Part ii group5 report

1.1 Objective
The aim of the report is to document every architectural and cultural aspect of the structure assigned
to us.We also want to provide and organize information and drawings of Fui Chew Association
headquarters in Melaka.
The objectives of this report are as follows
● To document the significance of the building to accompany the
measured drawings that we have conducted as a group
● Including our technical drawings which include relevant elevations,
sections and plans down to details deemed necessary
● To pay homage to the Fui Chew Association’s headquarters in
Melaka recognizing it as a historical structure rich with cultural
heritage
● To study the relationship of architecture and the significance of the
building as well as its inhabitation
● Use different approaches as suggested in provided brief to conduct
research on building ; via cultural aspects and historical aspects
combined.
2

1.2 Methodology
Conducting research on this particular building was difficult as information was scarce through any
media whether it be through books, journals, brochures, articles, mausoleums or even online.
Information such as history of our micro-site and the structure itself was particularly difficult to find.
Many assumptions and generalizations had to be made initially based on studies on shophouses from
Penang and Singapore - of which information sufficient research could be done online and through
certain books.
Due to all of these issues as stated, research was conducted primarily ; on site via extraction of
information from local magazines and brochures and most importantly interviews with the owners
or officers present in the Fui Chew Association while we were there. It certainly helped that
interviewees were extremely knowledgable and happy to answer any queries.
3
Fig 1 Photo of ground floor facade of Fui
Chew Association taken in 1989
Fig 2 Taking photos of details
with measuring tape
Fig 3 Using plumbline to
determine section line
Fig 4 Retrieving information with the help of
employees during working hours

Taking measurements using scale photos was also conducted in order to transfer the information to
drawings done on computer applications. Taking measurements on site using rulers and measuring
tape was done throughout our trip to the assigned building. Using equipment like string and plumb
bobs to asses the exact position of section lines were also conducted.
Documenting elevations was challenging and required us to request access to neighbouring
shophouses and buildings in order to be able to take clear photos necessary. The roof was primarily
inaccessible however we did receive visual access to the underside of the pitched roof on the first
floor with the permission and assistance of the employees on site.
With all of this, we managed to extract sufficient
and concise information from our measurements
and scale photos into our plan first, followed by
elevations and then sections and lastly all the
details efficiently. The clear documentation of
every element in the building also allowed
research to be efficient as references could be
made easily.
4
Fig 8 Records of
association displayed at
gallery
Fig 7 Taking scale-
photos of details with
rulers
Fig 6 Records of
association displayed
at gallery
Fig 5 Conducting
interviews with
employees

1.3 Job Distribution
For ease of conducting research, the workloads were divided according to the tasks provided. As for
the final model, everybody had a role in helping acheive the final outcome. The following is a rooster
as to our work distribution
Report
Harashadeep Kaur
Rachel Yeo Chi Xuan
Raveender Singh A/L Santokh Singh
Lim Siew Ni
CAD
Ng Wyn Jane ( Group Leader )
Lim Win Kee ( CAD Leader )
Lee Kylie
Liaw Yau Vern
Liew Cherng Qing
Phares Phung Chimeng
Pritika A/P Rama Mohan
Su Bang Zheng
Video
Tan Ke Weh
Ong Jie En
5

Chapter 2
Background Information of Site
6

Description of building
7
No 94
Street Jalan Hang Kasturi
alternative street name Second Cross Street
Location Melaka
GPS coordinates Lat : 2.196941, Long : 102.248703
Lat : 2° 11'48.99 " Long : 102 °14 '55.33 "
Year of construction 1848
Style Southern Chinese Eclectic
Owners Fui Chew Association

2.1 Historical Background of Melaka
Melaka has been an important trading center for nearly 600 years.Legend attributes the founding of
the city to Parameswara, a prince from Palambang, who settled here after spotting a mouse deer
pursuing dog into the river.This miracle convinced him that this site was the perfect spot to build a
city.He named it "Melaka" after the type of tree under which he was taking shelter.
In 1409 the Chinese admiral Zheng He arrived with a fleet of enormous vessels, seeking to establish
diplomatic ties with States west of China.Zheng He was lavishly feted by Parameswara and allowed to
stay for a time.After promising Chinese assistance in the event of an attack from nearby Siamese
tribes, Zheng He withdrew for ports further west.
Meanwhile Parameswara converted to Islam in 1414 and married a Muslim prince of Pasai in
Sumatra.He changed his name to Iskandar Shah.His conversion brought about increased trade with
Muslim merchants based in India and the continued growth of the city's population.
Parameswara died in 1424 and was succeeded by Muhammad Shah, an able ruler who was able to
repulse the Siamese despite China's inability to assist.After his own death Muhammad was
succeeded by Muzaffar Shah who was the first to use the title "Sultan".His reign witnessed the
invasion of the Siamese in 1445, but the stout Melakan defenders resisted the assault.After Muzaffar
Shah's death the city fell into the hands of Mansur Shah who expanded the city-state into an empire
by conquering Siak and Kampar across the strait in Sumatra.Other states on Malaysia's mainland fell
into the hands of the Shah as well.
By this time Melaka had developed into a well-defined state that the Chinese were eager to
8
Fig 9. Zheng He's tomb in Nanjing located
near the new museum devoted to Zheng He.
(2007, photo by Peter Pang, Released into
the public domain by the author).
Fig 10. "Hang-Li-Po's Well" near "China
Bukit Hill" in Melaka. A " Treacherous
Historic Well"(2007 by Rudolph A. Furtado)

mollify.The Chinese Emperor Yuang Lo offered his daughter Hang Li Poh in marriage to the Sultan to
cement ties.Her entourage set up camp on what is now the Chinese cemetery and made do with 500
serving girls.
After the passing of several more rulers Melaka reached its zenith at the beginning of the 16th century
under the reign of Sultan Mahmud. At that time the city held over 100,000 people speaking over 80
languages.
The peaceful development of Melaka was abruptly shattered with arrival of the Portuguese in 1511.
Led by the ambitious leader Alfonso de Albequerque, who dreamed of creating a string of friendly
ports from Portugal to China, the Portuguese landed in Melaka full of energy and determination.In a
week-long battle they roundly defeated the Sultan's forces. To secure their newly-one prize, the
Portuguese quickly began construction of the massive A Famosa fortress around St. Paul's
hill.Originally located near the sea (but now inland due to reclamation) the fortress was able to guard
against attack from both the landward and seaward directions.
Shortly after this time the famous missionary Francis Xavier arrived on the scene.Inspired by dreams
of converting China to Christianity, this zealous priest was secretly appointed the Papal Delegate to
Asia and set sail from Lisbon, Portugal with the consent of the King.When he reached the Portuguese
settlement in Goa, India, he was transferred to a ship under the command of Diogo Pereira, who
represented the King of Portugal
Pereira's ship landed in Melaka to a lukewarm welcome. The governor, who despised Pereira,
confiscated his ship and harassed Xavier's efforts.Undeterred by the setback, Xavier shook the dust
9
Fig 11. Fort of Malacca,The life of Ferdinand
Magellan and the first circumnavigation of the
globe (1891 by Guillemard, Hill, Ruth and
Parr )

from his robe (in a sign of disapproval) and set sail alone aboard a Chinese junk, hoping to reach
Canton (Guangzhou).
Over an eleven-year period this tireless Priest traveled over 38,000 miles and spread Christianity
with varying degrees of success all over Southeast Asia. He contracted a severe fever on
November 20th, 1552 and died on Sunday December 3rd, 1552. Remarkably, Xavier's body
decayed little on its way back to Melaka and thence to Goa, where it was laid to rest. Even more
remarkable, the body is still there today, put on display once every 10 years. The body is in such a
state of preservation that even the hairs on his beard are still visible.
The Portuguese continued to hold Melaka long after Xavier's death, but finally succumbed to Dutch
pressure when they conquered the city in
1641.For them, Batavia was their primary
trading city and Melaka declined in
importance,.Their rule ended in the early
19th century when they handed over the city
to the British after Napoleon's conquest of
the Netherlands
10
Fig 12. The remarkably in tact remains of Francis
Xavier are on display every 10 years in Goa (2014
from BBC)
Fig 14. Malacca Warrior Monument for the Chinese
Victims of Anti-Japanese Occupation, Malacca
Town, Central Malacca, Malacca, Malaysia.
Constructed in 1948 by the Malayan Federation
(2015 by Chongkian)
Fig 13. A tourist attraction in Malacca, this
Japanese graveyard is dated with grave stones
from 1911 to 1940 with a total of around 40
Japanese layed to rest here (2013 by Wisatan
Budaya dan Warisan)

The Straits Settlements were the
collection of four distinct colonies, each
acquired for its naval and commercial
possibilities and opportunities. The
respective settlements
(1) Penang (1786)
(2) Malacca (1795)
(3) Singapore (1819)
(4) Labuan (1907)
They each allowed for commercial and
naval shipping to take advantage of the
trading opportunities in the area.
11
Fig 16. Map of The Straits of Malacca 1854, with map of Malacca highlighted in yellow.
Fig 15. St Peter’s Church photographed as
seen in a vintage postcard
1
2 3 4

2.2 Demographic
Malacca has an estimated population of 931,210 as of 2016 with an
average annual population growth of 2%. As you can see, the
demographic in Malacca generally represents the races in Malaysia
currently, however the proportions are not congruent to the national
racial demographic. There is an over-representation of Chinese citizens
in the state of Malacca which would correlate the history of this state
which includes mass migration of Southern Chinese here. Many of these
Chinese citizens would be their descendents. Malacca is thus dubbed
the ‘Historic State’
12
Fig 17. Demographics of Malacca vs Malaysia as of 2016 based on race
Fig 18. Demographics of Malacca based on religious faith
Distribution of Races
Malacca
Distribution of Races
Malaysia

As you can see from the pie charts below, English is commonly spoken amongst these locals, which
make Malacca conducive for tourists whom are often English speaking who bneed information and
various other services. The prevalence of chinese speaking communities correlates with the high
density population of chinese who live in the state.
13
Fig 19. Language literacy amongst locals of Malacca focusing on English, Malay, Tamil and others
One Language Literacy Two Language Literacy Three Language Literacy

The elderly population (65+ years) are over-represented in this state. This is mainly because many
retirees have taken up minor jobs in the tourism and service industry such as keep guard of
shophouses and providing visitors with a pleasant experience at many of Malacca’s historical
buildings in its narrow winding streets. This is the case with our association, whereby elderly reitrees
are maintaining the records and formalities that are required by the Fui Chew Association
14
Fig 20. Figure Distribution of Malaccans by age Fig 21. Figure Distribution of Malaccans by ocupation

