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Adapting Water Management Practice
   to the Double Exposure of Climate
       Change and Globalization:
System of Rice Intensification in Taiwan


Y.C. Chang, R.S. Chen , K.H. Lin , Y.C. Cheng , J.I. Hu ,
Eiji Yamaji , Kunihiko Yoshino , Eikichi Shima ,
Hiroyuki Fujisaki , Masaya Ishikawa                         1
PAWEES Conference: 2011-10-27
List of content

• Introduction…………………………...…..…3

• Methods and Materials………..................…14

• Results and Discussions ………………..….17

• Conclusions and Suggestions………………25


                                              2
The food crisis resulting from the double exposure
Climate change and economic globalization, occurring simultaneously, will
result in new sets of winners and losers.
                                      • Climate change is a “risk multiplier”.
Ex.                                   • Yield becomes unstable result from
                                      rainfall and temperature variability
•BRICs+G : Brazil, Russia, India,
                                      • High chemical material inputs result in
China, South Africa and Germany
                                      soil deterioration.
•PIIGS : Portugal, Ireland, Italy,
                                      •Profitability is being squeezed by costs
Greece and Spain
                                      •Small farmers leave agriculture

                            • Food chain stores control the food market and
                            decide where to buy and when & whom to sell .
      •The food crisis      • More GMOs are created to fit the chemical
      2010~2011.            agro-environment.
                            • If the risk of climate change happens to the
                            winners, no one can buy cheap food from the
                                                                           3
                            global market any more.
The food crisis resulting from the double exposure


• The trend of agriculture activity is decreasing in most of the developed
countries. The export of agriculture products from developing and
underdeveloped countries will play an important role in the international
food market .

• Those countries are asked to produce more food for the global
population through using chemical material inputs instead of using
traditional biodynamic methods.

• From the global economic perspective, if we can support the system of
agriculture intensification in local areas by sharing the experience of
biodynamic agriculture, then we can get a stable food supply from the
international food market which can avoid the upcoming food crisis. 4
Decline of rice harvested area in Taiwan

                           900000          rice area                                                                       6000
                                                                                                 Climate change
                           800000          rice yield
                                                                                                                           5000
rice harvested area (ha)




                           700000




                                                                                                                                   rice yield (kg/ha)
                           600000                                                                                          4000
                           500000
                                                                                         Economic Globalization 3000
                           400000

                           300000                                                                                          2000
                           200000                                                      Urbanization
                                                                                                                           1000
                           100000
                               0                                                                                           0
                                    1900 1915 1930 1940 1946 1961 1973 1982 1985 1988 1991 1994 1997 2000 2003 2006 2009


                                                  End of WWII              year            WTO
                                                                                                                               5
Rice self-sufficiency rate in Taiwan
                  Year                                             2000              2001
  Before WTO
                  Export (tons)                                157076.9        196979.5
                  Import (tons)                                  7698.7          7403.4
                  Produce (tons)                                1540122        1396274
                  Domestic consumption (tons)                1451495.75        1390091
                  Self-sufficiency rate (%)                       106.1              100.4
                  Rice harvested area (ha)                       339949         332183
 After WTO        Rice consumption (kg/year/person)                52.7               50.1
     2002       2003         2004       2005       2006         2007         2008            2009
 121883.7     69700.0     75700.1    40100.0     47300.0      53591.0      66100.0       8362.9
 122571.7    173898.9    201941.1    83957.5    133450.4     161636.9     121970.8     103279.1
  1460670    1338287     1164580     1187596    1261803      1098268      1178178       1276534
  1332258    1329189     1322366     1329808    1315904      1304483      1315863       1317912
    109.6       100.7        88.1        89.3         95.9       84.2         89.5           96.9
   307037     272128      237351      269120     263194       260159       252321        255415
     50.0        49.1        48.6        48.6         48.0       47.5         48.0           48.16
              21.5 persons/ rice farmer = 26 persons/ rice farmer
Rice yield in the world
                               45                                                                                                                                                                          12
                                                          area harvested
  Rice Harvest Area (106 ha)




                               40
                                                          average country yield(1999-2009)                                                                                                                 10




