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28
" "
, 26 2011
1
1
.
ΑΒΓ ˆ 120
ΒΑΓ = c
ΒΓ,
ΑΔ ΑΒ
ΑΒΓ Ε . ΒΑ ΕΓ
. :
Ζ
( ) , ( ) .
ΖΔ ⊥ ΒΕ ΖΔ = ΒΓ
( ) B
. .
.
ˆ 90
ΒΑΕ = c
ˆ 90
ΒΓΕ = c
,
.
ΖΔ ⊥ ΒΕ
1
, : . ,
ˆ 90
ΖΒΗ = c
( )
ˆ ˆ
ˆ 180 HBZ+BZH
ΖΒΗ = −
c
(1)
ˆ
ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ
HBZ EB BA=EA BA=120 90 BA 30
= Γ + Γ + − + = + Β
c c c
. (2)
( ) :
ˆ ˆ 90
ΑΔΖ = ΔΓΖ = c
(3)
ˆ ˆ
ΒΖΗ = ΑΖΔ = Γ̂
(2) (3) (1) :
( ) ( ) ( )
ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ
ˆ 180 30 + + 150 + 150 180 120 90
ΖΒΗ = − = − = − − =
c c c c c c c
c c
.
( ) ,
. .
ˆ ˆ
ΔΑΖ + ΔΓΖ =
90 90 180
+ =
c c ˆ ˆ ˆ
ˆ 120 90 30
ΔΖΓ = ΔΑΓ = ΒΑΓ −ΒΑΔ = − =
c c
ΔΓΖ
, .
2
ΖΔ = ⋅ΔΓ = ΒΓ,
2
δ
γ
β
α
=
x
. α
β
γ
δ
=
y y
x > .
y
x − ,
y
,
x .
:
1000 100 10 1000 100 10
x y α β γ δ δ γ β
− = + + + − − − −α
1000( ) 100( ) 10( )
α δ β γ γ β δ
= − + − + − + α
−
999( ) 90( )
α δ β
= − + −γ
( )
9 111( ) 10( )
α δ β γ
= − + − .
:
A 111( ) 10( )
α δ β γ
= − + − .
δ
γ
β
α ,
,
, (
). y
x > , δ
α > .
Α , δ
α − γ
β −
>
−δ
α γ
β − . δ
α − 9
α = 1
δ = .
γ
β − 8
β = 2
γ = .
.
9821
x = 1289
y =
9821 1289 8532
x y
− = − =
,
Α δ
α − γ
β −
.
δ
α − 1.
)
,
( δ
α :
(9,8) , ,( (2 .
(8,7) 7,6) (6,5) (5,4) (4,3) (3,2) ,1)
)
,
( δ
α ,
Α :
A 111 10( )
β γ
= + − .
γ
β − 8
−
1
β = 9
γ = .
(
),
(9,8) (2,1)
y
,
x .
3192 2913 279
4193 3914 279
5194 4915 279
6195 5916 279
7196 6917 279
8197 7918 279
3
3 1
ν + , ν , 7,
:
( ) ν 7,
( ) m
ν 7, .
, 1
m m >
( ) 3 1 7 ,
ν κ
+ = ,
ν κ . ν
7
ν ρ υ
= + , { }
0,1,2,3,4,5,6
υ ∈ ρ . :
( )
3 7 1 7 21 3 1 7 3 1 7
ρ υ κ ρ υ κ υ
+ + = ⇔ + + = ⇔ + = ,
υ 2. 7 2,
ν ρ
= + ρ
, ν 7 2.
( )
( ) ( )
0
7 2 7 2 .7 2
m
m m i
m i
i
m
i
m
ν ρ ρ πο
−
=
⎛ ⎞
= + = = +
⎜ ⎟
⎝ ⎠
∑ λ
,
.
, 7.
2m
3
m σ υ
= + { }
0,1,2
υ ∈ , :
( ) ( )
3
2 2 8 2 7 1 2 .7 1 2 .7 2
m σ
,
σ υ σ υ υ υ υ
πολ πολ
+
= = ⋅ = + ⋅ = + ⋅ = +
{ }
0,1,2
υ ∈ . m
ν 7,
,
m m >1 .
0 1 2
2 1, 2 2 2 4
= = =
4
, ,
x y z 12, :
3
x y z
x y z
y z x
+ + + ≥ + + .
;
, ,
x y z 12,
4
x y z x y z
x y
y z x
z
+ +
+ + + ≥ + + . (1)
, ,
x y z ,
–
2
4 4
x y x y
x
y y
+ ≥ ⋅ = , (2)
2
4 4
y z y z
y
z z
+ ≥ ⋅ = , (3)
2
4 4
z x z x
z
x x
+ ≥ ⋅ = . (4)
(2), (3) (4) (1).
, (2), (3) (4)
.,
2
2 2 2 2 2 2
3
4
2 2 2
3
2 2
8
7
2 2
7 7
1
, , , , , ,
4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4
1
, ,
4 4 4 4
1
, ,
4 4 4
, , 4 4.
4 4
4
4
x y y z z x y z x y z y y
x y z x y z
y z x
y z z
x y z
y z
x y z z
y z
x y z x y z
⎛ ⎞
= = = ⇔ = = = ⇔ = = = =
⎜ ⎟
⎝ ⎠
⎛ ⎞
⇔ = = = ⎜ ⎟
⎝ ⎠
⇔ = = =
⇔ = = = ⇔ = = =
ǼȆǿȉȇȅȆǾ ǻǿǹīȍȃǿȈȂȍȃ ǼȂǼ
28
Ș
ǼȜȜȘȞȚțȒ ȂĮșȘȝĮIJȚțȒ ȅȜȣȝʌȚȐįĮ
"ȅ ǹȡȤȚȝȒįȘȢ"
ȈǹǺǺǹȉȅ, 26 ĭǼǺȇȅȊǹȇǿȅȊ 2011
Ǽ
ǼȞ
Ȟį
įİ
İȚ
Țț
țIJ
IJȚ
Țț
țȑ
ȑȢ
Ȣ ȁ
ȁȪ
Ȫı
ıİ
İȚ
ȚȢ
Ȣ ș
șİ
İȝ
ȝȐ
ȐIJ
IJȦ
ȦȞ
Ȟ ȝ
ȝİ
İȖ
ȖȐ
ȐȜ
ȜȦ
ȦȞ
Ȟ IJ
IJȐ
Ȑȟ
ȟİ
İȦ
ȦȞ
Ȟ
Ȇ
Ȇȇ
ȇȅ
ȅǺ
Ǻȁ
ȁǾ
ǾȂ
Ȃǹ
ǹ 1
1
ȃĮ ȜȪıİIJİ ıIJȠȣȢ ĮțȑȡĮȚȠȣȢ IJȘȞ İȟȓıȦıȘ
3 2 2 4
2 3
x y y x x y 6
  .
ȁȪıȘ
ȂİIJȐ IJȚȢ ʌȡȐȟİȚȢ įȚĮʌȚıIJȫȞȠȣȝİ ȩIJȚ Ș įİįȠȝȑȞȘ İȟȓıȦıȘ İȓȞĮȚ ȚıȠįȪȞĮȝȘ ȝİ IJȘȞ
İȟȓıȦıȘ
2
2 2 2
6 0, , ,
6 6 0, , ,
6, , , Ȓ 6, , .
6, , , (1) Ȓ 6, , . (2)
x y x y x y
xy x y xy x y x y
xy x y x y xy x y x y
xy x y x y xy y x x y
  