2.3 Festivals and Celebrations
Every festival is worth remembering as it calls for celebration where it is normally marked as a holiday
from different religion, tradition or nation. Throughout the year, people in Malacca celebrate different
festivals like :
• Festa de San Pedro
• Malacca Carnival
• Palm Sunday
and similar to the other states they also celebrate, which are far more common :
• Chinese New Year
• Thaipusam
• Malaysia Festival
• Moon Cake Festival.
2.3.1 Chinese New Year
Chinese New Year is celebrated in either January or February depending on the Lunar
calendar. This festival lasts for 15 days where every Chinese family gather on the eve of
Chinese New Year to have family reunion dinner. Family members travel from near and far
to join their family for the reunion dinner as it is the start of a new year The sky will be filled
with colours when all the fireworks are released once the clock strikes 12 to usher in the
new year. Besides, there will also be lanterns released into the sky with new year
resolution written on them. According to the tradition, it is better for the Chinese to wear red
on Chinese New Year especially the first day as it is good luck.
15
Fig 22. Figure Live performances and thousands
of spectators at Jonker Walk (2011 by Justin
Klein)

2.3.2 Thaipusam
Thaipusam is a festival celebrated by the Hinduism. Although the number of Hindu is minor,
Malaccans still celebrate this festival. Over a million Hindus gather in various temples around
the nation to celebrate Thaipusam every year. The exact date of this important event is based
on the full moon day in the month of Thai in the Hindu calendar which normally falls in January
or February. Thaipusam celebration is dedicated to the Hindu deity Lord Murugan, the youngest
son of Shiva and Patvati. Thaipusam is the biggest festival for Hindus after Deepavali and
usually falls in January or February. It is observed as a day of thanksgiving and paying penance
for Lord Murugan. In many states in Malaysia, Thaipusam is a public holiday. Devotees prepare
themselves for the occasion by cleansing their bodies through fasting and abstinence, and
usually observe a vegetarian diet for a certain period of time. Many devotees began paying
penance a few days before the actual festival, with the carrying of the kavadi on their shoulders
and milk pots carried above their heads.
2.3.3 Palm Sunday
Palm Sunday is a festival celebrated by the Portuguese-Eurasian community. The
celebrations are unique to them and faithfully observed every year at St Peter’s Church.
These processions and traditions were introduced by Augustinian monks in 1587. During the
Palm Sunday procession, life-size wooden statues of Christ carrying the Cross of Mother
Mary of Sorrows are carried in a candlelight procession. These processions scenes are
repeated on Good Friday with the inclusion of three boys playing the role of three Marys
standing at the foot of the cross while singing a mournful Latin dirge. Also introduced during
the procession is the Dead Lord statue mounted on a wooden bier.
16
Fig 23. Figure Procession lead by standard of Holy
Eucharist and Mater Dolorosa began from St
Peter’s Church in Malacca (29/3/2010 by Maleisie
News)

2.3.4 Malacca Carnival
Malacca Carnival is a celebration that lasts for a month and showcases traditional dances and
a variety of expositions covering local tourism, industry and art. The Malaccans celebrate this
festival throughout the whole of August with performances such as singing and dancing which
are related to their culture in order to celebrate the independence of their country. During this
festival, they promote the art and culture of the country by combining them into performances .
Besides, boating and windsurfing competitions are available whole month long as a way to
celebrate this festival. It’s been part of the city’s cultural landscape since 2009 after melaka
received UNESCO’s nod in 2008.
2.3.5 Mid Autumn Festival
To the Chinese, Mid-Autumn Festival means family reunion and peace. The festival is
celebrated when the moon is believed to be the biggest and fullest. To the Chinese, a full moon
is a symbol of prosperity, happiness, and family reunion. It is the second most important
traditional festivals after Chinese New Year which falls on either September of October
depending on the Lunar calendar. During this festival, the Chinese celebrate by having
mooncakes and lanterns. It is a celebration to admire the moon as it is a harvest festival with
origins in moon worship. The main traditions and celebrations include eating mooncakes,
having dinner with family, gazing at and worshipping the moon, and lighting lanterns. On that
night, children will be carrying their lanterns or hanging them on tree branches. A glance
through every house of colourful lanterns lightening the whole neighbourhood is a blessing.
17
Fig 24. Figure An Indonesian dancer
perfoming among the ruins of St. Paul’s
Church during Melaka Art & Performance
Festival (2014 by Tamara Thiessen )

2.4 Malaccan culture and heritage
While Malacca has a multiracial population of Malays, Chinese and Indians reflecting the overall racial
make-up of Malaysia, it is the Peranakan and Portuguese culture that is still practised by a few
descendant communities that attracts visitors
2.4.1 The Baba Nyonyas
Peranakans are descended from Chinese migrants who first came to Malacca many centuries
ago. Adopting Malay customs and cultures, theirs is a unique heritage unlike any other.
Peranakans are also referred to a 'Straits Chinese'. It is still a subject of debate whether the
Peranakans actually intermarried with the local Malay population or maintained a pure
bloodline, but most are said to be of Hokkien ancestry. 'Babas' refer to male Peranakans while
'Nyonya' refer to females. Peranakans also settled in Penang, the only other state than
Malacca.
2.4.2 The Portuguese
When the Portuguese conquered Malacca in 1511 and ruled for 130 years, a few stayed behind
and formed a fishing community that has lasted till today. As devout Catholics, they celebrate
various festivals dedicated to their religion which can be witnessed throughout the year in their
settlement the Portuguese Square. Portuguese intermarried with the local population and are
now collectively referred to as Portuguese-Eurasian or 'Kristang', but they still maintain their
traditional surnames such as 'Sequiera' and 'Lopez'. Usually, they speak a distinct language
which is a Creole (fusion of two languages) based on Portuguese and Malay. The 3000-people
large Portuguese community in Malacca are a merry bunch.
18
Fig 26. A group of Kirstang people in their
traditional dress, where women were the
saia, red or white clothing as well
kercheifs around their heas and men who
wear jackets with bowties and fedoras.
( from GeoCities )
Fig 25. Peranakan Family Portrait circa
1910

2.5 Site observations
2.5.1 Jalan Hang Kasturi
Our site is located within Malacca Tengah or
Central District of Malacca. It is located in a
heavily visited area where there are a series of
winding streets with buildings that are up to
hundreds of years old. Jalan Hang Kasturi is one
of these streets.
Streets are no wider than 4meters wide generally
and can accomodate cars, motorbikes and
bicycles and most notably the Malaccan Becha
19
Fig 28 When facades are not facing streets,
the side elevations are exposed with minimal
openings
A
B
C
D
A
B
CD
figure Local site plan with close-up of building
Fig 28 View (A) Narrow road without exposed facades
Fig 29 View (B) from juntion connecting main road into J.H.K
Fig 30 View (C) Alternate view of junction from main road into J.H.K
Fig 31 View (D) Juntion from Jalan Tukang Besi into J.H.K
Fig 27 Melaka Tengah highlighted within Melaka

94, Jalan Hang Kasturi lies on a narrow one-way street. This part of Melaka which is heavily visited by
tourists is a series of narrow roads able to cater a maximum of the width of two small cars, hence
most of the streets of one way.
The shops are lined up continuously so the shelter runs uninterrupted between streets. However the
height of the shop floors can vary, so it is never an even walking surface .Methods of transportation in
these narrow streets comprise of cars, bicycles and the Malacca trishaw or becha which are popular
among visitors, with their eye-catching decor and blaring music
Alleyways have been formed behind these shophouses. They are well maintained and are fit an for
tourists to walk through and enjoy. Small windows with small air-vents are found here so as to not
invade the privacy of shophouse owners as tourists walk through these alleys. These can even be
used as shortcuts.
2.5.2 Landmarks witin proximity
20
Fig 33 The view of back allerys taken at eye level Fig 34 Site plan displaying The location of major
back alleys
Jalan Hang Kasturi
Jalan Tukang Besi Jalan Merdeka
Fui Chew
Back Alleys
Fig 32 Site plan diisplaying the flow of traffic from the
two-way main road (Jln Merdeka ) into single lane
secondary road Jalan Hang Kasturi in lighter yellow

2.5.2.1 Jonker Walk
Jalan Hang Jebat, or Jonker Walk is a street in historical Chinatown of Melaka
starting just across the river from the Dutch Square. Jonker Walk is flanked on
both sides of the road with heritage houses dating back up to the 17th century.
The Baba and Nyonya comunity began to enliven this space in the past by
conducting business here. These days it is a market area that comes alive in the
evening.
2.5.2.2 Tangkera Mosque
Masjid Tengkera in Malacca was built in 1728. It is of square shape and has a
three-tiered pyramid roof. The mosque stands on four pillars which support the
roof and dome. The pagoda shape is reminiscent of chinese architecture while
the shape of the roof is very much like that of Sultan Mansur’s Palace, Rumah
Lima.
2.5.2.3 Baba Nyonya Heritage Museum
Located st Jalan Tun Tan Cheng Lock. Baba Nyonya is also known as Straits-
born Chinese or Peranakan are of Chinese noble descendants which adopted
the Malays culture. The interesting unique blend of cultures is born after the
intermarriages between the Chinese and the local Malay. Paraphernalia from
that have manifested in these cultures are on display here.
21
Fig 35Jonker walk sign in day
time
Fig 36 Jonker walk market at night
Fig 38 Tanhkera mosque
courtyard
Fig 37 Tanhkera mosque in 1972
Fig 39 Furniture on display Fig 40 Museum as seen from
street

2.5.2.4 Cheng Hoon Teng Temple
Built in 1646,, Cheng Hoon Teng Temple is one of the most notable landmarks. Set along Jalan
Hang Lekiu it is billed as the oldest Buddhist place of worship in the country. The main prayer
hall of Cheng Hoon Teng Temple has a weighty saddled roof, dark timber beams and beautiful
carved woodwork. Smaller chambers devoted to ancestor worship are prominent throughout the
temple: these rooms are filled with tablets bearing photographs of the deceased. The temple is
dedicated to Kuan Yin, Goddess of Mercy. A black, Cheng Hoon Teng temple was constructed
by Chan Lak Koa, son-in-law to Captain Li, Malacca’s second Chinese kapitan.
2.5.3 Street art
Throughout the region, street art is seen on the largely continuous walls of shophouses or newer buildings as seen below. These range from both contemporary art like
cartoons to abstract work and spray-paint ; to realistic paintings as well as traditional style murals.
22
Fig 41 Facade of Cheng Hoon Teng Temple, Malacca.
Fig 41 Measuring 8mX3m at
the entrace of Jalan Hang
kasturi, 8 horses was painted
by local artist Chong Chen
Chuan and Quake Kah Ann
using caliagraphy technique
Fig 42 Collabration between Khiels and local
artist from Gombak, Mohd. Anuar (known
also as Fritilldea) has produced this bright
abstract painted walls outside the Khiel’s
store near Jonker Walk
Fig 43 Located just across the Khiels store,
Orang Utan House is a gallery that
showcases the work of artist Charles Cham
where he also sells T-shirts. It is located in
Jalan Tukang Besi and there are two smaller
branches in the area.
Fig 44 Realistic street art as seen in the
back alleys that are formed around and in
the back of the shophouses. The
homogenous white walls have been
adorned with a series of similar works
that make an interesting walk.