                                                                                                                                                                                                                Average Yield (t/ha)
                               35                         world average yield(for 158 million ha)
                               30                                                                                                                                                                          8
                               25
                                                                                                                                                                                                           6
                               20
                               15                                                                                                                                                                          4
                               10
                                                                                                                                                                                                           2
                                5
                                0                                                                                                                                                                          0
                                                                           Viet Nam

                                                                                      Philippines

                                                                                                    Cambodia




                                                                                                                                          Republic of Korea
                                            China




                                                                                                                                                                                 EU
                                                                Thailand
                                    India




                                                                                                                                                                      Malaysia
                                                                                                                                                              Egypt




                                                                                                                                                                                      Taiwan

                                                                                                                                                                                               Australia
                                                    Indonesia




                                                                                                               Japan



                                                                                                                                    USA
                                                                                                                       Madagascar




                                                       Country
About 74% of rice area is located in below-average areas. If they can increase their7yield
up to the world average, then the world’s rice production can increase about 17%.
Classification of rice environment



                 Lowland rice (paddy rice)
    Items                                       Upland         Flood-prone
                 Irrigated      Rainfed
                                              Asia, Africa,     South and
Region          East Asia       World                         Southeast Asia
                                             Latin America
Area (ha)      79,000,000 54,000,000          14,000,000       11,000,000
Percentage (%)     55          34                  9                2
Average yield             Depending on
                   3-9     the rainfall           1.3              1.5
(ton/ha)


                                                                         8
Rice yield responses to water availability and soil condition
                                                      In theory




                                                            9
Different water management practices in growth period

Farmer and IA
Theory



Saving labor
Low yield




High yield
 High labor
                                                             10
        Rooting   Tillering   Panicle Formation   Ripening
Two technologies of increasing rice production

 System of Rice Intensification      Deepwater Management Practice
   Fr. Henri de Laulanie,S.J.                Kiyochika S.
       1983, Madagascar                       1994, Japan

                       Reasonable water management
                        (Best management practice)

   Shallow water management                 Deepwater management

      Low density seedling                     High density seedling
                              Normal density
Plowing the soil by weeder                          Weed control by deep
   during growth period                                   ponding
                       Chemical pesticides and fertilizer
                                                                       11
          Plant density vs. irrigation depth of intermittence
Benefits of SRI

1. Increased yield (50-100% or more),
2. Reduction in seed requirements (up to 90%)
3. Water savings (50% or more).
4. Many SRI users report a reduction in pests, diseases, grain
   shattering during milling, unfilled grains, and lodging.
5. As a climate-smart agricultural methodology, additional
   environmental benefits stem from the reduction of
   agricultural chemicals, less water use, and lowering
   methane emissions that contribute to global warming.
6. SRI does not require the use of new varieties or the
   application of chemical inputs, although farmers can opt to
   use them. A good example of "open-source agriculture" as
   SRI methods are adapted by the farmers to fit their needs.

Environmentally-Friendly Rice Production                   12
Benefits of the Deepwater Management Practice

1. For better rice yield:
(1) Ineffective tillering can be controlled
(2) Water temperature can stabilize the growth environment
(3) Plant stems can be protected from wind blowing
(4) Weeds can be controlled
(5) Green manure can be increased
2. For management practices:
(1) Labor for water management can be decreased
(2) Labor for weed control can be decreased
(3) Irrigation period can be extended during drought season
3. For ecosystem:
(1) Adjustment of microclimate
(2) Supplement of groundwater
(3) Diversity of aquatic ecosystem                          13
Methods and Materials


                                   ID
                   High
                          Low
  IS                                Single
                         Single          Low
                                  High


