EMERGING TRENDS and SCENARIOS for AFRICAN AGRICULTURERUFORUM
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Adapting Water Management Practice to the Double Exposure of Climate Change and Globalization: System of Rice Intensification in Taiwan
1. Adapting Water Management Practice
to the Double Exposure of Climate
Change and Globalization:
System of Rice Intensification in Taiwan
Y.C. Chang, R.S. Chen , K.H. Lin , Y.C. Cheng , J.I. Hu ,
Eiji Yamaji , Kunihiko Yoshino , Eikichi Shima ,
Hiroyuki Fujisaki , Masaya Ishikawa 1
PAWEES Conference: 2011-10-27
2. List of content
• Introduction…………………………...…..…3
• Methods and Materials………..................…14
• Results and Discussions ………………..….17
• Conclusions and Suggestions………………25
2
3. The food crisis resulting from the double exposure
Climate change and economic globalization, occurring simultaneously, will
result in new sets of winners and losers.
• Climate change is a “risk multiplier”.
Ex. • Yield becomes unstable result from
rainfall and temperature variability
•BRICs+G : Brazil, Russia, India,
• High chemical material inputs result in
China, South Africa and Germany
soil deterioration.
•PIIGS : Portugal, Ireland, Italy,
•Profitability is being squeezed by costs
Greece and Spain
•Small farmers leave agriculture
• Food chain stores control the food market and
decide where to buy and when & whom to sell .
•The food crisis • More GMOs are created to fit the chemical
2010~2011. agro-environment.
• If the risk of climate change happens to the
winners, no one can buy cheap food from the
3
global market any more.
4. The food crisis resulting from the double exposure
• The trend of agriculture activity is decreasing in most of the developed
countries. The export of agriculture products from developing and
underdeveloped countries will play an important role in the international
food market .
• Those countries are asked to produce more food for the global
population through using chemical material inputs instead of using
traditional biodynamic methods.
• From the global economic perspective, if we can support the system of
agriculture intensification in local areas by sharing the experience of
biodynamic agriculture, then we can get a stable food supply from the
international food market which can avoid the upcoming food crisis. 4
5. Decline of rice harvested area in Taiwan
900000 rice area 6000
Climate change
800000 rice yield
5000
rice harvested area (ha)
700000
rice yield (kg/ha)
600000 4000
500000
Economic Globalization 3000
400000
300000 2000
200000 Urbanization
1000
100000
0 0
1900 1915 1930 1940 1946 1961 1973 1982 1985 1988 1991 1994 1997 2000 2003 2006 2009
End of WWII year WTO
5
7. Rice yield in the world
45 12
area harvested
Rice Harvest Area (106 ha)
40
average country yield(1999-2009) 10
Average Yield (t/ha)
35 world average yield(for 158 million ha)
30 8
25
6
20
15 4
10
2
5
0 0
Viet Nam
Philippines
Cambodia
Republic of Korea
China
EU
Thailand
India
Malaysia
Egypt
Taiwan
Australia
Indonesia
Japan
USA
Madagascar
Country
About 74% of rice area is located in below-average areas. If they can increase their7yield
up to the world average, then the world’s rice production can increase about 17%.
8. Classification of rice environment
Lowland rice (paddy rice)
Items Upland Flood-prone
Irrigated Rainfed
Asia, Africa, South and
Region East Asia World Southeast Asia
Latin America
Area (ha) 79,000,000 54,000,000 14,000,000 11,000,000
Percentage (%) 55 34 9 2
Average yield Depending on
3-9 the rainfall 1.3 1.5
(ton/ha)
8
10. Different water management practices in growth period
Farmer and IA
Theory
Saving labor
Low yield
High yield
High labor
10
Rooting Tillering Panicle Formation Ripening
11. Two technologies of increasing rice production
System of Rice Intensification Deepwater Management Practice
Fr. Henri de Laulanie,S.J. Kiyochika S.
1983, Madagascar 1994, Japan
Reasonable water management
(Best management practice)
Shallow water management Deepwater management
Low density seedling High density seedling
Normal density
Plowing the soil by weeder Weed control by deep
during growth period ponding
Chemical pesticides and fertilizer
11
Plant density vs. irrigation depth of intermittence
12. Benefits of SRI
1. Increased yield (50-100% or more),
2. Reduction in seed requirements (up to 90%)
3. Water savings (50% or more).
4. Many SRI users report a reduction in pests, diseases, grain
shattering during milling, unfilled grains, and lodging.