Chapter 3
Fui Chew Association
23

3.1 History of the Chinese Ethnic Clans Associations in Malaya
3.1.1 Migration of South Chinese to Malaya
In the late Qing Dynasty and the early Republican period, due to
the political turmoil in China, forcing some of the people from
Southeast asia was migrated to NanYang (including Malaya) to
earn a living. When the overseas chinese from southeast asia
were arrived, because of the feudalism, with the cohesion of
consanguinity, drove the people to form a clan association, in
order to take care of each other. People who came afterwards also
have joined the association to expand their social network and get
economical convenience. The association has provided members
with the assistance on economy, accommodation and also obtain
skills of earning and social experience, and therefore it has been
developed rapidly.
24
Fig 45 Strait-Chinese or Baba Nyonya were the
first wave of Han Chinese. Image. c 1941

3.1.2 History of Chinese Associations
3.1.2.1 The beginning of Chinese Association (Before 1840)
Due to the challenges faced such as the lifestyles and career uncertainties in the new
environment, most of the immigrants brought their deities from their hometown so that
they can feel secured psychologically, therefore mostly temples will be the earliest social
organization to be appeared. For instant, Temple Cheng Hoon Teng, Malacca built in
1673 is one of the oldest Buddhist place of worship in the country. At the same time, it
was also once the place of discussion for the the leaders of Chinese Association.Cheng
Hoon Teng was the Chinese Society’s epitome, which plays an important role in
organizations of society.
In the early days, the reason of forming the organization among the Chinese was to
worship the deities and treasured their historical legacy. Therefore, temples were built
one after another in order to handle religious problem and the funeral. All the temples
built by the Chinese were to be said as the initial stage of the Chinese Association.
Before 1840, there was only a little scale of Chinese migrated to Malaya and Borneo
island to earn a living, but the Chinese community already form the early stage of the
overseas Chinese society. By the means of temples, Chinese organization and United
Chinese Association (UCA), the capability of social organization can be developed,
including cohesive the strength among the clans, defend their interests and benefits,
inherit and carry forward the Chinese culture and religious faith.
25
Fig 46 Cheng Hoon Teng Temple, Malacca is
the oldest functioning temple in Malaysia (2012
by Michankow)

3.1.2.2 Growing period (1840-1889)
Soon after the Opium War (1839-1842, 1856-1860), Qing government signed the unequal
treaties under duress, the emigration of Chinese reached its new heights. On the other hand,
the Western colonists accelerates the colonization of Southeast Asia, encouraged the
Chinese to move to the south of Malaya, the Chinese that migrated to Malaya and Borneo
was actually the labour force for the colonists. Undeniably, Chinese was the main force for
the economic development by involving in mining, exploiting estates and construction sites.
In 1890s, before British colonial government make any changes to the policies of Chinese
Societies, the Chinese parties have their own legal position. Parties were also known as
secret societies, originated from the China Overturn Qing Dynasty and reinstate Ming Dynasty
organization---The Legitimacy Foundation of Heaven and Earth Society. In Malaya and Borneo,
other than controlled the Chinese from being used as a tool, they also participated the
economic activities, under the consent of British colonial government.
If it’s before 1860’s and 1870’s, the British colonial government will rely on the leader of the
party, Chinese merchants, the capitans to stabilize the order of colonial rule. But right after
1870’s, the previous form of rule didn’t meet up the current requirement, An organization that
specifically ruled the Chinese was set up on 6th of June in 1877 - Chinese Protectorate. The
Chinese association that was formed during this period was mainly based on the ties of region,
but also included the other types of Chinese association that ties with consanguinity and career.
26
Fig 47 Wooden engraving depicting a battle during
the first Opium War. The war occured as China was
increasingly predatorial against weaker countries to
exploit them illegally.

3.1.2.3 Developing era (1890-1940)
In 1890 was the time where Chinese Association entered the watershed of the new era, more
and more Chinese Association were formed until the registration of association was officially
administered in 1890. British colonists successfully occupied the main three base areas in
Malaya in 1786, 1819 and 1824 respectively and these became the Unfederated Malay States
and the whole Malaya became the supplier of the raw materials and to place the goods on the
market.
Due to the peace and stability of the country after few years later, more overseas Chinese were
encouraged to migrate to Malaya so as to take part in mining career. Most of them were
embarked on mining or rubber plantations and the number of settlers from overseas Chinese
have risen considerably. This unconsciously increased the formation of Chinese Association
The Chinese association in this era have made a great contribution to the Chinese education
and the Anti-Japanese and National Salvation Movement of China Masses. As the population of
the Chinese increased, the demand on the children’s education is getting higher, and this driven
the Chinese association enthusiasm to push on the running of the school. On the other hand,
during the war of resistance against Japanese, all the Chinese associations and the leaders
tried to restrain the use of good imported from Japan, bought the China government bonds and
coordinate the overseas Chinese to come back serving the Chinese
27
Fig 48 The picture (1860s) shows the surface
mining at Kelian Pauh, by the early Chinese
miners. This was the first area where tin-deposits
were found. The Founder was the Malay chief,
Long Jaafar.

3.1.2.4 Period of Stagnation (1941-1945)
On the 8th of December in 1941, Japan came to invade Malaya. During the period when
Japanese Army invaded Malaya for 3 years and 8 months, the all Chinese associations were
then threatened to close out. Under the rule of the Armed Forces of the Empire of Japan, the
leader of Chinese association who was trying to revolt can be punished severely at any time,
even sentenced to death.
3.1.2.5 Revival era (1946-1956)
After the war until before the Malaya’s independent, more Chinese associations were
established and gradually heading to stage of the formation of the federation of Chinese
associations. The Japanese surrendered on 15th August 1945 after being bombed by the
Atomic Bomb. The British returned and continued to rule the country. The most important
development was the agreement of making a change for the Chinese politics. During this
period, the amount of Chinese association grew very rapidly. One of the main reasons was the
burgeoning population and the rapid economic growth. Other than that, the cooperation and the
unity among the association must be strong enough in order to deal with the challenges of new
situation. Moreover, the position of Chinese Traditional Virtue was gradually been neglected,
therefore, the Chinese Association plays an important role on maintain and inherit traditional
culture.
Chinese was one of the main driving forces for the development of the Chinese culture,
especially in the following areas: to maintain the Chinese Traditional Culture, including the
28

moral values, calendar customs and etiquette thus spare no efforts to invest the Chinese
education significantly.
After the war, the Chinese association expended the manpower and financial resources to
repair or embark the new United Chinese School. Some of the home guard even work together
by combining all the small schools to a larger school and named it as school of hualian, to
reflect the meaning of unity.
3.1.2.6 Era of consolidation
After ten years of operating and developing the chinese associations that were newly built or
destroyed afterwards, it has become part of the representative of the Chinese community, with
Chinese school and Chinese newspaper were also known as the three main pillars of the
Chinese Community.
In the early days after the independence in 1957, the Chinese association continue to foster the
Chinese to get the right to education and to work. With the vigorous development of business
and rubber plantations, Chinese association become more active to catch up with the rapid
development from all field.
To sum up, the Chinese association elevated the educational, cultural, economical standard of
the Chinese community. Chinese association actively involved in social movement, to give full
scope of its organizational ability.
29

3.1.2.7 Period of integration (1970-1989)
From 1970 until 1989, Chinese community have to face the challenges of their rights were
being deprived from different areas such as politics and economics. During this long historical
period, Chinese Association had tried their best to seek for help and work with the other party
branches to solve this problem. Every Chinese association combined to form a temporary “
Chinese Association Leading Centre”, depends on the numbers of the members and also the
integration of all the Chinese association
3.1.2.8 Period of the ideological of leading (1990 until today)
After spending 8 years times to application for registration, The Federation of Chinese
Associations Malaysia (Hua Zong) was finally approved to register on 17th of October 1991.
Theoretically, Hua Zong should be the “President of the Chinese Association” , in action leading
the other Chinese Association, but it only can be known as the “Agency of leading the Chinese
Association”, unable to bring and lead the whole Chinese Association effectively.
In 1996, Hua Zong and the other seven associations organized a joint session to discuss the
working programme, claiming indemnity and the other problems. This strengthen the bond
between each other and a cooperative movement was being vigorously pushed.
Due to the development of the circumstances and the political situation, Chinese association
has focus more on the ideological of leading, therefore Chinese Associations must play their
roles as a good civic association and make a new application for the position of Chinese
Association.
30
Fig 49 The current Hua Zhong or Federation
of Chinese Associationa Malaysia logo as
designed in 1991 (2012 from Hua Zhong)

3.2 Roles & Functions of Chinese Ethnic Clans Associations in Malaysi
31
Types of Association Main Function
Clan Association
Cultural Organization
To enhance the relationship and encourage the unity between the members. It also functioned
as to propel the culture, education, the development of economy and also support the charitable
welfare society.
To encourage the development of the related culture and enhance the charitable welfare society
Religious Organization
To promote and carry forward the religious doctrine, strengthen the relationship between the
members.
Educational Organization
To fight for education right for the Chinese students and enhance a better education system for
the students.
Young men association
and Women’s group
To enhance the qualities of the young man and train them for profession
Leisure Bodies The goal is to enhance the relationship among members and health concerning activities
Comprehensive
organization such Chung
Hua hall
The goal is to foster the Chinese culture
Table 1 Function of Chinese Associations as described in

3.2.1 Mechanism of the internal operation of Chinese Association
3.2.1.1 Board of management
The president of the council will be the chairman of the Chinese Association. Under the Council,
departments and subcommittees are established. As follow is the operation mode of the board
of management:
3.2.1.2 Committee
The members in the general assembly will elected the president, the vice president, general
affair, treasurer as well as the person in charge for each of the department
3.2.1.3 Apposition of the Board of management and the Board of supervisors
With the coordination of these two institutions, the supervision for the whole
organization can be strengthen. As follow is the operation mode of apposition of the
Board of management and the Board of supervisors.
32
General Assembly
Board of Management
Administrative body
General Assembly
Board of Management Board of Supervisor
Fig 50 Levels of authority
Fig 51 Divisions under General Assembly