 Single
          Conventional
High       approach

   Low

                                               14
Methods and Materials
  •Management Practice
                                   SRI Trials                     Conventional Trials
  Description
                                  SRI (single)          DMP (low density)    DMP (high density)
Transplanting method                Manual                Mechanized             Mechanized
Seedling
a. Days after seeding (day)            10                        12                         12
b. Number of leaves (no.)             2- 4                      3- 5                       3- 5
c. Height of seedling (cm)            7- 11                     8- 13                     8- 13
d. Depth of seedling (cm)              3.5                       3.5                       3.5
Number of seedlings (no.)               1                         3                         5
Spacing
a. Row (cm)                          25                        30                        30
b. Line (cm)                         25                        24                        18
c. Density (no./m2)                16.00                     41.67                     92.59
Weed frequency (times)              2~4                       2~4                       2~4
Fertilizer                        chemical                  chemical                  chemical
Water management               FP    SII   DII           FP   SII    DII           FP    SII   DII
                                                                                               15
FP: Farmer WM practice; SII: Shallow intermittent irrigation; DII: Deepwater intermittent irrigation
Methods and Materials
  •Water Management Practice




‘Reasonable’ means farmer water     16
mgmt practice based on experience
Results and Discussions               The deepwater management maybe
                                         not be suitable to deficit situation
      •Water budget
                                Deepwater         Farmer Water        Shallow
           Item
                               Intermittence      Mgmt Practice     Intermittence
   Growth period (days)            145                145               145
 Field requirement (mm)           2471               1934               758
       Runoff (mm)                  0                  0                 0
  Effective rainfall (mm)         95.2                95.2             95.2
Irrigation water need (mm)        2376               1839               663
Irrigation frequency (times)        24                 27                14

Low frequency means the labor can be decreased with shallow management.
                                                                   17
The question is: what caused this decrease in the same soil type?
Results and Discussions               The shallow intermittence maybe not
                                         be suitable to rainy season
      •Water budget
                                Deepwater         Farmer Water       Shallow
           Item
                               Intermittence     Mgmt Practice     Intermittence
   Growth period (days)            110                110              119
 Field requirement (mm)           1261               1055              587
       Runoff (mm)                  0                  0                0
  Effective rainfall (mm)          528                589              381
Irrigation water need (mm)         733                466              206
Irrigation frequency (times)        9                 13                8

Low frequency means the labor can be decreased with shallow management.
                                                                   18
The question is: what caused this decrease in the same soil type?
Results and Discussions
   •Yield attributes
                            Deepwater            Farmer Water              Shallow
Character
                           Intermittence         Mgmt Practice          Intermittence
Seedling hill-1          1    3    >5    1             3  >5          1       3      >5
Weight of 1 liter       520 600 520 527               540 513        487     553     573
No. of filled grains
panicle-1
                       123.3 78.5 84.2 124.7         90.9 95.4 120.3 130.2 92.5
1000 grain weight (g) 22.5 18.8 23.1 22.1            20.1 20.4 24.1 21.4 23.2
No. of panicles hill-1  14.6 25 22.2 20              30.6 25 18.6 28.4 26.4
Grain yield (kg ha-1) 4187 5663 4060 7827            6070 4230 4532 8446 5075
The highest weight of 1 liter appeared in the low density in different water regimes.
The highest number of filled grains per panicle generally appeared with single seedling.
The highest 1000 grain weight also appeared with the single seedling.
The highest number of panicles per hill appeared with low density in all water regimes.
The highest grain yield almost appeared in the low density in different water regime.19
Results and Discussions
•Plant characteristics




Shallow    FP    Deepwater   Shallow     FP    Deepwater   Shallow       FP    Deepwater
 5075     4230     4060       8446      6070     5663       4532        7827     4187




    High density                   Low density                       Single plants
     4455 ±544                        6726                           5515 ±2009
                                      ±1503                                          20
                               The range of yield (70%)
Results and Discussions
•Plant characteristics




    High D   Low D Single   High D   Low D   Single   High D    Low D   Single
    4230     6070  7827     5075     8446    4532     4060      5663    4187




            FP                         Shallow                 Deepwater
        6042 ±1799                   6018 ±2121                4637 ±891
                                                                           21
 The range of yield (70%)
Results and Discussions                  Leveling level isn’t enough
                                            for the single one
   •Yield attributes
                        Deepwater           Farmer Water             Shallow
Character
                       Intermittence        Mgmt Practice          Intermittence
Seedling hill-1          1    3    5     1       3   5          1          3          5
Weight of 1 liter       520 600 520 527         540 513        487        553        573
No. of filled grains
panicle-1
                       123.3 78.5 84.2 124.7    90.9 95.4 120.3 130.2 92.5
1000 grain weight (g) 22.5 18.8 23.1 22.1      20.1 20.4 24.1 21.4 23.2
No. of panicles hill-1  14.6 25 22.2 20        30.6 25 18.6 28.4 26.4
Grain yield (kg ha-1) 4187 5663 4060 7827      6070 4230 4532 8446 5075