œ   ˜   
ª º ª º
¬ ¼ ¬ ¼
œ     
œ    
]
]
] ]
] ]
ǹʌȩ IJȘ ȝȠȡijȒ IJȦȞ (1) țĮȚ (2) ʌȡȠțȪʌIJİȚ ȩIJȚ, ĮȞ 0 0
,
x y İȓȞĮȚ ȜȪıȘ IJȘȢ (1), IJȩIJİ IJȠ
ȗİȣȖȐȡȚ İȓȞĮȚ ȜȪıȘ IJȘȢ (2) țĮȚ ĮȞIJȚıIJȡȩijȦȢ. ǼʌȠȝȑȞȦȢ, Įȡțİȓ ȞĮ ȜȪıȠȣȝİ
ȝȩȞȠȞ IJȘȞ İȟȓıȦıȘ (1). ǼʌİȚįȒ
0 0
,
y x
,
x y ] , Ș İȟȓıȦıȘ (1) İȓȞĮȚ ȚıȠįȪȞĮȝȘ ȝİ :
^ ` ^ `
^ ` ^
^ ` ^
^ ` ^
1 2
3 4
5 6
7 8
6, 1 Ȓ 6, 1
Ȓ 3, 2 Ȓ 3, 2
Ȓ 1, 6 Ȓ 1, 6
Ȓ 2, 3 Ȓ 2, 3 .
xy x y xy x y
xy x y xy x y
xy x y xy x y
xy x y xy x y
 6    6
 6    6
 6    6
 6    6
`
`
`
ǹʌȩ IJĮ 8 ıȣıIJȒȝĮIJĮ ȝȩȞȠȞ IJĮ 1 3
, , 8
6 6 6 įȓȞȠȣȞ IJȚȢ ĮțȑȡĮȚİȢ ȜȪıİȚȢ:
, 3,2 , , 2, 3 , , 3,1 ,
, 1, 3 , , 2,1 țĮȚ , 1,
x y x y x y
x y x y x y
 