3.3 History of Fui Chew Association in Malaysia
In the early times, when the Fui Chew immigrants firstly came to Malaya and North Borneo mainly
involved in mining and agricultural activities. Due to the mining experience they had in their
hometown, Fui Chew people had become the forerunners of creating prosperity of the mining area. In
the early stage, the population of Fui Chew people are mainly concentrated in some of the states that
are rich in tin such as Malacca, Negeri Sembilan, Selangor, Pahang and Penang.
33
Fui Chew Association in
Malaysia
Year Established History
Malacca
1805
(212 years of history)
It was originally named as “Hai Shan company”. Until 1844, it was then
changed to “ Er Cheng Association”
Penang
1822
In 1822, the Li Xin bought two shop houses and a land to set up the
association but unfortunately it was then destroyed during the WWll.
After the Japanese had surrendered, the leader decided to demolish the
old building and build three storey building in 1975.
Selangor
1864
The association was founded by Kapitan Yap Ah Loy, and it is said to be
one of the most powerful Chinese clan association in Malaya.
Perak
1932
It was the first one to use the tactic of Open-Door Policy to allow
different province of teenagers to join the association.
Pahang
1936
In 1936, the founder bought a land to build the association.
Unfortunately during WWll, they were forced to hand in their land to the
Japanese army. However in 1946, they won an immediate warm
response from the compatriots to buy a shop house as the association.
Table 2 Brief introduction to the history of the Chinese clan associations throughout the peninsular of Malaysia

3.4 Fui Chew Association in Melaka
Timeline below were the records of the Fui Chew Association for the past two hundreds years.
34

36
Fig 52 Current banner on Fui Chew Association Melaka’s website with their vibrant logo on the left

3.5 Current Occupancy of 94, Jalan Hang Kasturi, Melaka
The Fui Chew Association is currently occupied by the committee members of the Fui Chew
Association in Malacca and also the workers who knows the structure of the building. The following
are some images of the building used in the 1980s.
37
Fig 54 The altar room as seen with committee
members in 1989
Fig 55 An association member holding up an
honorary banner
Fig 56 The region behind the shophouse and
back alley showing the steel door of the kitchen
Fig 57 94, Jalan Hang Kasturi on the right side as
seen from the main street
Fig 53 An employee conducting daily
morning prayers in the altar room after
showing up for work in the building.

Chapter 4
Architecture Styles
38

4.1 Overview of Melaka Shophouses
The shophouse is an urban building form with multiple functions, residential, commercial or mixed
used. Historically, shophouses were usually arranged with a shop or business premises on the ground
floor and accommodation above, thus providing convenience, shelter and security. Shophouses are
normally built in rows or terraces with an interconnecting five-foot way at the front, with each house
sharing side party walls with its neighbours. They are usually two or three storeys high with a narrow
front and deep rear. Over its length, each shophouse is either one building below a double pitched
roof with a rear courtyard or with longer shophouses, the length is divided into two or more buildings
or sections, separated by air wells for controlled light and ventilation. A double-pitched roof covers
each building section. The mountain like pitched roofs, ornamented with a variety of culturally rich
gable end designs and decorative elements are special features of the shophouses. The basic
masonry and wood construction of shophouses incorporates timber, stone, clay and lime. Air wells, air
vents, open ventilation grilles in partitions and door panels, and louvred shutters provide natural
ventilation and cooling air movement throughout the building. The shophouse design continues to
function well in the modern world. It is now valued both for its heritage significance and for its
contemporary green values.
39

4.2 Evolution of Melaka Shophouses Style
4.2.1 Dutch style 1600-1700
The Dutch style is the earliest type and can only be found in Melaka, mainly on Heeren Street.
Originally built by the Dutch in the 17th century these types of shop houses and townhouses are either
one or two storey height with simple façade design with limited openings on the upper floor, normally
with only one centralized or at the most two symmetrical windows. The ground floor are mostly now
being used as residential rather than shops, with symmetrical façade design of centralized door and
two side windows. The sidewalk is not connected to the adjacent buildings therefore this type of
buildings have private entrance porch. Structurally the walls are of Dutch-brick and plastered with
lime, roof structure is of timber.
40
Fig 58 Example of early dutch style

4.2.2. Southern China style 1700-1800
The Chinese population in Malaysia generally and in Melaka particularly, mainly came from Southern
China. Like for the Baba Nyonya Museum at Heeren Streets, the architectural tradition followed was a
modified version of the ‘Chinese National’ or Northern Style. This architecture embodies the spiritual
notion of harmony with nature. This is manifested in the symbolism of the ornaments that are used to
convey luck, directions, seasons, the winds and constellations. Structurally the walls are of the brick
and plastered with lime, the roof structure is of timber
4.2.3. Early Shop house style 1800-1900
The early form of two storey type of shop houses is built to the street edge with recessed ground floor
forming a pedestrian walkway, generally simple in detail and relatively low in scale. With masonry
dividing wall, they are normally built in rows with simple pitched roof. The upper floor façade
supported by squat pillars project over the pedestrian walkway, and consists mostly of timber
construction with continuous row of paneled or louvered shutters. The upper floor façade is bordered
by plain masonry pilasters at each side and the ground floor has full width opening. Structurally,
buildings of this style incorporate masonry dividing walls with timber upper floor and tiled roof.
4.2.4 Early Transitional Style 1840-1900
The two storeys structures are built to the street edge and incorporate a sidewalk pedestrian which is
well entranced in the style of the nineteenth century. Expressive gable ends to rows. Ornamentation is
minimal with the upper consoles often enlarged and simple decorated with floral motifs. Green glazed
41
Fig 59 Example of Southern China stye
Fig 60 Depiction of early traditional stye

ceramic vents and plain pilasters. The usual orders are the Tuscan and Doric, upper floor openings
with a row continuous timber shutter are common. Cornices or horizontal mouldings along the beam
make the structure appear heavy. Structurally, buildings of this style incorporate the use of masonry
dividing walls with timber upper floor, tile roof and timber beam.
4.2.5. Early Strait Eclectic Style 1890-1920
The early Strait Eclectic Style is characterized by buildings with relatively restrained use of ornaments
on its façade. Transoms are flat arched or semicircular in filled with glass. Vents are employed with
an elegance of economy, architectural composition as squares or diamond between windows. Ground
floor masonry wall have symmetrical double doors, a pair of window and bat shape vents above. The
style incorporates many of the features of the ‘grand’ classical style, reinterpreted and adapted to suit
the shop houses vernacular may include pediments, pilasters, keystones and arches. From 1910’s the
use of reinforced concrete allowed wide roof overhangs and more ornaments. Structurally, buildings of
this style incorporate extensive use of masonry with the introduction of reinforced concrete lintels and
beams, timber upper floor and tiled roofs.
4.2.6. Late Straits Eclectic Style 1920-1940
This is the most spectacular style particularly in the use of ornamentation. The tripartite arrangement
of three windows on the façade reduces the actual wall space to the minimum and provides maximum
ventilation. In later example, the wall surface is replaced by columns or pilasters framing the windows.
The constrained indigenous façade design borrowed freely from the various ethnic traditions. Chinese
panel frescoed are often combined with Malay timber fretworks that fringe the cape of the roof.
Brightly colour ceramic tiles and plaster delicately moulded into bouquets, festoons, plagues and other
42
Fig 61 Example of Early Strait Eclectic Style
Fig 62 Example of Late Strait Eclectic Style

elaborate ornamentation bear testimony to the artistry of the shop houses builders. The development
of reinforced concrete in the 1910’s enabled large spans to be achieved and elaborate cantilevered
details to be incorporated into facades. Structurally, buildings of this style incorporate extensive use of
masonry with first floor timber fenestration and tiled roof.
4.2.7 Art Deco style 1930-1950
Art Deco is a decorative style widely used between the 1930’s and 1950’s. The style is characterized
by the use of straight lines (typically three parallel) arranged either vertically or horizontally in
conjunction with other geometric elements, creating a strong vertical or horizontal emphasis to the
structure. A granulated render adapted from and regionally known as ‘Shanghai Plaster’ was
introduced at this time and was commonly utilized. The classical decoration of earlier style became
more restrained. Windows are arranged in groups rather than the typical three bays). Highlighting the
date of construction on the facade of the building as well as the use of metal frame windows is typical
of this period of architecture. Structurally, buildings of this style are or reinforced concrete masonry
rendered or Shanghai plastered. Development or reinforced concrete resulted in cantilevered
sunshades and high pediment or parapet wall.
4.2.8 Early Modern style 1950-1990
Walter Gropius, Le Corbusier, Miss Van de were was the important figures in the general trend
towards simplified approach to architectural style was built with reason, form by character and the
aesthetic quality of which came from the simplicity of their form. The abstract relationship of solid
surfaces and large, clean cut openings rather than from applied ornament or decoration.
43
Fig 64 Example of Early Modern Style
Fig 63 Example of Art Deco Style

44
Fig 65 Shophouses styles introduced briefly with timeline( 20114 from Properture)

4.3 Major Materials Introduced Accordance to Styles and Time
45
Dutch style
1600-1700
● Dutch Brick (walls)
● Lime (plaster)
● Timber (roofing)
Southern China style
1700-1800
● Brick (walls)
● Lime (plaster)
● Timber (roofing)
Early Shop house style
1800-1900
● Masonry (walls)
● Timber (first floor)
● Ceramic tiles (roofs)
Early Transitional Style
1840-1900
● Masonry (walls)
● Timber (first floor)
● Timber (beams)
Early Strait Eclectic Style
1890-1920
● Masonry (walls)
● Reinforced concrete (lintels and beams)
● Timber (upper floor)
● Ceramic tiles (roof)
Late Straits Eclectic Style
1920-1940
● Masonry (walls)
● Timber (fenestration)
Art Deco style
1930-1950
● Reinforced concrete (parapet walls)
● Masonry (walls)
● Shangai plaster (plaster)
Early Modern style
1950-1990
● Reinforced concrete
Table 3 Materials used briefly according to timeline( 20114 from Properture)

4.4 Various styles as seen in shophouses of Jalan Hang Kasturi
4.5 Southern Chinese Eclectic Features of 94, Jalan Hang Kasturi
46
Column head or chi tou
introduced
Low brick wall or parapet
Ceramic air-vents‣ Roof ridge introduced
‣ Overhang pitched roof eave
‣ U-shape terracotta roof tiles on the
timber battons from roof ridge to eave
‣ Central comb door with solid timber door
‣ Two square shutter openings usually
with air-vent above.
FACADE ELEVATION
Fig 66 Showing the summarized version Southern Chinese Eclectic Features of our assigned Building
As seen from the left, Early Dutch Style,
Southern China Style, Art Deco and finally
Late Straits Eclectic style. There are a
mixture of styles according to the time