5. As a climate-smart agricultural methodology, additional
environmental benefits stem from the reduction of
agricultural chemicals, less water use, and lowering
methane emissions that contribute to global warming.
6. SRI does not require the use of new varieties or the
application of chemical inputs, although farmers can opt to
use them. A good example of "open-source agriculture" as
SRI methods are adapted by the farmers to fit their needs.
Environmentally-Friendly Rice Production 12
13. Benefits of the Deepwater Management Practice
1. For better rice yield:
(1) Ineffective tillering can be controlled
(2) Water temperature can stabilize the growth environment
(3) Plant stems can be protected from wind blowing
(4) Weeds can be controlled
(5) Green manure can be increased
2. For management practices:
(1) Labor for water management can be decreased
(2) Labor for weed control can be decreased
(3) Irrigation period can be extended during drought season
3. For ecosystem:
(1) Adjustment of microclimate
(2) Supplement of groundwater
(3) Diversity of aquatic ecosystem 13
14. Methods and Materials
ID
High
Low
IS Single
Single Low
High
Single
Conventional
High approach
Low
14
15. Methods and Materials
•Management Practice
SRI Trials Conventional Trials
Description
SRI (single) DMP (low density) DMP (high density)
Transplanting method Manual Mechanized Mechanized
Seedling
a. Days after seeding (day) 10 12 12
b. Number of leaves (no.) 2- 4 3- 5 3- 5
c. Height of seedling (cm) 7- 11 8- 13 8- 13
d. Depth of seedling (cm) 3.5 3.5 3.5
Number of seedlings (no.) 1 3 5
Spacing
a. Row (cm) 25 30 30
b. Line (cm) 25 24 18
c. Density (no./m2) 16.00 41.67 92.59
Weed frequency (times) 2~4 2~4 2~4
Fertilizer chemical chemical chemical
Water management FP SII DII FP SII DII FP SII DII
15
FP: Farmer WM practice; SII: Shallow intermittent irrigation; DII: Deepwater intermittent irrigation
16. Methods and Materials
•Water Management Practice
‘Reasonable’ means farmer water 16
mgmt practice based on experience
17. Results and Discussions The deepwater management maybe
not be suitable to deficit situation
•Water budget
Deepwater Farmer Water Shallow
Item
Intermittence Mgmt Practice Intermittence
Growth period (days) 145 145 145
Field requirement (mm) 2471 1934 758
Runoff (mm) 0 0 0
Effective rainfall (mm) 95.2 95.2 95.2
Irrigation water need (mm) 2376 1839 663
Irrigation frequency (times) 24 27 14
Low frequency means the labor can be decreased with shallow management.
17
The question is: what caused this decrease in the same soil type?
18. Results and Discussions The shallow intermittence maybe not
be suitable to rainy season
•Water budget
Deepwater Farmer Water Shallow
Item
Intermittence Mgmt Practice Intermittence
Growth period (days) 110 110 119
Field requirement (mm) 1261 1055 587
Runoff (mm) 0 0 0
Effective rainfall (mm) 528 589 381
Irrigation water need (mm) 733 466 206
Irrigation frequency (times) 9 13 8
Low frequency means the labor can be decreased with shallow management.
18
The question is: what caused this decrease in the same soil type?
19. Results and Discussions
•Yield attributes
Deepwater Farmer Water Shallow
Character
Intermittence Mgmt Practice Intermittence
Seedling hill-1 1 3 >5 1 3 >5 1 3 >5
Weight of 1 liter 520 600 520 527 540 513 487 553 573
No. of filled grains
panicle-1
123.3 78.5 84.2 124.7 90.9 95.4 120.3 130.2 92.5
1000 grain weight (g) 22.5 18.8 23.1 22.1 20.1 20.4 24.1 21.4 23.2
No. of panicles hill-1 14.6 25 22.2 20 30.6 25 18.6 28.4 26.4
Grain yield (kg ha-1) 4187 5663 4060 7827 6070 4230 4532 8446 5075
The highest weight of 1 liter appeared in the low density in different water regimes.
