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Ch9appt endocrine system
1.
PowerPoint® Lecture Slide
Presentation by Patty Bostwick-Taylor, Florence-Darlington Technical College The Endocrine System 9 PART B Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
2.
The Endocrine System
Second-messenger system of the body Uses chemical messengers (hormones) that are released into the blood Hormones control several major processes Reproduction Growth and development Mobilization of body defenses Maintenance of much of homeostasis Regulation of metabolism Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
3.
Hormone Overview Hormones
are produced by specialized cells Cells secrete hormones into extracellular fluids Blood transfers hormones to target sites These hormones regulate the activity of other cells Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
4.
Major Endocrine Organs
Pituitary gland Thyroid gland Parathyroid glands Adrenal glands Pineal gland Thymus gland Pancreas Gonads (Ovaries and Testes) Hypothalamus Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
5.
Location of Major
Endrocrine Organs Figure 9.3 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
6.
Pituitary Gland Size
of a pea Hangs by a stalk from the hypothalamus in the brain Protected by the sphenoid bone Has two functional lobes Anterior pituitary—glandular tissue Posterior pituitary—nervous tissue Often called the “master endocrine gland” Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
7.
Hormones of the
Anterior Pituitary Six anterior pituitary hormones Two affect non-endocrine targets Growth hormone Prolactin Four stimulate other endocrine glands (tropic hormones) Thyroid-stimulating hormone (thyrotropic hormone) Adrenocorticotropic hormone Two gonadotropic hormones Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
8.
Hormones of the
Anterior Pituitary Figure 9.4 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
9.
Hormones of the
Anterior Pituitary Growth hormone General metabolic hormone Major effects are directed to growth of skeletal muscles and long bones Plays a role in determining final body size Causes amino acids to be built into proteins Causes fats to be broken down for a source of energy Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
10.
Hormones of the
Anterior Pituitary Growth hormone (GH) disorders Pituitary dwarfism results from hyposecretion of GH during childhood Gigantism results from hypersecretion of GH during childhood Acromegaly results from hypersecretion of GH during adulthood Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
11.
Hormones of the
Anterior Pituitary Gigantism Figure 9.5a Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
12.
Hormones of the
Anterior Pituitary Dwarfism Figure 9.5b Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
13.
Hormones of the
Anterior Pituitary Prolactin (PRL) Stimulates and maintains milk production following childbirth Function in males is unknown Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) Regulates endocrine activity of the adrenal cortex Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) Influences growth and activity of the thyroid gland Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
14.
Hormones of the
Anterior Pituitary Gonadotropic hormones Regulate hormonal activity of the gonads Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) Stimulates follicle development in ovaries Stimulates sperm development in testes Luteinizing hormone (LH) Triggers ovulation of an egg in females Stimulates testosterone production in males Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
15.
Pituitary–Hypothalamus Relationship Hormonal
release is regulated by releasing and inhibiting hormones produced by the hypothalamus Hypothalamus produces two hormones These hormones are transported to neurosecretory cells of the posterior pituitary Oxytocin Antidiuretic hormone The posterior pituitary is not strictly an endocrine gland, but does release hormones Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
16.
Hormones of the
Posterior Pituitary Oxytocin Stimulates contractions of the uterus during labor, sexual relations, and breastfeeding Causes milk ejection in a nursing woman Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
17.
Hormones of the
Posterior Pituitary Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) Inhibits urine production by promoting water reabsorption by the kidneys In large amounts, causes vasoconstriction leading to increased blood pressure Also known as vasopressin Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
18.
Hormones of the
Posterior Pituitary Figure 9.6 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
19.
Thyroid Gland Found
at the base of the throat Consists of two lobes and a connecting isthmus Produces two hormones Thyroid hormone Calcitonin Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
20.
Thyroid Gland Figure 9.7a Copyright
© 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
21.
Thyroid Gland Thyroid
hormone Major metabolic hormone Composed of two active iodine-containing hormones Thyroxine (T4) Triiodothyronine (T3) Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
22.
Thyroid Gland Thyroid
hormone disorders Goiters Thyroid gland enlarges due to lack of iodine Salt is iodized to prevent goiters Cretinism Caused by hyposecretion of thyroxine Results in dwarfism during childhood Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
23.
Thyroid Gland Figure 9.8 Copyright
© 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
24.
Thyroid Gland Thyroid
hormone disorders (continued) Myxedema Caused by hypothyroidism in adults Results in physical and mental slugishness Graves’ disease Caused by hyperthyroidism Results in increased metabolism, heat intolerance, rapid heartbeat, weight loss, and exophthalmos Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
25.
Thyroid Gland Figure 9.9 Copyright
© 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
26.
Thyroid Gland Calcitonin
Decreases blood calcium levels by causing its deposition on bone Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
27.
Parathyroid Glands Tiny
masses on the posterior of the thyroid Secrete parathyroid hormone (PTH) Stimulate osteoclasts to remove calcium from bone Stimulate the kidneys and intestine to absorb more calcium Raise calcium levels in the blood Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
28.
Pancreatic Islets The
pancreas is a mixed gland and has both endocrine (secrete directly into blood) and exocrine (secrete via duct) functions The pancreatic islets produce hormones Insulin—allows glucose to cross plasma membranes into cells from beta cells Glucagon—allows glucose to enter the blood from alpha cells These hormones are antagonists that maintain blood sugar homeostasis Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
29.
Pancreatic Islets Figure 9.14a–b Copyright
© 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
30.
Insulin-secreting cells of the
pancreas activated; release insulin into the blood Uptake of glucose from blood is enhanced in most body cells Elevated blood sugar levels Stimulus: rising blood glucose levels (e.g., after eating four jelly doughnuts) Blood glucose levels decline to set point; stimulus for insulin release diminishes Liver takes up glucose and stores it as glycogen Imb ala nce Homeostasis: Normal blood glucose levels (90 mg/100ml) Imb ala nce Stimulus: declining blood glucose levels (e.g., after skipping a meal) Low blood sugar levels Rising blood glucose levels return blood sugar to homeostatic set point; stimulus for glucagon release diminishes Liver breaks down glycogen stores and releases glucose to the blood Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Glucagon-releasing cells of pancreas activated; release glucagon into blood; target is the liver Figure 9.15
31.
Pineal Gland Found
on the third ventricle of the brain Secretes melatonin Helps establish the body’s wake and sleep cycles Believed to coordinate the hormones of fertility in humans Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
32.
Thymus Gland Located
posterior to the sternum Largest in infants and children Produces thymosin Matures some types of white blood cells Important in developing the immune system Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
33.
Gonads Ovaries Produce
two groups of steroid hormone Estrogens (Stimulate the development of secondary female characteristics) Progesterone (Helps in the implantation of an embryo in the uterus; Helps prepare breasts for lactation) Testes Produce androgens, such as testosterone (Responsible for adult male secondary sex characteristics; Required for sperm cell production) Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
34.
Developmental Aspects of
the Endocrine System Most endocrine organs operate smoothly until old age Menopause is brought about by lack of efficiency of the ovaries Problems associated with reduced estrogen are common Growth hormone production declines with age Many endocrine glands decrease output with age Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
35.
Major Endocrine Glands
and Hormones Table 9.1 (1 of 4) Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
36.
Major Endocrine Glands
and Hormones Table 9.1 (2 of 4) Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
37.
Major Endocrine Glands
and Hormones Table 9.1 (3 of 4) Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
38.
Major Endocrine Glands
and Hormones Table 9.1 (4 of 4) Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
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