47
Fig 67 Features of a typical Penang shophouse that are very familiar to the ones as seen in Malacca and Singapore (2013 from Warisan Dunia)

Chapter 5
Spatial Organizations
48

5.1 Spatial Organization and its Function
5.1.1 Ground Floor
● Five-foot way
● Hall
● Main air-well
● Ancestral altar area
● Back air-well
● Dry kitchen
● Wet Kitchen
49
Fig 68 Spaces according to the ground floor plan

5.1.1.1 Five-foot way
The ground floor sits back from the road, while an overhanging veranda is
supported by a brace of columns – creating the distinctive five-footway, a
feature introduced by Sir Stamford Raffles as his plan for early town
planning. Every shophouse has a five foot way (kaki-lima), which is a
sheltered walkway in front of each shop front. As the name suggests the
walkways are five foot across, providing shelter from the tropical heat
tropical downpours The walkways of the five foot way are a mixture of
private and public space. Business activities spill out onto the walkways,
from cafes and restaurants to wholesalers and metalworkers.
However the five foot way of this building is used mainly for parking
vehicles like motorbikes of the employees, and occasionally cars.
50
Fig 69 Current condition of five foot way
Fig 70 Facade as seen in 1989

5.1.1.2 Hall
Within the house, the main hall, seen as the most important part of the house,
sat at the back (north) of the house while facing the entrance (south), this is
assuming the shophouses are facing north which is often the case. The front of
the house served as a courtyard where guests were traditionally received and
entertained, and where visitors would mainly be allowed to sit.
Currently the use is similar. Seating is provided for visitors here. Posters,
newspaper clippings and awards received by the association and et cetera are
displayed. Artwork that has been acquired throughout the years is also
displayed. A podium is also placed at the corner to provide formal way to talk to
visitors and give speeches. The hall is large enough to accommodate large
number of people with a approximate mass capacity of about 30 people.
51
Fig 71 Main hall

5.1.1.3 Air-well
As more land was cleared and the wealth and needs of the owners grew, the
shophouses became longer, separating each pitch roof with an air-well to
help cool and ventilate the building. These is to deal with local weather
conditions which are hot and humid, causing the interiors to become both.
Hence the air-well serves as passive ventilation as well as providing good
lighting in the otherwise long and dark plan of the shophouses. This will be
elaborated in chapter ...
The location of the staircase, which requires good lighting is therefore fitting
beside the air-well. In order to manage access water in the building,
containers such as vases and buckets were places strategically to collect
water falling from the open skylight. Otherwise, rain is free to dampen the
entire floor of the air-well, acting as a catchment area. This also cools the
interiors.
This area surrounding the air-well also acts as a secondary living area for the
employees that work here where they may lounge or listen to the radio.
52
Fig 72 Air-well facing the altar(top) and hall(bottom)

5.1.1.4 Ancestral altar area
Both currently and residentially, the ancestral hall is one of the key spaces
in the house. It is situated by the the air well. The ancestral hall was the
most important element in a Chinese building. Processions are carried out
here on a daily basis by the employees. It was here that ceremonies to the
dead were performed. In this case it is to prior prominent members who
were closely affiliated. to the association.
According to custom an air well must be placed before the ancestral hall
so that the first person to pray can call in the spirit of the deceased. The
location of the altar near the air-well also allows smoke to be ventilated out
of the interior.
53
Fig 73 Altar fwith rontal view
Fig 74 Side profile of altar Fig 75 Perpective view of
altar

5.1.1.5 Back air-well
The back air well by the dry kitchen area is covered by zinc roofing unlike the main
airwell. The roof is supported by metal framework. The area is used for storage of
chairs, tables, dry food products, clothing and groceries in large amounts.
5.1.1.6 Dry kitchen and storage area
The room is cluttered down to the corridors beside the well. The area is used for storage of
chairs, tables, dry food products, clothing and groceries in large amounts.
54
Fig 76 Back air-well
Fig 77 Dry kitchen area used for storage

5.1.1.7 Wet kitchen
This section was added to the original structure much after its original
construction. That is evident from the awkward orientation of the room
compared to the floor plan. The wet kitchen is mainly utilized by employees at
the association to prepare food for themselves and visitors. There are three
toilet cubicles for the use of visitors here. The wet kitchen has steel doors that
lead to the back alley
55
Fig 79 Bathroom cubicles Fig 80 Storage in wet kitchen
Fig 78 Back door of wet kitchen

5.1.2 First Floor
● Gallery Area
● Main air-well
● Office
● Altar-room
● Balcony
● Back air-well
56
Fig 81 Spaces according to the first floor plan

5.1.2.1 Gallery room
The gallery room is specifically prepared for the viewership of guests. This
large space which is well-cleaned and maintained - that includes the
equipment stored here like old percussion items, pottery, utensils and
furniture. This is a room full of memorabilia like photos and logbooks. These
have been stored for years and there is a sense that these paraphernalia are
heirlooms to the next generation that takes over the association.
57
Fig 82 Gallery area
Fig 83 Paraphernalia Fig84 Hung honourary
banners

5.1.2.2 Main air-well
Upstairs, the air-well’s open skylight provides lighting that floods the interiors
which include the gallery, the office and the corridors on the floor. Dripping rain
water does not flow into the interior with the use of zinc roof extensions with a
proper drainage system. Parapet-high railings which have balustrade that
matches one’s of the stairs are found throughout the perimeter of the air-well
for safety purpose.
58
Fig 85 Gallery as viewwed from gallery
Fig 86 Main air-well facing
stairs
Fig 87 Main air-well facing office

5.1.2.3 Office
The office is an extension not part of the original floor plan design layout. The interior is
air conditioned and completely closed when the glass doors are shut. Employees do
their work here as well as have CCTV footage access. Valuable items like electronic
equipment like computers, phones and fax machines are found. It is a small but
sufficient space for two desks, hence two workers. Inquiries can also be made here by
visitors who seek extra information regarding membership and the association in
general. Booklets and brochures regarding the association or ethnic clans in general
are found here.The room occupied from about 8AM to 6PM on working days.
59
Fig 88 Viewing the air-well from office interior
Fig 89 Office interior Fig 90 Office exterior

5.1.2.4 Altar room
Processions are carried out here on a daily basis in the morning by the
workers. The workers pray to these three deities which will be further
explained in Chapter 7. The high ceiling of this room allows the height of the
large altar to be accommodated as well as ventilate any smoke from the
incense away from the floor. This room would have been very dark if not for
the two large windows and large doors to the balcony, which flood the room
with light. This large room is mostly empty otherwise and serves no other
purpose except for a spiritual one. It’s alignment with the smaller altar on
the balcony is done purposefully for reasons that will be discussed in
Chapter 7.
60
Fig 91 Altar room with high ceiling with grand altar and seating

5.1.2.5 Balcony
With its slightly overhanging eave, the balcony is relatively well sheltered from both the
sun and the rain (with the help of drip tiles which will be explained in Chapter 7)
Religious processions are also carried out at the balcony around the same time as they
are in the altar room. A small table is placed here which serves as an altar, in the
addition of a There is a strong sense that these two spaces are connected due to the
alignment of the altars.
61
Fig 93 Balcony space when facing buildings across
Fig 92 Altar on balcony

5.2 Properties of Spaces
5.2.1 Public and Private Area
The division of public and private spaces as the building is used currently is mostly with accordance to
the private-private distribution of the typical shophouse used as originally designed - a hybrid between
a shop and a residential building.
In the diagram below it is shown that the more public areas are accessible to the public which includes
tourists and those who are being hosted by the association for any event they hold here. These
locations include the five-foot-way, the hall, and the area surrounding the air-well. Tourists would be
less inclined to enter the storage and dry kitchen area by the second air-well, as that is where most of
the storage is placed. The wet kitchen is utilized mainly by employees at the association, though the
bathrooms here will be accessible to the public.
62
Fig 94 Ground floor plan colour coded to show degree of privacy and publicity each space receives

The gallery room is the center of the attraction for this floor, and perhaps the entire building. The room
behind it by the air-well is vacant and dark, driving very few people into the area The two corridors
lead to the office which is where employees do their work and have access to the live CCTV footage.
These then lead to the altar-room and finally the balcony.
63
Fig 95 First floor plan colour coded to show degree of privacy and publicity each space receives

5.2.2 Building’s Circulation
Circulation in the building is congruent to the distribution of private and public areas in the house.
Lighter circulation occurs in more private areas as this is mainly where employees have access, and
not the general public and visitors.
64
Fig 96 Ground floor plan with spaces labelled and directional arrows to show circulation of visitors and employees

65
Fig 97 First floor plan with spaces labelled and directional arrows to show circulation of visitors and employees

Chapter 6
Architecture Analysis & Environmental
Analysis
66

6.1 Building Orientation
The structure faces north west. In Feng Shui, metal rules the North-west. it governs travel,
camarderie, trade and strong business connections.
The entrance facing the North West is considered to be an excellent condition as far as Feng
Shui goes. North-West orientation gives the opportunity to have altars and bedrooms facing the
same direction. In the Fui Chew Association, the altar room faces North-West.
The tight arrangement of the shophouses creates long floorplans, providing a sense of one-ness
of all the shophouses which although each are unique in style, are homogenous in terms of
layout and arrangmenet
67
Fig 98 Local site plan with Fui Chew
Association highlighted in orange
Fig 99 The sunpath with the Fui Chew
Association in the center

6.2 Massing and heirarchy
The main spaces lie under the sections of the building that are
under the pitched roof as this is where the cieling is highest. The
multiple pitches of the roof of the structure create the most
heirarchical spaces in the interior. As seen in the diagram, the main
spaces as highlighted in yellow ;-
• Hall
• Altar room
• Ancestral altar
• Gallery
lie beneath the two largest pitched roofs. Originally, the bedroom
which is currently the vacant room would have also have be higher in
heirarchical value. The balcony and five-foot way also have relatively high importance despite its low-volume
massing as seen in the diagram below due to the fact that the facade has been richly ornamented especially
in the balcony and the terracota ridge of the roof (as will be explained in Chapter 7) which is very richly
decorated with its artichoke leaf curve.
The wet kitchen and the back of the house has very low heirarchal value as it is the least accessible place in
the structure. The massing of this room in the context is also awkward as explained in 6.1 Orientation (page
before) because it is an extension to the building.
68
High heirarchy
High-moderate heirarchy
Low-moderate heirarchy
Low heirarchy
Fig 100 The heirarchy of the structure expressed using colours