                             DMP                BMP                  SRI
                       Second crop season                First crop season      22
Results and Discussions
    •Production Costs
               3
                                          Single
              2.5                         Low density
                                          High density
               2
COST (t/ha)




                                           Single > High density > Low density
              1.5
                    High density > Low density > Single
               1

              0.5             Single > High density = Low density

               0
                                                                          23
                         Materials           Labor            Account
Results and Discussions
     •Production Costs
                3
                                            Single       Low density      High density

               2.5


                2
 Cost (t/ha)




               1.5      Develop the single
                        seedling of rice
                                          Encourage farmers to
                1       transplanter
                                          use mechanized weeder
               0.5

Precision of land preparation
                0
                     Preparation Transplanting   Pesticide   Fertilizer   Harvest        Total
                                                                                                 24
Results and Discussions                            •Productivity

                   4.00                          single (ID)         low density (ID)    high density (ID)
                                                 single (RMP)        low density (RMP)   high density (RMP)
                                                 single (IS)         low density (IS)    high density (IS)
                   3.50

                   3.00
Productivity (%)




                   2.50
                                  Shallow irrigation is better than other practices under all spacing
                                  Low density is better than others under intermittent irrigation
                   2.00
                                  Single is better than others under farmer water management
                                  High density is worse than others under all water regimes
                   1.50

                   1.00

                   0.50

                   0.00
                          labor(ton/hr/person)     captial(kg/kg)     water(kg/ton)      land(10 ton/ha) 25
Conclusions and Suggestions

    For rice yield
       •Low density is better than others.
       •Shallow intermittence is better than others.

    For production cost
       •Single is still higher than others at the present
       stage.

    For productivity
       •Low density with shallow intermittence is
       better than others.
                                                            26
Conclusions and Suggestions


  •For SRI, the increase of yield is mainly achieved by
  maintaining good redox of root zone.
  •For DMP, the increase of yield is mainly achieved by
  controlling the ineffective tillering.
  •For SRI , shallow water can reduce irrigation water by
  shallow intermittence which is suitable for the deficit
  situation
  •For DMP, deepwater can increase the effective rainfall
  and serves as a detention during rainy season.

                                                       27
Conclusions and Suggestions


   •The alternative practice of decreasing pesticide and
   chemical fertilizer is still need to be introduced.
   •The intermittent irrigation can reduce the inefficient
   application of pesticide and chemical fertilizer
   •In SRI, keeping wide seedling space is helpful for
   using the mechanized weeder.
   •In DMP, keeping high water level is helpful for
   weed control.
   •Low density is acceptable in present.

                                                         28
Conclusions and Suggestions



At the present stage of SRI in Taiwan
We hope we can find a suitable water management
practice to stimulate the potential of rice yield
through the health soil management which can
reduce the application of pesticide and chemical
fertilizer with high water storage capacity and
water productivity.
                                               29
Thanks for your attention   30

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Adapting Water Management Practice to the Double Exposure of Climate Change and Globalization: System of Rice Intensification in Taiwan