    2 .
.
ȈȪȝijȦȞĮ ȝİ ȩıĮ İȓʌĮȝİ ʌĮȡĮʌȐȞȦ, Ș İȟȓıȦıȘ (2) ȑȤİȚ ıIJȠȣȢ ĮțȑȡĮȚȠȣȢ IJȚȢ ȜȪıİȚȢ
, 2,3 , , 3, 2 , , 1,3 ,
, 3, 1 , , 1, 2 țĮȚ , 2,
x y x y x y
x y x y x y
 
   1 .
.
Ȇ
Ȇȇ
ȇȅ
ȅǺ
Ǻȁ
ȁǾ
ǾȂ
Ȃǹ
ǹ 2
2
ȈIJȠ țĮȡIJİıȚĮȞȩ İʌȓʌİįȠ Oxy șİȦȡȠȪȝİ IJĮ ıȘȝİȓĮ , , …,
țĮșȫȢ țĮȚ IJĮ İȣșȪȖȡĮȝȝĮ IJȝȒȝĮIJĮ
1
A (40,1) 2
A (40,2)
40
A (40,40) 1 2
OA ,OA , ,OA40
} . DzȞĮ ıȘȝİȓȠ IJȠȣ
țĮȡIJİıȚĮȞȠȪ İʌȚʌȑįȠȣ Oxy șĮ IJȠ ȠȞȠȝȐȗȠȣȝİ “țĮȜȩ”, ȩIJĮȞ ȠȚ ıȣȞIJİIJĮȖȝȑȞİȢ IJȠȣ İȓȞĮȚ
ĮțȑȡĮȚȠȚ ĮȡȚșȝȠȓ țĮȚ ȕȡȓıțİIJĮȚ ıIJȠ İıȦIJİȡȚțȩ (įȘȜĮįȒ įİȞ IJĮȣIJȓȗİIJĮȚ ȝİ țȐʌȠȚȠ Įʌȩ
IJĮ ȐțȡĮ IJȠȣ) İȞȩȢ İȣșȣȖȡȐȝȝȠȣ IJȝȒȝĮIJȠȢ i
2$ 1,2,3, ,40
i ! . ǼʌȓıȘȢ, ȑȞĮ Įʌȩ IJĮ
İȣșȪȖȡĮȝȝĮ IJȝȒȝĮIJĮ 1 2
OA ,OA , ,OA40
} , șĮ IJȠ ȠȞȠȝȐȗȠȣȝİ “țĮȜȩ”, ȩIJĮȞ ʌİȡȚȑȤİȚ ȑȞĮ
IJȠȣȜȐȤȚıIJȠȞ “țĮȜȩ” ıȘȝİȓȠ. ȃĮ ȣʌȠȜȠȖȚıșİȓ IJȠ ʌȜȒșȠȢ IJȦȞ “țĮȜȫȞ” ıȘȝİȓȦȞ țĮȚ IJȠ
ʌȜȒșȠȢ IJȦȞ “țĮȜȫȞ” İȣșȣȖȡȐȝȝȦȞ IJȝȘȝȐIJȦȞ.
ȁȪıȘ.
ȈIJȘ ȜȪıȘ ʌȠȣ ĮțȠȜȠȣșİȓ, șĮ ıȣȝȕȠȜȓȗȠȣȝİ ȝİ MK ( , )
k l
' , IJȠ ȝȑȖȚıIJȠ țȠȚȞȩ
įȚĮȚȡȑIJȘ IJȦȞ ĮțİȡĮȓȦȞ ĮȡȚșȝȫȞ .
l
,
k
ȈȤȒȝĮ 1
DzȞĮ ıȘȝİȓȠ șĮ ĮȞȒțİȚ ıIJȠ İıȦIJİȡȚțȩ IJȠȣ İȣșȣȖȡȐȝȝȠȣ IJȝȒȝĮIJȠȢ OA ,
ĮȞ țĮȚ ȝȩȞȠ ĮȞ, IJĮ įȚĮȞȪıȝĮIJĮ
M( , )
k l i
OM
JJJJ
G
țĮȚ OAi
JJJJG
ȑȤȠȣȞ IJȠȞ ȓįȚȠ ıȣȞIJİȜİıIJȒ įȚİȪșȣȞıȘȢ
(ȝİ ĮțȑȡĮȚȠȣȢ ĮȡȚșȝȠȪȢ țĮȚ
l
,
k 0 k 40
 d ), įȘȜĮįȒ ʌȡȑʌİȚ ȞĮ ȚıȤȪİȚ
40
i l
k
(ȝİ
ĮțȑȡĮȚȠȣȢ ĮȡȚșȝȠȪȢ țĮȚ ).
l
,
k
0 4
k
 d 0
īȚĮ ȞĮ İȓȞĮȚ IJȫȡĮ IJȠ İȣșȪȖȡĮȝȝȠ IJȝȒȝĮ “țĮȜȩ”, șĮ ʌȡȑʌİȚ IJȠ țȜȐıȝĮ