6.3 Environmental Studies
6.3.1 Natural Ventilation
The ventilation across the building relies on two main types and
that is stack and cross ventilation . The mostly unhinhibited
open floor plan allows air to freely flow along the length .This
is vital as there are no openings on the long ends of the
structure. As seen in all three diagrams on the right,
ventillation comes directly from the openings that create the
air-well. The completely open skylight of the main air well
brings in the most air while the partially open skylight of the
back of the shophouse beings in some air into the dry and
wet kitchen ara. Air can enter from either shorter ends of the
floorplan or the roof in order to create cooling effect.
69
Fig 101 Cross ventilation accross Western Section
C Fig 103 ross ventilation accross first floor plan
Fig 102 Cross ventilation accross ground floor plan

The stack effect lies on the principle that there are openings in the lower region of the building and higher
region of the buildings. This exploits the beavior of cooler air to remain in the lower regions while hot air rises
to the upper sections of a structure. Inlets in each floor allow cool air to breeze in from the outside which
then collects heat, and leaves the interior via the air-well as hot air
70
Fig 104 Stack ventilation whereby red regions show warmer air escaping the interiors while blue represents movement of cooler air

6.3.2 Natural Lighting
Natural lighting has to be exploited as much as possible in the shophouse as
the long plan as well as lack of windows along the long side of the elevation
makes interiors very dark. As seen in the diagram of the right, the red regions
show in which primary directions light is emitted into the spaces by air-wells.
The main air well air-well lights up spaces on ground floor such as hall,
ancestral altar and on the first floor as gallery and office are lit.
71
Fig 105 The airwells highlighted in red show the main directions where natural lighting
and outside air are trnasitted throughout the interior spaces
Fig 106 Natural lighting as rendered in yellow seen coming into the interiors
SECTION
Hall
Altar
Gallery
Ancestral
altar
Vacant room
Dry
kitchen
Wet
kitchen
The five-foot way tied closely to local
verbacular architecture whereby
verandahs provide shade and protect the
interiors from rain.

6.3.4 Drainage
Due to the heavy rains of the tropics, the airwells with open skylights can be
a nuisence. Henceforth the back-air well is partially covered with a zinc roof
to protect the storage area below. The main air-well while open, has
drainage system that prevents most of the rainwater and spray from
entering the interiors. Excess water flows
into catchment area where buckets are
placed. As you can see in the back air-
well, the zinc roof does not completely
seal the skylight hence flow of excess
water requires gutters and downpipes to
manage it.
72
Fig 110 The flow of rain water aroud and into the structure as seen in the section
Fig 108 The flow of rain water from the tile roofing to the gutters and down the pipes
during rainfall. Some water is seen flowing onto zinc extensions. Main air-well
Fig 109 Pipes in the back air-
well
Fig 107 Catchment area of
main air-well on rainy day

6.4 Architecture Principles
6.4.1 Juxtaposition of styles
When the Dutch came, use of bricks were standardized ( fire protection ). Mixture of styles began to
emerge more freely ; a combination of
o Malay
o Chinese
o Arab
o Indian
o Javanese
o Dutch
A more defined style known as ‘ Straits Chinese Architecture ‘ emerged from this. A mixture of Malay,
Chinese and European architecture
73
Style Implementation
Chinese
➡ Symmetry
➡ Division of space
➡ Layout
Greco-Roman
➡ Capitals of columns
➡ Proportional orders
Victorian ➡ Parapet walls
Tropical
➡ Overhanging eaves
➡ Louvered openings
➡ Air-wells
➡ Pitched roofs
➡ High thermal mass material
Table 4 that shows elements according to their style origins

6.3.4 Juxtaposition and balance between
oriental philosophies
Reliance on the balance of two contrasting
philosophies of daoism and confucianism
creates a much needed balance in
aesthetics, experience and spatial
organization in the house. This principle has
been implemented by master builders from
the time of ancient china for centuries. This
feature is then transported to South East
Asian shophouses by also responding to site
conditions.
For example in the front elevation
• Ground floor façade is extremely symmetrical with minimal ornamentation and little change in colour.
Mainly perpendicular lines and is regular and stark.
• First Floor elevation ( facing balcony from outside ) contains more organic aspects like plaster
ornamentation of natural elements ( flora, fauna ) and carved decoration as well as vibrant use of
colour. The general elevation is symmetrical but the elements mentioned above make it less ordered.
The balance between the chaotic aesthetics of the first floor with the minimalism of the second floor creates
balance. But the balance does not only apply for the aesthetics.
74
Fig 111 Diagramatic summation of the facade and how it is infulenced by oriental philosophies

Combination of Confucianism and Daoism is also achieved via concepts such as :-
6.3.5 Unit to whole
In addition, the format of the shophouse is subliminally designed to represent the balance between
individuality and society, whereby the freedom and chaotic nature of the individual must be encouraged
within some kind of societal order. The rooms within the long floorplan represent the individual cells in
which spaces are turned into places with meaning. The combination of all these places creates an
organized group of spaces. This is abtract translation of Confucianist thinking whereby each person
must remind himself that he is only one part of a larger puzzle ; that his life and the life of his family is
just one of many. In summary, the way users organize themselves according to the spaces expresses
the way we manage our individuality within larger communities.
75
Place-making
While the regularity of the form and layout is stark, it is not to the point of being too bleak.
Principles Confucianism sets the overall boundaries of the home, but the spaces have to be
created by the experiences in them. This is where Daoist thinking comes into play.
Harmony of design
Proportioning systems in accordance to both eastern and western proportions used like
basic ratios such as 1:1, 1:2, 2:3 systems.
Integration of nature
Integration of natural elements like light, wind and water into the structure is achieved
through vernacular architecture elements. This is symbolic for organic elements bursting
into controlled inorganic spaces
Strong cultural connections
Use of symbolic motifs in the ornamentations and architecture which feels somewhat
homogenous to the shophouses around it makes the building seem very appropriate in
context.
Microcosm Macrocosm
Cell GroupCell Cell
Table 5 Concepts which involve the balance between Confucianism and Daoism as contrasting philosophies
Fig 112 Diagram expressing how the spaces within
a shophouse are symbolic represenation of
individuals within ordered societies

6.3.6 Symmetry
6.3.6.1 Elevation
The symmetry is apparent both vertically and horizontally.
Both top and bottom floor contain two main doors and a pair
of windows of similar size and proportion by its sides. This
creates a sense of order and regularity that is also aligned
with the facades of many shophouses in the region.
6.3.6.2 Circulation
There are two pseudo-corridors that
are formed on both the ground and
first floor through the alignment of
openings and doors throughout the
floor plans. These create a sense of
continuity and connection between
all the spaces as they are tied
together by these two paths of
circulation as seen below. Windows
are also aligned with these paths.
76
Fig 113 Symmetry of elevation
Fig 114S ymmetry of plan via circulation

Chapter 7
Architectural Elements
77

7.1 Roof
7.1.1 Roof Type
A series of double pitched roofs is seen in the Eastern and Western elevations. The pitch of the roof defines
the space of the interior, whereby they are completely sheltered. The parts of the elevation that contain a
series of sloping roofs as seen in the diagram below are where the air-wells are located. These serie of four
zinc have been added to prevent rainwater to fall into interior spaces other than the catchment areaThe
rainfall flows from the pitched roof towards either the outside or into the building down the zinc roofs in the
air-well area and then into downpipes into the water catchment area.
Roof surrounding the air well are three single pitched slopes that lead rainwater down two pipes to the
ground floor and drain. The top of the two roof slopes are joined with a ridge. As mentioned, on either side of
the ridges, the roof slopes downwards.
The roof on the balcony is rested on a series of orthogonal timbers that ran between the evenly spaced
pillars. It is constructed by laying different lengths of roof timbers fixed on top of each other with purlins
beneath it. Rather than nailed, the timbers was jointed together and the roof was covered with alternating
lines of concave and convex flat tiles.
78

7.1.2 Roof Ridges
Masonry ridge with decorative ends that
extend beyond the front elevation of the
building. Brick, lime and mortar is used to
make these. The one found in our structure
is typical in traditional chinese architecture,
where the roof is upturned in an ‘artichoke
leaf’ form. Legend states that the sweeping
upward curves of the roof repel demons and
spirits. It serves as the perfect roof for
repelling rain while allowing air to enter a
building and smoke to leave a building all
through a central column that opens under the roof.
79
Fig 115 Roof ridge and balcony roof explained in more detail

7.1.4 Roof Tiles
There are a variety of roof tiles used throughout the roof system depending on what
region. They vary from single U and V-shape tiles as well as Marseilles U-shape tiles.
7.1.4.1 U-Shape, Marseilles and Single
The tiles used on pitched roof roofs are U-shaped and have been replaced
before. These roof tiles are top hung and interlock with one another and were
invented in 1874. These tiles are factory produced en masse and using molds
and kiln-dried.
7.1.4.2 V-Shape, single
These are found on the pitched roof of the balcony and have most likely have
not been replaced. They serve as both protection from the elements and
contribute to the aesthetics of the balcony roof.
7.1.4.3 End Tile & Water Drip Tile
Green tiles that skirt the roof above the balcony is not only placed for aesthetic
purpose for the facade, but the purpose of dripping water to a few concentrated
80
Fig 116 Roof layering found at main air-well
Fig 117 Tiles and drip tiles as seen above balcony roof

points. That’s why drip tiles from China come in almost the same shape which is rounded and then
meeting to form a tip. This allows water to flow down the sides of the pointed tiles to the vertex and
down in regular streams rather than gushes of water
81
Fig 118 Function and aprts of drip tile explained

7.1.5 Roof Eaves
Short visible timber eave with visible rafters which covers the roof of the
balcony which is not attached to it. This protects the balcony from rain and sun
throughout the day so the altar and incense burner do not get wet. There is a
timber beam on the eave that has jian nian ornamentation which will be
elaborated later in Chapter 8
82
Fig 119 Roof eave width highlighted
Roof eave
Roof eave
Jian Nian

7.2 Walls
7.2.1 Parapet Walls
Usually parapet walls on shophouses are for decorative purposes, placed
below windows of first floor. They are waist high
In our building, the parapet is a safety feature as it acts as a railing for our
balcony. Seen in the parapet walls are thick decorative European style
balusters which are square-vase shaped
83
Fig 120 Concrete parapet walls that act as railings for the balcony