  • 1. Adapting Water Management Practice to the Double Exposure of Climate Change and Globalization: System of Rice Intensification in Taiwan Y.C. Chang, R.S. Chen , K.H. Lin , Y.C. Cheng , J.I. Hu , Eiji Yamaji , Kunihiko Yoshino , Eikichi Shima , Hiroyuki Fujisaki , Masaya Ishikawa 1 PAWEES Conference: 2011-10-27
  • 2. List of content • Introduction…………………………...…..…3 • Methods and Materials………..................…14 • Results and Discussions ………………..….17 • Conclusions and Suggestions………………25 2
  • 3. The food crisis resulting from the double exposure Climate change and economic globalization, occurring simultaneously, will result in new sets of winners and losers. • Climate change is a “risk multiplier”. Ex. • Yield becomes unstable result from rainfall and temperature variability •BRICs+G : Brazil, Russia, India, • High chemical material inputs result in China, South Africa and Germany soil deterioration. •PIIGS : Portugal, Ireland, Italy, •Profitability is being squeezed by costs Greece and Spain •Small farmers leave agriculture • Food chain stores control the food market and decide where to buy and when & whom to sell . •The food crisis • More GMOs are created to fit the chemical 2010~2011. agro-environment. • If the risk of climate change happens to the winners, no one can buy cheap food from the 3 global market any more.
  • 4. The food crisis resulting from the double exposure • The trend of agriculture activity is decreasing in most of the developed countries. The export of agriculture products from developing and underdeveloped countries will play an important role in the international food market . • Those countries are asked to produce more food for the global population through using chemical material inputs instead of using traditional biodynamic methods. • From the global economic perspective, if we can support the system of agriculture intensification in local areas by sharing the experience of biodynamic agriculture, then we can get a stable food supply from the international food market which can avoid the upcoming food crisis. 4
  • 5. Decline of rice harvested area in Taiwan 900000 rice area 6000 Climate change 800000 rice yield 5000 rice harvested area (ha) 700000 rice yield (kg/ha) 600000 4000 500000 Economic Globalization 3000 400000 300000 2000 200000 Urbanization 1000 100000 0 0 1900 1915 1930 1940 1946 1961 1973 1982 1985 1988 1991 1994 1997 2000 2003 2006 2009 End of WWII year WTO 5
  • 6. Rice self-sufficiency rate in Taiwan Year 2000 2001 Before WTO Export (tons) 157076.9 196979.5 Import (tons) 7698.7 7403.4 Produce (tons) 1540122 1396274 Domestic consumption (tons) 1451495.75 1390091 Self-sufficiency rate (%) 106.1 100.4 Rice harvested area (ha) 339949 332183 After WTO Rice consumption (kg/year/person) 52.7 50.1 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 121883.7 69700.0 75700.1 40100.0 47300.0 53591.0 66100.0 8362.9 122571.7 173898.9 201941.1 83957.5 133450.4 161636.9 121970.8 103279.1 1460670 1338287 1164580 1187596 1261803 1098268 1178178 1276534 1332258 1329189 1322366 1329808 1315904 1304483 1315863 1317912 109.6 100.7 88.1 89.3 95.9 84.2 89.5 96.9 307037 272128 237351 269120 263194 260159 252321 255415 50.0 49.1 48.6 48.6 48.0 47.5 48.0 48.16 21.5 persons/ rice farmer = 26 persons/ rice farmer
  • 7. Rice yield in the world 45 12 area harvested Rice Harvest Area (106 ha) 40 average country yield(1999-2009) 10 Average Yield (t/ha) 35 world average yield(for 158 million ha) 30 8 25 6 20 15 4 10 2 5 0 0 Viet Nam Philippines Cambodia Republic of Korea China EU Thailand India Malaysia Egypt Taiwan Australia Indonesia Japan USA Madagascar Country About 74% of rice area is located in below-average areas. If they can increase their7yield up to the world average, then the world’s rice production can increase about 17%.
  • 8. Classification of rice environment Lowland rice (paddy rice) Items Upland Flood-prone Irrigated Rainfed Asia, Africa, South and Region East Asia World Southeast Asia Latin America Area (ha) 79,000,000 54,000,000 14,000,000 11,000,000 Percentage (%) 55 34 9 2 Average yield Depending on 3-9 the rainfall 1.3 1.5 (ton/ha) 8
  • 9. Rice yield responses to water availability and soil condition In theory 9