OAi
40
i
ȞĮ
ȝȘȞ İȓȞĮȚ ĮȞȐȖȦȖȠ (ȫıIJİ ȞĮ įȘȝȚȠȣȡȖȠȪȞIJĮȚ ȚıȠįȪȞĮȝĮ ȝİ IJȠ
40
i
țȜȐıȝĮIJĮ ȝİ
ĮțȑȡĮȚȠȣȢ ȩȡȠȣȢ ʌȠȣ șĮ įȘȝȚȠȣȡȖȠȪȞ IJȠ ıȣȞIJİȜİıIJȒ įȚİȪșȣȞıȘȢ
k
l
țĮȚ IJȚȢ ĮȞIJȓıIJȠȚȤİȢ
ıȣȞIJİIJĮȖȝȑȞİȢ IJȠȣ “țĮȜȠȪ” ıȘȝİȓȠȣ ).
M( , )
k l
ǼʌȠȝȑȞȦȢ, ȖȚĮ ȞĮ ȣʌȐȡȤİȚ “țĮȜȩ” ıȘȝİȓȠ ıIJȠ İȣșȪȖȡĮȝȝȠ IJȝȒȝĮ (ȫıIJİ ȞĮ
ȤĮȡĮțIJȘȡȚıIJİȓ țĮȚ IJȠ ȓįȚȠ ȦȢ “țĮȜȩ”) șĮ ʌȡȑʌİȚ
OAi
MK (40, ) 1
i
' ! . ǹȞ IJȫȡĮ
, IJȩIJİ șĮ ȣʌȐȡȤȠȣȞ
MK (40, ) 1
i
' ! MK (40, ) 1
i
'  “țĮȜȐ” ıȘȝİȓĮ ıIJȠ İȣșȪȖȡĮȝȝȠ
IJȝȒȝĮ . ȈIJȠ ıȘȝİȓȠ ĮȞIJȚıIJȠȚȤİȓ IJȠ “țĮȜȩ” İȣșȪȖȡĮȝȝȠ IJȝȒȝĮ ,
ıIJȠ ȠʌȠȓȠ ĮȞȒțİȚ IJȠ “țĮȜȩ” ıȘȝİȓȠ . ȈIJȠ ıȘȝİȓȠ ĮȞIJȚıIJȠȚȤİȓ IJȠ
“țĮȜȩ” İȣșȪȖȡĮȝȝȠ IJȝȒȝĮ , ıIJȠ ȠʌȠȓȠ ĮȞȒțȠȣȞ IJĮ “țĮȜȐ” ıȘȝİȓĮ , (2 ,
. Ȃİ ĮȣIJȩ IJȠȞ IJȡȩʌȠ įȘȝȚȠȣȡȖȠȪȝİ IJȠȞ ʌȓȞĮțĮ:
i
OA 2
A (40,2) 2
OA
(20,1) 4
A (40,4)
4
OA (10,1) 0,2)
(30,3)
A2(40,2) ȂȀǻ(40,2)=2 1 A40(40,40) ȂȀǻ(40,40)=40 39
A4(40,4) ȂȀǻ(40,4)=4 3 A38(40,38) ȂȀǻ(40,38)=2 1
A5(40,5) ȂȀǻ(40,5)=5 4 A36(40,36) ȂȀǻ(40,36)=4 3
A6(40,6) ȂȀǻ(40,6)=2 1 A35(40,35) ȂȀǻ(40,35)=5 4
A8(40,8) ȂȀǻ(40,8)=8 7 A34(40,34) ȂȀǻ(40,34)=2 1
A10(40,10) ȂȀǻ(40,10)=10 9 A32(40,32) ȂȀǻ(40,32)=8 7
A12(40,12) ȂȀǻ(40,12)=4 3 A30(40,30) ȂȀǻ(40,30)=10 9
A14(40,14) ȂȀǻ(40,14)=2 1 A28(40,28) ȂȀǻ(40,28)=4 3
A15(40,15) ȂȀǻ(40,15)=5 4 A26(40,26) ȂȀǻ(40,26)=2 1
A16(40,16) ȂȀǻ(40,16)=8 7 A25(40,25) ȂȀǻ(40,25)=5 4