The highest number of filled grains per panicle generally appeared with single seedling.
The highest 1000 grain weight also appeared with the single seedling.
The highest number of panicles per hill appeared with low density in all water regimes.
The highest grain yield almost appeared in the low density in different water regime.19
20. Results and Discussions
•Plant characteristics
Shallow FP Deepwater Shallow FP Deepwater Shallow FP Deepwater
5075 4230 4060 8446 6070 5663 4532 7827 4187
High density Low density Single plants
4455 ±544 6726 5515 ±2009
±1503 20
The range of yield (70%)
21. Results and Discussions
•Plant characteristics
High D Low D Single High D Low D Single High D Low D Single
4230 6070 7827 5075 8446 4532 4060 5663 4187
FP Shallow Deepwater
6042 ±1799 6018 ±2121 4637 ±891
21
The range of yield (70%)
22. Results and Discussions Leveling level isn’t enough
for the single one
•Yield attributes
Deepwater Farmer Water Shallow
Character
Intermittence Mgmt Practice Intermittence
Seedling hill-1 1 3 5 1 3 5 1 3 5
Weight of 1 liter 520 600 520 527 540 513 487 553 573
No. of filled grains
panicle-1
123.3 78.5 84.2 124.7 90.9 95.4 120.3 130.2 92.5
1000 grain weight (g) 22.5 18.8 23.1 22.1 20.1 20.4 24.1 21.4 23.2
No. of panicles hill-1 14.6 25 22.2 20 30.6 25 18.6 28.4 26.4
Grain yield (kg ha-1) 4187 5663 4060 7827 6070 4230 4532 8446 5075
DMP BMP SRI
Second crop season First crop season 22
23. Results and Discussions
•Production Costs
3
Single
2.5 Low density
High density
2
COST (t/ha)
Single > High density > Low density
1.5
High density > Low density > Single
1
0.5 Single > High density = Low density
0
23
Materials Labor Account
24. Results and Discussions
•Production Costs
3
Single Low density High density
2.5
2
Cost (t/ha)
1.5 Develop the single
seedling of rice
Encourage farmers to
1 transplanter
use mechanized weeder
0.5
Precision of land preparation
0
Preparation Transplanting Pesticide Fertilizer Harvest Total
24
25. Results and Discussions •Productivity
4.00 single (ID) low density (ID) high density (ID)
single (RMP) low density (RMP) high density (RMP)
single (IS) low density (IS) high density (IS)
3.50
3.00
Productivity (%)
2.50
Shallow irrigation is better than other practices under all spacing
Low density is better than others under intermittent irrigation
2.00
Single is better than others under farmer water management
High density is worse than others under all water regimes
1.50
1.00
0.50
0.00
labor(ton/hr/person) captial(kg/kg) water(kg/ton) land(10 ton/ha) 25
26. Conclusions and Suggestions
For rice yield
•Low density is better than others.
•Shallow intermittence is better than others.
For production cost
•Single is still higher than others at the present
stage.
For productivity
•Low density with shallow intermittence is
better than others.
26
27. Conclusions and Suggestions
•For SRI, the increase of yield is mainly achieved by
maintaining good redox of root zone.
•For DMP, the increase of yield is mainly achieved by
controlling the ineffective tillering.
•For SRI , shallow water can reduce irrigation water by
shallow intermittence which is suitable for the deficit
situation
•For DMP, deepwater can increase the effective rainfall
and serves as a detention during rainy season.
27
28. Conclusions and Suggestions
•The alternative practice of decreasing pesticide and
chemical fertilizer is still need to be introduced.
•The intermittent irrigation can reduce the inefficient
application of pesticide and chemical fertilizer
•In SRI, keeping wide seedling space is helpful for
using the mechanized weeder.
•In DMP, keeping high water level is helpful for
weed control.
•Low density is acceptable in present.
28
29. Conclusions and Suggestions
At the present stage of SRI in Taiwan
We hope we can find a suitable water management
practice to stimulate the potential of rice yield
through the health soil management which can
reduce the application of pesticide and chemical
fertilizer with high water storage capacity and
water productivity.
29