  • 10. Different water management practices in growth period Farmer and IA Theory Saving labor Low yield High yield High labor 10 Rooting Tillering Panicle Formation Ripening
  • 11. Two technologies of increasing rice production System of Rice Intensification Deepwater Management Practice Fr. Henri de Laulanie,S.J. Kiyochika S. 1983, Madagascar 1994, Japan Reasonable water management (Best management practice) Shallow water management Deepwater management Low density seedling High density seedling Normal density Plowing the soil by weeder Weed control by deep during growth period ponding Chemical pesticides and fertilizer 11 Plant density vs. irrigation depth of intermittence
  • 12. Benefits of SRI 1. Increased yield (50-100% or more), 2. Reduction in seed requirements (up to 90%) 3. Water savings (50% or more). 4. Many SRI users report a reduction in pests, diseases, grain shattering during milling, unfilled grains, and lodging. 5. As a climate-smart agricultural methodology, additional environmental benefits stem from the reduction of agricultural chemicals, less water use, and lowering methane emissions that contribute to global warming. 6. SRI does not require the use of new varieties or the application of chemical inputs, although farmers can opt to use them. A good example of "open-source agriculture" as SRI methods are adapted by the farmers to fit their needs. Environmentally-Friendly Rice Production 12
  • 13. Benefits of the Deepwater Management Practice 1. For better rice yield: (1) Ineffective tillering can be controlled (2) Water temperature can stabilize the growth environment (3) Plant stems can be protected from wind blowing (4) Weeds can be controlled (5) Green manure can be increased 2. For management practices: (1) Labor for water management can be decreased (2) Labor for weed control can be decreased (3) Irrigation period can be extended during drought season 3. For ecosystem: (1) Adjustment of microclimate (2) Supplement of groundwater (3) Diversity of aquatic ecosystem 13
  • 14. Methods and Materials ID High Low IS Single Single Low High Single Conventional High approach Low 14
  • 15. Methods and Materials •Management Practice SRI Trials Conventional Trials Description SRI (single) DMP (low density) DMP (high density) Transplanting method Manual Mechanized Mechanized Seedling a. Days after seeding (day) 10 12 12 b. Number of leaves (no.) 2- 4 3- 5 3- 5 c. Height of seedling (cm) 7- 11 8- 13 8- 13 d. Depth of seedling (cm) 3.5 3.5 3.5 Number of seedlings (no.) 1 3 5 Spacing a. Row (cm) 25 30 30 b. Line (cm) 25 24 18 c. Density (no./m2) 16.00 41.67 92.59 Weed frequency (times) 2~4 2~4 2~4 Fertilizer chemical chemical chemical Water management FP SII DII FP SII DII FP SII DII 15 FP: Farmer WM practice; SII: Shallow intermittent irrigation; DII: Deepwater intermittent irrigation
  • 16. Methods and Materials •Water Management Practice ‘Reasonable’ means farmer water 16 mgmt practice based on experience
  • 17. Results and Discussions The deepwater management maybe not be suitable to deficit situation •Water budget Deepwater Farmer Water Shallow Item Intermittence Mgmt Practice Intermittence Growth period (days) 145 145 145 Field requirement (mm) 2471 1934 758 Runoff (mm) 0 0 0 Effective rainfall (mm) 95.2 95.2 95.2 Irrigation water need (mm) 2376 1839 663 Irrigation frequency (times) 24 27 14 Low frequency means the labor can be decreased with shallow management. 17 The question is: what caused this decrease in the same soil type?
  • 18. Results and Discussions The shallow intermittence maybe not be suitable to rainy season •Water budget Deepwater Farmer Water Shallow Item Intermittence Mgmt Practice Intermittence Growth period (days) 110 110 119 Field requirement (mm) 1261 1055 587 Runoff (mm) 0 0 0 Effective rainfall (mm) 528 589 381 Irrigation water need (mm) 733 466 206 Irrigation frequency (times) 9 13 8 Low frequency means the labor can be decreased with shallow management. 18 The question is: what caused this decrease in the same soil type?