A18(40,18) ȂȀǻ(40,18)=2 1 A24(40,24) ȂȀǻ(40,24)=8 7
A20(40,20) ȂȀǻ(40,20)=20 19 A22(40,22) ȂȀǻ(40,22)=2 1
60 80
ǹʌȩ IJȠȞ ʌĮȡĮʌȐȞȦ ʌȓȞĮțĮ ıȣȝʌİȡĮȓȞȠȣȝİ ȩIJȚ IJȠ ʌȜȒșȠȢ IJȦȞ “țĮȜȫȞ” IJȝȘȝȐIJȦȞ
İȓȞĮȚ țĮȚ IJȠ ʌȜȒșȠȢ IJȦȞ țĮȜȫȞ ıȘȝİȓȦȞ 140.
24
ȆĮȡĮIJȘȡȒıİȚȢ
1. ȅ ʌĮȡĮʌȐȞȦ ʌȓȞĮțĮȢ ȑȤİȚ İȣȡİȓĮ ĮȞȐʌIJȣȟȘ ȖȚĮ įȚįĮțIJȚțȠȪȢ ȜȩȖȠȣȢ.
2. ȅ ȣʌȠȜȠȖȚıȝȩȢ IJȠȣ ʌȓȞĮțĮ įȚİȣțȠȜȪȞİIJĮȚ ıȘȝĮȞIJȚțȐ ȝİ IJȘ ȤȡȘıȚȝȠʌȠȓȘıȘ IJȦȞ
ȚįȚȠIJȒIJȦȞ IJȠȣ ȝȑȖȚıIJȠȣ țȠȚȞȠȪ įȚĮȚȡȑIJȘ:
MK ( , )
k l
' =MK ( , )
l k
' =MK ( , )
l k k
'  =MK ( , )
l k k
'  .
3. ȉȠ ʌȜȒșȠȢ IJȦȞ “țĮȜȫȞ” İȣșȣȖȡȐȝȝȦȞ IJȝȘȝȐIJȦȞ ȝʌȠȡİȓ ȞĮ ȣʌȠȜȠȖȚıIJİȓ ȝİ IJȘ
ȕȠȒșİȚĮ IJȘȢ ıȣȞȐȡIJȘıȘȢ I IJȠȣ Euler. ǼȓȞĮȚ ȖȞȦıIJȩ ȩIJȚ ( )
n n
I
 ʌĮȡȚıIJȐ IJȠ
ʌȜȒșȠȢ IJȦȞ șİIJȚțȫȞ ĮțİȡĮȓȦȞ ʌȠȣ İȓȞĮȚ ȝȚțȡȩIJİȡȠȚ Ȓ ȓıȠȚ ȝİ IJȠȞ n țĮȚ įİȞ
İȓȞĮȚ ʌȡȫIJȠȚ ʌȡȠȢ ĮȣIJȩȞ. ǼʌİȚįȒ ȩȝȦȢ 3
40 5 2
˜ , ȑȤȠȣȝİ:
1 1 1 4
(40) 40 1 1 40 16
2 5 2 5
I
§ · § ·
 ˜ 
¨ ¸ ¨ ¸
© ¹ © ¹
.
DZȡĮ IJȠ ʌȜȒșȠȢ IJȦȞ “țĮȜȫȞ” İȣșȣȖȡȐȝȝȦȞ IJȝȘȝȐIJȦȞ İȓȞĮȚ 40 (40) 24
I
 .
Ȇ
Ȇȇ
ȇȅ
ȅǺ
Ǻȁ
ȁǾ
ǾȂ
Ȃǹ
ǹ 3
3
ǹȞ İȓȞĮȚ șİIJȚțȠȓ ʌȡĮȖȝĮIJȚțȠȓ ĮȡȚșȝȠȓ ȝİ ȐșȡȠȚıȝĮ 6, ȞĮ ʌȡȠıįȚȠȡȓıİIJİ IJȘ
ȝȑȖȚıIJȘ IJȚȝȒ IJȘȢ ʌĮȡȐıIJĮıȘȢ:
, ,
a b c
3 3 3
2 2 2
2 2
S a bc b ca c a
     2 b .
.
ȁȪıȘ.
ȋȡȘıȚȝȠʌȠȚȠȪȝİ IJȘȞ ĮȞȚıȩIJȘIJĮ ĮȡȚșȝȘIJȚțȠȪ – ȖİȦȝİIJȡȚțȠȪ ȝȑıȠȣ ȦȢ İȟȒȢ:
2
3 2 2 2
3
3 3 3
2 2 2
1 1 2 12 12 1
2 2 12 12 2
3
12 12 3 12
a bc
a bc a bc a bc
  