7.2.4 Internal Partitions
A non structural component, internal partition is a combination of concrete mainly and timber framing. The
rectangular opening that forms the corridors used to be arched. There are partitions found at :
7.2.4.1 Ground floor - Hall and airwell
The partition between the main hall and the main airwell is one of the more distinctive features
of the interiors of south east asian shophouses. The one found in our assigned building is
relatively non-decorative with the exception of the organic carvings on the timber framing of
the main opening into the air-well area.
A 90mm high concrete beam across the floor ensures the user experiences the act of moving
from one space to another as you are forced to acknowledge the beam. The openings beside
the main arch opening although rectangular at present times, were once a pair of arched
openings. These had to be covered by cardboard in a convenient way which was rectangular.
84
Fig 121 Division between main air-well and living room
Fig 122 Conrete bar that
separates the places

7.2.4.2 Altar area and storage
With the exception of the two parallel doors, the partition is completely concrete and separates the air-well
from the area surrounding the altar. The large middle portion of the partition is covered by the back of the
concrete tiled altar.
7.2.4.3 Storage and Kitchen
There is a change in level that is associated with this partition which only contains a large opening in the
middle. The user steps up two steps from the dry kitchen area to the wet kitchen, which was a section of the
building which was added much after its original construction.
85
Fig 123 Opening
between the partition
or door
Fig 124 Partition between
wet and dry kitchen

7.2.4.4 Office from surrounding
These dry plaster walls make the office that is utilized by the employees throughout the day. These are glass
windows on each surface of the three dry walls. The air conditioning in the interiors is therefore retained.
While maintaining the closed interiors, the glass provides some transparency into and out of the room.
7.2.4.5 Office and corridor / altar-room
The concrete walls separating the altar room and the office area . There are a pair of
openings on either side of this wall that provide a place to locate doors. Here there is a
change in level whereby the altar room is separated from the rest of the first-floor by one step
which gives a sense of hierarchy to the altar room; whereby the altar clearly has some great
significance in the building
86
Fig 127 View of doors of altar
room
Fig 125 View of office from
corridors
Fig 126 As seen in this
photo taken in the 80s, the
partition was still arched

7.2.4.5 Gallery area and back air-well
This is a concrete wall that separates mainly visitors from the back room that is vacant but is
not for public use. The red curtains act as a loose door between the two places. Like most of
the openings, there are two parallel openings on each side without a large middle opening.
There are shelves in the middle portion of the opening that display the logo as well as
shelves that store accolades and trophies.
87
Fig 128 Gallery room with curtains seen covering
doorway to vacant back room

7.2.5 Gables and Gable Ends
The Gable end which is the upper most trimming of the wall is higher than the roof so that the roof’s edge is
seal.This wall acts as a firebreak between shophouses beside it. The gable walls on either side of the
building are taller than the shophouses adjacent to it, allowing the shape to be appreciated from a distance .
The shape of the two main gables is rounded which represents gold or metal. This is also constructed from
brick, mortar, terracotta tile and plaster just like the decorative upturned ridge (as seen in figure) on the roof
of the balcony. The gable end of the roof of the balcony is regular and pointed, following the pitch of the roof.
This may or may not have significant symbolism. Pointed gable ends can represent fire elements.
88
Fig 130 The gable ends of roof structures throughout the front two pitched roofs. Fig 131 Gable ends seen of the first three pitches from the front
Fig 129 The gable end of the last
pitch of the roof is plain. The wet
kitchen area as an inclined roof
instead of a pitched roof
Kitchen
Pointed ridge

7.3 7. 3 Openings
7.3.1 Doors
7.3.1.1 Front door
On the ground floor is a large solid wooden
door made of hard wood, most likely chengal.
The door knobs are original. Some finishing
has been added . It is an interior door ( pivots
inwards ). Typical steel grills have been added
for security. The doors are hinged with hinges
that are not attached directly to the wall.
There is a 200mm high granite block that is
placed by the door that is installed here for
the flood protection. The water-line is visible
on the outside.
89
Fig 135 Granite block at entrance though inconvenient with the
eldery employees prevent flood water from entering interior
Fig 133 hinge connects
solid-wood entrance door
with the timber foor-frame
Fig 132 View of the solid door
from inside
Fig 134 The solid door as seen
from the outside. Metal grills
outside placed for added security

7.3.2.2 Balcony doors
On the first floor is timber combed doors which originated in
Fujian. This provides ventilation and security throughout the
day. It is located at the altar room and connects to the
balcony. Locking mechanisms are on the inside of the door
and it pivot inwards only. It is coated in wood finishing and is
very lightly carved. Does not contain glass at combs.
90
Fig 137 Balcony doors as seen from
the outside of the altar room/balcony
Fig 136 Open balcony door
from altar room
Fig 139 Timber rod
latched as seen from the
inside of the altar room
Fig 138 Balcony doors as seen from
the inside of the altar room with
latches highlighted in red

7.3.2.3 Doors of wet kitchen
These doors don’t fit well in context in terms
of matreriality and form. The two other main
doors in the house are made of timber and
are ornamented with some carvings or
intricate doorknobs. These doors are present
purely for functional reaons such as access
way to the back, ventillation and natural
lighting. The top portion of the doors can be
opened to achieve those conditions. The
doors are locked every night and the top
portion is closed for added security.
91
Fig 141 Steel doors painted red as seen from the back of the
house
Fig 140 Doors as seen from
the interior

7.3.2 Shutters and Windows
7.3.2.1 Hall
Two vertical timber-frame windows that have vertical cylindrical
timber bars as well as folded shutters for security.
7.3.2.2 Balcony
The balcony windows are
similar in that they are
timber-framed with vertical
timber bars. These are
found in the altar room.
92
Fig 142 Hall
window seen on
inside
Fig 143 Opened up
hall window
Fig 144 The balcony windows seen Fig
145 from inside altar room.
The balcony windows seen from outside

7.3.2.3 Louvred windows
Louvred windows are found at the back of our shophouse
that are on the back wall of the wet kitchen. These are
commonly found at the back of shopouses to allow
maximum ventillation in the wet kichen area. In addition,
since the two long walls of shophouses do not have
openings, it is important to have openings that allow
maximum air flow into and out of the structure at the front
and back walls of the shophouse. This promotes cross-
ventilation.
93
Fig 146 Continuous louvred
windows
Fig 1417 Individual louvred
windows for each cubicle
Fig 148 The back of the shophouse is very
regular and undecorated but clean and well
maintained
Fig 149 As seen on the left, louvred windows are found at the back air-well whereby
natural light enters the vacant room on the first floor

7.3.3 Air Vents
The air-vents are found on the bathroom wall of the dry kitchen area by the air-well. This is
places mainly for utility.
7.3.4 Prefabricated Air Vents
These are usually made of clay or terracotta and were
initially designed in ancient chinese palaces to reduce
wind-load against the surface of the ridge. When the
wind hits the ridge, it hits it with a large force. However
with these cavities, the air can pass through more freely.
They serve also a decorative purpose
94
Fig 150 Air-vents when lights turned off and on on the right
Fig 151 Air-vents when lights turned off and on on the right

7.3.5 Air-wells
7.3.5.1 Main air-well (Exposed skylight)
The air-well is an open skylight that allows for maximum ventillation and
entrance of natural light. The drainage system here ensures that as much as
water as possible travels down the rain-pipes and into the catchment area. The
excess water flows down the zinc roof extensions and into the catchment area.
This is explained in Chapter 6
This feature in shophouses encompasses how well the migrant Chinese adapted
their archetypical homes to the conditons of the local site where rain and sun is
abundant.
7.3.5.1 Back air-well (Covered skylight)
The back air-well is currently covered with a zinc roof to prevent entry of rain
water into the storage space that the air-well has become. however, the roof is
jacked which still ensures ventilation is permitted. The storage area beneath this
air-well os crowded with food products and chemical products which require
large enough air outlets to prevent discomfort in these interiors
95
Fig 152 Main air well as viewed from the center if the gallery
room
Fig 153 Back air-well which is covered with a jacked zinc
roof

7.4 Floors and Staircase
7.4.1 Type of flooring and materiality
96
Concrete flooring with thin
earthen flooring layer and paint
Fig 154 Ground floor and first floor plans with the type of flooring found labeled

7.4.2 Types of staircase found
7.4.2.1 Dog-leg
This type an be found connecting the storage region on the ground floor to the storage room on the
second floor. It has timber balusters that are completely straight and regular , with very little
decoration.
7.4.2.2 Straight
Location of the main stairwell in our building is typical,
parallel to the air well. Because of the proximity to the air
well, the stairwell is well lit. A straight staircase is most
common in shophouses, which is what our building has
next to the main air well.The first four steps are concrete
while the rest are in timber. The balustrade is of vase and
torus-shaped turned timber newel post and balusters . The
underside of the timber portion remains exposed without any
boarding or lining.
97
Fig 155 Back stair-case
near the dry kitchen
Fig 157 Staircase from eye-
level
Side view of stairs
Timber newel
balustrade
Timber newel post
Fig 156 Right :Side elevation of stairs

7.5 Ceiling
7.5.1 Ground Floor
98
Fig 158 The various types of cielings as seen throughout the ground floor as highlighted using the cieling plan of the ground floor

7.5.1.1 Exposed floor boards and joist
Five-foot-way
The five foot way has a cieling that is the structure of the exposed floor structure
of the balcony. The lightweight flooring of the balcony makes easier for the
columns on the ground floor to support the cieling of the five-foot-way.
Main Hall
The only other region on the ground floor that has the floor-system of the
first floor exposed is the main hall whereby concrete beams, timber joists
and floorboards are visible. This is likely the case because the hall needs to
be open and spacious. Columns cannot appear in this area hence the
cieling cannot be difficult or heavy to support. Therefore having exposed
cieling creates a lightweight cieling that requires no extra support.
7.5.1.2 Plasterboard
Throughout the rest of the ground floor, plasterboards are use in the cieling. These have been added later as
part of maintanance. They are of uniform size and are unidirectional throughout the cieling plan
99
Floor-
boards
Floor
joist
Floor-boards Floor joist
Floor-boards
Floor joist
Fig 161 Plasterboards at wet kitchen
Fig 160 Cieling as seen looking up at hall
Fig 159 Cieling as seen looking up at
5-foot-way

7.5.2 First Floor
100
Fig 162 The various cieling types throughout the first floor plan as labelled throughout the first floor cieling plan

