of Millennium
Development
Goals
2001: Kyoto
Protocol
negotiations and
signing
2002: Earth
Summit in
Johannesburg
Environmental
Justice
Origins of the
environmental
justice
movement,
United States
1987
How has
environmental
justice changed
over time, global
North South
dichotomy
Framing current
issues through
environmental
justice
A History of
Sustainable
Agriculture
Research from thinkers
such as Leibig,
Boussingault, Darwin and
Mendel set foundation for
science in sustainable
agriculture
20th Century
industrialization
spurs backlashes
of sustainable
agriculture
research and
movements
The Green
Revolution, Silent
Spring, and the
evolution of modern
sustainable
agriculture
Events in
Sustainable
Agriculture
The Green Revolution
Norman Borlaug in Mexico: the “quiet” wheat revolution
Application of principles to rice crops in India
Expansion and success in China, Pakistan, and the
Philippines
Sustainable Development and Agriculture: Historical Underpinnings and Carbon's Emergent Role
Since The Green Revolution
• 1970s: a number of events set the stage for the
Alternative Agriculture movement
• Permaculture sustainability movement and
philosophy
• 1980s: re-emergence of hunger issues and
weaknesses of the Green Revolution
• 1990s: attempting to solve environmental
problems with technology and quantitative
models
Climate Change and Carbon:
Global Threats Re-frame the
Discourse
EvolutionofClimate
ChangeAnalysis
Human-caused
micro-climate
concerns for
centuries
Svante Arrhenius
20th Century
studies and
entrance into
international policy
arena
CarbonSequestration
WMO pollutant
monitoring project
IPCC Second
Assessment
Report
Kyoto Protocol
CarbonMarkets
Market
environmentalism
North-South
debate
Weaknesses of a
climate change
strategy based on
carbon markets
Sustainable Development and Agriculture: Historical Underpinnings and Carbon's Emergent Role
Carbon, Climate Change, and
Hunger
Looking through the Lens
of Carbon:
Climate-Agriculture
Interactions
Carbon Emissions from Farm
Operations
On-Site Functions of the Soil
Organic Carbon Pool
Off-Site Functions of the Soil
Organic Carbon Pool
“Why…is a human-made phenomenon like
global warming – which may kill hundreds of
millions of human beings over the next century
– considered ‘environmental’? Why are
poverty and war not considered environmental
problems while global warming is? What are
the implications of framing global warming as
an environmental problem – and handing off
the responsibility for dealing with it to
‘environmentalists’?”
- consultants Michael Shellenberger
and Ted Nordhaus
Image Credits:
• http://7darya.net/images/20080902032604_dsc_0890.jp
• http://www.yufreepress.org/wp-content/uploads/2009/10/envjustice1.jpg
• http://muerteporkiki.files.wordpress.com/2009/02/sustainable-agriculture.jpg
• http://www.manitoba.ca/conservation/pollutionprevention/Headers/Grants%20Lake%20Dugout%20-%20Wetlands.jpg
• http://www.state.il.us/hpa/images/IH1203Cover.jpg

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Sustainable Development and Agriculture: Historical Underpinnings and Carbon's Emergent Role

  • 1. Sustainable Development & Agriculture: Historical Underpinnings and Carbon’s Emergent Role Melinda Sundell and Amy S. Willis, SIANI ABSTRACT Managing the natural environment in order to improve human well-being has been an ever- present task. Over time, the ideas of sustainable development and sustainable agriculture have been molded and adapted to the changing needs of a growing, dynamic, and increasingly industrializing society. Taking a close look at what has moved the discussion forward, and how climate change concerns have caused carbon to enter the sustainable development and agriculture discourse, provides a conceptual framework for how environmental policy is likely to implement sustainability-focused change in the coming decades. As carbon sequestration is discussed more frequently, the myriad of benefits surrounding carbon sequestration as a part of sustainable agriculture methodology is revealed. In many respects, carbon sequestration simultaneously addresses climate change, food security, and natural resource concerns. In turn, already-existing sustainable agriculture techniques can enhance carbon sequestration. If the positive outcomes from sustainable agriculture’s use of carbon sequestration are outlined and if these pressing issues of climate change, hunger, and resource use are framed effectively, policymakers and those in the environmental arena will have the impetus to take action more capably than ever.
  • 3. In essence, sustainable development is a process of change in which the exploitation of resources, the direction of investments, the orientation of technological development; and institutional change are all in harmony and enhance both current and future potential to meet human needs and aspirations “ ” - Brundtland Report 1987
  • 4. Events in Sustainable Development 300 BC: Aristotle Recognizes a tragedy of commons-type problem and the need to conserve resources 1700s: a reaction against mercantilism fuels activity within sustainable development discourse 1800s: concerns surrounding population growth begin to mount 1972: UN Stockholm Conference on the Human Environment 1987: Publication of the Brundtland Report by the World Commission on Environment & Development 1992: UN Conference on Environment & Development and Agenda 21 2000: Adoption of Millennium Development Goals 2001: Kyoto Protocol negotiations and signing 2002: Earth Summit in Johannesburg
  • 5. Environmental Justice Origins of the environmental justice movement, United States 1987 How has environmental justice changed over time, global North South dichotomy Framing current issues through environmental justice
  • 7. Research from thinkers such as Leibig, Boussingault, Darwin and Mendel set foundation for science in sustainable agriculture 20th Century industrialization spurs backlashes of sustainable agriculture research and movements The Green Revolution, Silent Spring, and the evolution of modern sustainable agriculture Events in Sustainable Agriculture
  • 8. The Green Revolution Norman Borlaug in Mexico: the “quiet” wheat revolution Application of principles to rice crops in India Expansion and success in China, Pakistan, and the Philippines
  • 10. Since The Green Revolution • 1970s: a number of events set the stage for the Alternative Agriculture movement • Permaculture sustainability movement and philosophy • 1980s: re-emergence of hunger issues and weaknesses of the Green Revolution • 1990s: attempting to solve environmental problems with technology and quantitative models
  • 11. Climate Change and Carbon: Global Threats Re-frame the Discourse EvolutionofClimate ChangeAnalysis Human-caused micro-climate concerns for centuries Svante Arrhenius 20th Century studies and entrance into international policy arena CarbonSequestration WMO pollutant monitoring project IPCC Second Assessment Report Kyoto Protocol CarbonMarkets Market environmentalism North-South debate Weaknesses of a climate change strategy based on carbon markets
  • 14. Looking through the Lens of Carbon: Climate-Agriculture Interactions
  • 15. Carbon Emissions from Farm Operations
  • 16. On-Site Functions of the Soil Organic Carbon Pool
  • 17. Off-Site Functions of the Soil Organic Carbon Pool
  • 18. “Why…is a human-made phenomenon like global warming – which may kill hundreds of millions of human beings over the next century – considered ‘environmental’? Why are poverty and war not considered environmental problems while global warming is? What are the implications of framing global warming as an environmental problem – and handing off the responsibility for dealing with it to ‘environmentalists’?” - consultants Michael Shellenberger and Ted Nordhaus
  • 19. Image Credits: • http://7darya.net/images/20080902032604_dsc_0890.jp • http://www.yufreepress.org/wp-content/uploads/2009/10/envjustice1.jpg • http://muerteporkiki.files.wordpress.com/2009/02/sustainable-agriculture.jpg • http://www.manitoba.ca/conservation/pollutionprevention/Headers/Grants%20Lake%20Dugout%20-%20Wetlands.jpg • http://www.state.il.us/hpa/images/IH1203Cover.jpg