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Ch16appt reproductive
1.
PowerPoint® Lecture Slide
Presentation by Patty Bostwick-Taylor, Florence-Darlington Technical College The Reproductive System 16 PART A Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
2.
The Reproductive System
Gonads—primary sex organs Testes in males Ovaries in females Gonads produce gametes (sex cells) and secrete hormones Sperm—male gametes Ova (eggs)—female gametes Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
3.
Male Reproductive System
Overview Testes Duct system Epididymis Ductus (vas) deferens Urethra Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
4.
Male Reproductive System
Overview Accessory organs Seminal vesicles Prostate Bulbourethral glands External genitalia Penis Scrotum Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
5.
Male Reproductive System Figure
16.2b Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
6.
Male Reproductive System Figure
16.2a Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
7.
Epididymis Comma-shaped, tightly
coiled tube Functions to mature and store sperm cells (at least 20 days) Expels sperm with the contraction of muscles in the epididymis walls to the vas deferens Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
8.
Epididymis Figure 16.1 Copyright ©
2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
9.
Ductus Deferens (Vas
Deferens) Carries sperm from the epididymis to the ejaculatory duct Passes through the inguinal canal and over the bladder Moves sperm by peristalsis Spermatic cord—ductus deferens, blood vessels, and nerves in a connective tissue sheath Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
10.
Ductus Deferens (Vas
Deferens) Ends in the ejaculatory duct which unites with the urethra Vasectomy—cutting of the ductus deferens at the level of the testes to prevent transportation of sperm Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
11.
Urethra Extends from
the base of the urinary bladder to the tip of the penis Carries both urine and sperm Sperm enters from the ejaculatory duct Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
12.
Urethra Figure 16.2b Copyright ©
2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
13.
Seminal Vesicles Located
at the base of the bladder Produces a thick, yellowish secretion (60% of semen) Fructose (sugar) Vitamin C Prostaglandins Other substances that nourish and activate sperm Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
14.
Accessory Organs Figure 16.2b Copyright
© 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
15.
Prostate Encircles the
upper part of the urethra Secretes a milky fluid Helps to activate sperm Enters the urethra through several small ducts Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
16.
Prostate Figure 16.2a Copyright ©
2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
17.
Bulbourethral Glands Pea-sized
gland inferior to the prostate Produces a thick, clear mucus Cleanses the urethra of acidic urine Serves as a lubricant during sexual intercourse Secreted into the penile urethra Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
18.
Bulbourethral Glands Figure 16.2a Copyright
© 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
19.
Semen Mixture of
sperm and accessory gland secretions Advantages of accessory gland secretions Fructose provides energy for sperm cells Alkalinity of semen helps neutralize the acidic environment of vagina Semen inhibits bacterial multiplication Elements of semen enhance sperm motility Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
20.
External Genitalia Scrotum
Divided sac of skin outside the abdomen Maintains testes at 3°C lower than normal body temperature to protect sperm viability Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
21.
External Genitalia Penis
Delivers sperm into the female reproductive tract Regions of the penis Shaft Glans penis (enlarged tip) Prepuce (foreskin) Folded cuff of skin around proximal end Often removed by circumcision Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
22.
External Genitalia Figure 16.2a Copyright
© 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
23.
Spermatogenesis Production of
sperm cells Begins at puberty and continues throughout life Occurs in the seminiferous tubules Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
24.
Spermatogenesis Figure 16.3 Copyright ©
2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
25.
Structure of a
Sperm Figure 16.5b Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
26.
Structure of a
Sperm Figure 16.5a Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
27.
Testosterone Production The
most important hormone of the testes Functions of testosterone Stimulates reproductive organ development Underlies sex drive Causes secondary sex characteristics Deepening of voice Increased hair growth Enlargement of skeletal muscles Thickening of bones Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
28.
Female Reproductive System
Ovaries Duct System Uterine tubes (fallopian tubes) Uterus Vagina External genitalia Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
29.
Female Reproductive System Figure
16.8a Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
30.
Ovaries Composed of
ovarian follicles (sac-like structures) Each follicle consists of Oocyte (immature egg) Follicular cells—surround the oocyte Ovulation—when the egg is mature, the follicle ruptures; occurs about every 28 days Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
31.
Ovaries Figure 16.7 Copyright ©
2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
32.
Female Reproductive System Figure
16.8b Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
33.
Uterine (Fallopian) Tubes
Receive the ovulated oocyte Provide a site for fertilization Attach to the uterus Little or no contact between ovaries and uterine tubes Supported and enclosed by the broad ligament Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
34.
Uterine Tube Anatomy
and Physiology Fimbriae Finger-like projections at the distal end of the uterine tube Receive the oocyte from the ovary Cilia Located inside the uterine tube Slowly move the oocyte towards the uterus (takes 3–4 days) Fertilization occurs inside the uterine tube since oocyte lives about 24 hours Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
35.
Female Reproductive System Figure
16.8b Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
36.
Uterus Located between
the urinary bladder and rectum Hollow organ Functions of the uterus Receives a fertilized egg Retains the fertilized egg Nourishes the fertilized egg Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
37.
Female Reproductive System Figure
16.8b Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
38.
Regions of the
Uterus Body—main portion Fundus—superior rounded region above where uterine tube enters Cervix—narrow outlet that protrudes into the vagina Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
39.
Walls of the
Uterus Endometrium Inner layer Allows for implantation of a fertilized egg Sloughs off if no pregnancy occurs (menses) Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
40.
Vagina Extends from
cervix to exterior of body Located between bladder and rectum Serves as the birth canal Receives the penis during sexual intercourse Hymen—partially closes the vagina until it is ruptured Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
41.
Female Reproductive System Figure
16.8b Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
42.
External Genitalia (Vulva)
Mons pubis Labia Clitoris Urethral orifice Vaginal orifice Greater vestibular glands Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
43.
External Genitalia (Vulva) Figure
16.9 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
44.
Oogenesis and the
Ovarian Cycle The total supply of eggs are present at birth Ability to release eggs begins at puberty Reproductive ability ends at menopause Oocytes are matured in developing ovarian follicles Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
45.
Ovulation Figure 16.11 Copyright ©
2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
46.
Male and Female
Differences Meiosis Males—produces four functional sperm Females—produces one functional ovum and three polar bodies Sex cell size and structure Sperm are tiny, motile, and equipped with nutrients in seminal fluid Egg is large, non-motile, and has nutrient reserves to nourish the embryo until implantation Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
47.
Hormone Production by
the Ovaries Estrogens Produced by follicle cells Cause secondary sex characteristics Enlargement of accessory organs Development of breasts Appearance of axillary and pubic hair Increase in fat beneath the skin, particularly in hips and breasts Widening and lightening of the pelvis Onset of menses (menstrual cycle) Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
48.
Hormone Production by
the Ovaries Progesterone Produced by the corpus luteum Production continues until LH diminishes in the blood Does not contribute to the appearance of secondary sex characteristics Other major effects Helps maintain pregnancy Prepare the breasts for milk production Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
49.
Mammary Glands Present
in both sexes, but only function in females Modified sweat glands Function is to produce milk Stimulated by sex hormones (mostly estrogens) to increase in size Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
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