7.5.1 Exposed tiles, purlins and rafters
Altar room
The only space in the first floor which has exposed
cieling is the altar room. The high cieling here enables
users to view the underside of the pitch of the roof.
The concrete beans, rafters, purlins and U-shape
Marseille tiles are exposed.
7.5.1 Mugoujia
Balcony ceiling
The balcony cieling is the exposed Tailiang (post and beam) framing system or simply
Mugoujia, which simply refers to traditional timber roofing originated in China. This is
elaborated under Colummns and Beams section in this chapter. The timber frame
contributes to the aesthetics of the balcony as ornamentation is installed systematically on
the posts and beams.
101
U-shape Marseille tiles
Timber purlins
Timber rafters
Concrete
beams
Fig 164 Ceiling of altar-roomFig 163 Section of altar-room ceiling
Fig 165 Cieling of balcony which is exposed Tailiang
framing system

7.6 Columns and beams
7.6.1 Exterior columns
7.6.1.1 Column Heads, Capitals, Brackets and Consoles
Column Heads
The column heads or chi tou are present on the facade columns as seen from first floor
elevations. These are projecting concrete head brackets at the top of the column. These help
direct load of roof on to the columns as it allows the top of the columns to transfer force from
both the beam and the roof to the ground.They have plaster ornamentation of flowers And are
painted blue.
102
Fig 166 Chi tou and capital as seen
facing the first floor facade
Fig 167 Chi tou and capital as seen
looking upwards from ground floor

Capitals
Found on the first floor elevation, there is a Capital (Tuscan order style)
beneath the chi tou, hence a blend of Eastern and European styles known as
eclecticism. The capital is also painted in shades of blue. The blue colour
typically represents heavenly blessings, and it is fitting the use of this colour is
primarily on the top portions of the structure
On the ground floor however, The capital and Astragal (neck ring is the
moulding near the top of the shaft – typically 3″ or 4″ below the capital) of the
column of the ground floor serve a mainly aesthetics purpose as the column
turns into a pilaster in the upper portion. It creates a sense of continuity
between the ground floor elevation with the first floor in an aesthetic
‘wholesome’ manner.
103
Fig 168 Capital and Astragal of the column as seen in the Tuscan order

7.6.1.1 Bressumer Beam
The Bresummer beam allows for the facade to be open whereby there is no load
bearing wall required at the entrace. This allows for the existence of the five foot way.
Forces from the upper floor balcony are transfered into this bresummer beam and
then transversly transferred to the columns. The force then gets transferred down to
the ground.
104
Fig 170 The arrow shows the direction of
forces flowing down the structure and
into the ground with the help of the
transverse bresummer beam
Fig 169 Bresummer beam attached to
astragal of the pseudo-column

7.6.1.2 Granite columns
These are the only two granite columns found throughout the
structure. The five-foot-way which requires a lot of support
requires these rigid, sturgy columns in order to support the
flooring and roofing of the balcony of the first floor. There is
some minimal ornamentation of the column at the base rather
than the top whereby there is a resemblence of an inverted
vase or pyramid.
105
Fig 171 Columns as seen from facade
Fig 172 Top
region of column
Fig 173 Base of
column

7.6.1.3 Concrete columns
Two pairs of concrete columns are found surrounding the main air-well. These
are six-sided with very high shafts. They also have simple capitals as they
reach the ceiling concrete beams.
7.6.1.4 Timber columns
106
Fig 174 Concrete columns surrounding
air-well
Fig 175 Timber columns supporting the
Moguojia framing in the baclony

7.6.4. Balcony timber beams
The Chinese have developed a distinctive wooden framing system to support the roof known as Mugoujia roofs are very heavy. Rather than bringing all the
weight down onto the walls, which is how the triangular truss common in Western construction works, the system developed in China distributes gravitational
forces downward and then out through the wooden frame. The weight-bearing frame provides flexibility for the placement of walls, windows, and doors. This
has been implemented in the Fui Chew Association’s balcony, which follows the Tailing or post-and-beam system.
107
Transverse tie beams
Curved rafters
Bracket
Duogong
Post
Transverse beam
Bracket
Bracket
Duogong
Column
Fig 176 Tailiang system labelled in detail based on section of balcony roofing
Viewing the timber framing system from the front elevation
Fig 177 The timber framing as seen on the right whereby plaster
ornamentation is found installed (as seen in amges on LEFT)

8.0 Ornamentations
8.1 Plaster Ornamentation on Moguojia
8.1.1 Crab
Animal symbolism of the crab deals primarily with elements of water, moon and carries
themes of protection. The crab is featured in the Tarot where a crab is indicated on the
Moon card and enhances the overall symbolism this card represents.
Symbolisms of a crab according to the Chinese:
• Trust
• Protection
• Regeneration
• Transformation
The crab's ambulation is noteworthy. Never taking a direct, forward, or head-on route,
the crab makes its way on land with a sideways tap-dance. This is a reminder that not
all paths are direct and not all ways will be forthcoming in their meaning. When you are
moving in a certain direction, and you feel a bit misguided, call upon the travel-savvy crab. She will guide
you in an unorthodox way - taking lesser known paths of least resistance and bring you to clarity.
109
Fig 178 Crab symbol as seen on the timber framing of
the balcony. The employees have been confused as to its
significance. It is intriguing

8.1.2 Guardian lions
Chinese lions or Foo-Dogs as known in the west are a common motif
found in Chinese architecture. As the king of the forests and of the other
animals, it has long been used as a symbol of power and grandeur. It is
even believed to offer protection from evil spinits. That's why imposing
statues of lions were placed at the gates of imperial palaces, official
residences, temples and tombs. In cense burners and imperial seals were
also often decorated with carved lions
8.1.3 Birds and florals
The presence of magpies in lush florals
represent fertile spring-time. Within the main
fruit a lucky chinese coin is visible inscribed in
it. This is said to be representation of good luck
that blossoms so that it will provide rich yield.
Magpie on the other hand is symbolic for
happiness, healthy desires and high spirits.
110
Fig 179 Guardian lions found in
multiples throughout the timber
framing
Fig 181 Magipie birds on trees with flowers. Fruit with
lucky coin seen in the center
Fig 182 Example of chinese lucky coin
seen within fruit
Fig 180 Guardian lions
found above main
entrance

8.2 Jian Nian on roof eave
These very three-dimensional plaster decorations were also used in ancient temples. This design happens
to be mass produced. This feature is found attached to the overhanging eave of the balcony roof. Primary
colours like Red,yellow, white, blue and green are used. This type of decoration is known as Jian Nian.
111
Fig 183 Poenies and magpies that
symbolize high spirits and energy
Fig 184 Pheonixes, being the largest of winged creatures in Chinese
mythology is a symbol of domineering feminine power. This was used
often one of many emperial motifs

8.3 Use and symbolism of colour
Throughout the theory of ‘fives’ of the five elemental properties, colors have had specific meanings and
associations in Chinese architecture. The spiritual significance of colour is much emphasized in Feng Shui
for a shift in energy with the representation of five elements.
8.3.1 Red
In Feng Shui system of five elements, red is associated with south and summer. It is the
luckiest colour and it represents the colour of joy and celebration. Therefore, red colour is
widely seen in the building to bring good luck. (Vitality, vigor, energy, enthusiasm)
8.3.2 Yellow or Gold
Yellow is said to be one of the most auspicious colour in Chinese architecture. Therefore, it is best
translated as ‘golden’ to give a better idea of its attributes.It is also associated with the element Earth
and the direction of ‘centre’, represent a stabilizing energy, a balanced ying-yang. Wealth
8.3.3 Green
Green is the colour that associated with the element ‘wood’. It is the colour of vegetation and it
symbolizes the Spring and future harvest. Basically it is a propitious colour and the colour of the God
of Literature’s robes. Spring, vigor, longevi
112
Fig 190 Drip tilesFig 189 Green
lining
Fig 188 Gold ornamentation
Fig 185 Red
banner
Fig 186 Brick red
wall
Fig 187 Red paint

8.3.4 Blue
Blue is a symbol of physical and mental healing. Blue is associated with the water
element and in feng shui application, the water element is assigned to the direction of
north. It is also represents heavenly blessings, which is why many of the ornaments in the
top portion of the elevation are painted blue as they are closer to the ‘heavens’ or sky
8.3.5 White
White is actually the absence of
colour rather than a true colour. In the
feng shui system, it is associated with
the direction west, and autumn in the
theory of five elements. It mainly
expresses purity and is found a long
with blue.
The plain white paint used throughout
the five-foot-way as it contrasts the
rich colours of the first floor creates a
pleasant aesthetic balance.
113
Fig 191 Chi Tou and
capital
Fig 194 Paint near
Jian Nian where white
trims the blue to make
it resemble clouds.
Fig 192 Sign above
entrance
Fig 193 The white paint in the ground floor contrasts the rich use of colour on the
top floor

8.4 Altar
The altar is placed at the first floor dedicated to lord Guan Ti. The Lord Guan Ti was
usually worshipped by the early Hakka immigrants and revered by many Chinese
ethnic clan associations including Fui Chew Association for the blessing of unity and
harmony, for the perpetuation of the values of loyalty, righteousness and the enduring
fellowship.General Guan Yu was worshipped as the God of War and is referred to as
Guan Ti, short for his Taoist title “Saintly Emperor Guan”
In the novel Romance of the Three Kingdoms, Guan
Ping was said to have been adopted by Guan Yu
when he was seventeen, as his true father requested
to have him follow and assist the renowned general.
Meanwhile, Zhou Cang became a staple character at
Guan Yu’s side and he was responsible to carry his Green Sabre.
114
Fig 195 Guan Ping, along with Zhou Cang would often appeared
at the sides of Guan Ti. From the photo attached, Guan Ping's
face is traditionally painted white which is a stark contrast to
Zhou Cang’s coal black complexion, while Guan Yu's tends to be
shades of red.
Fig 197 Motifs of deers,
magpies and flora are
seen on the altar table
which represents high
spirits
Fig 198 Motifs based on
traditional stories seen carved
on the altar table
Fig 196 High ceiling
appropriate for grand tall
altar that provide sense of
importance and the heavens

8.5 Doorknob
The doorknobs found on the main entrance door are the original ones. There are found in a pair
and have ekaborate centric designs that give the already majestic doorway a sense of grandness
and formality. They are made of metal and have a ring that can be used to knock from the outside
8.6 Corbels
Corbels in shophouses are typically made of concrete and are found beneath the bresummer
beams but the timber corbels found at the five foot way are made of timber. They do not serve
a structural purpose as much as they do a decorative purpose. They seem too support the
ceiling joist
8.7 Maze
The symbol of the labyrinth or maze is an auspicious sign of good luck and a long fulfilled life. The
maze is not a series of random lines but it is actually derived from a chinese characters that have
been stylized
115
Fig 199 Door knob as viewed from side and front
Fig 200 Timber corbels found at five foot way
Fig 201 Maze found on first floor
columns

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