  • 19. Results and Discussions •Yield attributes Deepwater Farmer Water Shallow Character Intermittence Mgmt Practice Intermittence Seedling hill-1 1 3 >5 1 3 >5 1 3 >5 Weight of 1 liter 520 600 520 527 540 513 487 553 573 No. of filled grains panicle-1 123.3 78.5 84.2 124.7 90.9 95.4 120.3 130.2 92.5 1000 grain weight (g) 22.5 18.8 23.1 22.1 20.1 20.4 24.1 21.4 23.2 No. of panicles hill-1 14.6 25 22.2 20 30.6 25 18.6 28.4 26.4 Grain yield (kg ha-1) 4187 5663 4060 7827 6070 4230 4532 8446 5075 The highest weight of 1 liter appeared in the low density in different water regimes. The highest number of filled grains per panicle generally appeared with single seedling. The highest 1000 grain weight also appeared with the single seedling. The highest number of panicles per hill appeared with low density in all water regimes. The highest grain yield almost appeared in the low density in different water regime.19
  • 20. Results and Discussions •Plant characteristics Shallow FP Deepwater Shallow FP Deepwater Shallow FP Deepwater 5075 4230 4060 8446 6070 5663 4532 7827 4187 High density Low density Single plants 4455 ±544 6726 5515 ±2009 ±1503 20 The range of yield (70%)
  • 21. Results and Discussions •Plant characteristics High D Low D Single High D Low D Single High D Low D Single 4230 6070 7827 5075 8446 4532 4060 5663 4187 FP Shallow Deepwater 6042 ±1799 6018 ±2121 4637 ±891 21 The range of yield (70%)
  • 22. Results and Discussions Leveling level isn’t enough for the single one •Yield attributes Deepwater Farmer Water Shallow Character Intermittence Mgmt Practice Intermittence Seedling hill-1 1 3 5 1 3 5 1 3 5 Weight of 1 liter 520 600 520 527 540 513 487 553 573 No. of filled grains panicle-1 123.3 78.5 84.2 124.7 90.9 95.4 120.3 130.2 92.5 1000 grain weight (g) 22.5 18.8 23.1 22.1 20.1 20.4 24.1 21.4 23.2 No. of panicles hill-1 14.6 25 22.2 20 30.6 25 18.6 28.4 26.4 Grain yield (kg ha-1) 4187 5663 4060 7827 6070 4230 4532 8446 5075 DMP BMP SRI Second crop season First crop season 22
  • 23. Results and Discussions •Production Costs 3 Single 2.5 Low density High density 2 COST (t/ha) Single > High density > Low density 1.5 High density > Low density > Single 1 0.5 Single > High density = Low density 0 23 Materials Labor Account
  • 24. Results and Discussions •Production Costs 3 Single Low density High density 2.5 2 Cost (t/ha) 1.5 Develop the single seedling of rice Encourage farmers to 1 transplanter use mechanized weeder 0.5 Precision of land preparation 0 Preparation Transplanting Pesticide Fertilizer Harvest Total 24
  • 25. Results and Discussions •Productivity 4.00 single (ID) low density (ID) high density (ID) single (RMP) low density (RMP) high density (RMP) single (IS) low density (IS) high density (IS) 3.50 3.00 Productivity (%) 2.50 Shallow irrigation is better than other practices under all spacing Low density is better than others under intermittent irrigation 2.00 Single is better than others under farmer water management High density is worse than others under all water regimes 1.50 1.00 0.50 0.00 labor(ton/hr/person) captial(kg/kg) water(kg/ton) land(10 ton/ha) 25
  • 26. Conclusions and Suggestions For rice yield •Low density is better than others. •Shallow intermittence is better than others. For production cost •Single is still higher than others at the present stage. For productivity •Low density with shallow intermittence is better than others. 26
  • 27. Conclusions and Suggestions •For SRI, the increase of yield is mainly achieved by maintaining good redox of root zone. •For DMP, the increase of yield is mainly achieved by controlling the ineffective tillering. •For SRI , shallow water can reduce irrigation water by shallow intermittence which is suitable for the deficit situation •For DMP, deepwater can increase the effective rainfall and serves as a detention during rainy season. 27
  • 28. Conclusions and Suggestions •The alternative practice of decreasing pesticide and chemical fertilizer is still need to be introduced. •The intermittent irrigation can reduce the inefficient application of pesticide and chemical fertilizer •In SRI, keeping wide seedling space is helpful for using the mechanized weeder. •In DMP, keeping high water level is helpful for weed control. •Low density is acceptable in present. 28
  • 29. Conclusions and Suggestions At the present stage of SRI in Taiwan We hope we can find a suitable water management practice to stimulate the potential of rice yield through the health soil management which can reduce the application of pesticide and chemical fertilizer with high water storage capacity and water productivity. 29
  • 30. Thanks for your attention 30