  ˜ ˜ d ˜   24 ,
2
3 2 2 2
3
3 3 3
2 2 2
1 1 2 12 12 1
2 2 12 12 2 24 ,
3
12 12 3 12
b ca
b ca b ca b ca
  
  ˜ ˜ d ˜  
2
3 2 2 2
3
3 3 3
2 2 2
1 1 2 12 12 1
2 2 12 12 2
3
12 12 3 12
c ab
c ab c ab c ab
  
  ˜ ˜ d ˜   24 ,
Įʌȩ IJȚȢ ȠʌȠȓİȢ ȝİ ʌȡȩıșİıȘ țĮIJȐ ȝȑȜȘ ȜĮȝȕȐȞȠȣȝİ
3 3 3
2 2 2 2 2 2
2 2
2 3
3
3 3
2 2
1
2 2 2 2 2 2 72
3 12
1 36
72 3 12.
18
3 12 12
S a bc b ca c ab a b c ab bc ca
a b c
     d      
ª º
  
¬ ¼
18
Ǿ ȚıȩIJȘIJĮ ȚıȤȪİȚ ȩIJĮȞ
2 2 2
2
2
2 12, 2 12, 2 12
2 0, 2 0, 2 1
6 3 0, 6 3 0, 2 12
2.
a bc b ca c ab
a b a b c b c b c a c ab
a b c b c a c ab
a b c
  
œ       
œ     
œ
2
ǼʌȠȝȑȞȦȢ Ș ȝȑȖȚıIJȘ IJȚȝȒ IJȘȢ ʌĮȡȐıIJĮıȘȢ İȓȞĮȚ 3
3 12 țĮȚ ȜĮȝȕȐȞİIJĮȚ ȩIJĮȞ İȓȞĮȚ
.
2
a b c
ȆĮȡĮIJȒȡȘıȘ
1. Ǿ İʌȚȜȠȖȒ IJȠȣ ĮȡȚșȝȠȪ 12 ȦȢ įİȪIJİȡȠȣ țĮȚ IJȡȓIJȠȣ ȩȡȠȣ ȖȚĮ IJȘȞ İijĮȡȝȠȖȒ IJȘȢ
ĮȞȚıȩIJȘIJĮȢ ĮȡȚșȝȘIJȚțȠȪ – ȖİȦȝİIJȡȚțȠȪ ȝȑıȠȣ ȠijİȓȜİIJĮȚ ıIJȠ ȩIJȚ ȝȩȞȠȞ ȖȚĮ ĮȣIJȩȞ İȓȞĮȚ
įȣȞĮIJȩȞ ȞĮ ĮȜȘșİȪİȚ Ș ȚıȩIJȘIJĮ țĮȚ ıIJȚȢ IJȡİȚȢ İʌȚȝȑȡȠȣȢ ĮȞȚıȩIJȘIJİȢ. ǹȣIJȩ İȓȞĮȚ ĮȞĮȖțĮȓȠ
ȖȚĮ İȓȞĮȚ įȣȞĮIJȩȞ Ș ʌĮȡȐıIJĮıȘ ȞĮ ʌȐȡİȚ IJȘȞ IJȚȝȒ ʌȠȣ İȝijĮȞȓȗİIJĮȚ ȦȢ ȑȞĮ ʌȐȞȦ ijȡȐȖȝĮ
IJȘȢ. īȚĮ ʌĮȡȐįİȚȖȝĮ, ĮȞ İȓȤĮȝİ ȤȡȘıȚȝȠʌȠȚȒıİȚ IJȚȢ ĮȞȚıȩIJȘIJİȢ
2
3 2 2
3
2 2
2 2 1 1
3
a bc
a bc a bc ,
 
  ˜ ˜ d
2
3 2 2
3
2 2
2 2 1 1
3
b ca
b ca b ca ,
 
  ˜ ˜ d
2
3 2 2
3
2 2
2 2 1 1
3
c ab
c ab c ab ,
 
  ˜ ˜ d
IJȩIJİ ȝİ ʌȡȩıșİıȘ țĮIJȐ ȝȑȜȘ șĮ ȕȡȓıțĮȝİ
2 2 2
3 3 3
2 2 2
2
2 2 2
2 2 2
3
6 42
14.
3 3
a b c ab bc ca
S a bc b ca c ab
a b c
6
     
     d
  
Ǿ ȚıȩIJȘIJĮ ıIJȘȞ IJİȜİȣIJĮȓĮ ıȤȑıȘ įİȞ ȝʌȠȡİȓ ȞĮ ĮȜȘșİȪİȚ, ȩʌȦȢ ʌȡȠțȪʌIJİȚ Įʌȩ IJȠ
ıȪıIJȘȝĮ
2 2 2
2
2 1, 2 1, 2
3, ȐIJȠʌȠ.
a bc b ca c ab
a b c
  
Ÿ  
1
2. ǼȞĮȜȜĮțIJȚțȐ, șĮ ȝʌȠȡȠȪıĮȝİ ȞĮ ȤȡȘıȚȝȠʌȠȚȒıȠȣȝİ IJȠȞ ȝİIJĮıȤȘȝĮIJȚıȝȩ
3 3 3
2 2 2
2 , 2 , 2 ,
x a bc y b ca z c ab
  
ȝȑıȦ IJȠȣ ȠʌȠȓȠȣ Ș ıȣȞȐȡIJȘıȘ ȖȓȞİIJĮȚ , ,
S x y z x y z
  , IJȘȢ ȠʌȠȓĮȢ ȗȘIJȐȝİ IJȘ
ȝȑȖȚıIJȘ IJȚȝȒ ȣʌȩ IJȘ ıȣȞșȒțȘ
2
3 3 3
36
x y z a b c
    . ȈIJȘ ıȣȞȑȤİȚĮ șĮ ȝʌȠȡȠȪıİ
țĮȞİȓȢ ȞĮ ȤȡȘıȚȝȠʌȠȚȒıİȚ IJȘ ȝȑșȠįȠ IJȦȞ ʌȠȜȜĮʌȜĮıȚĮıIJȫȞ IJȠȣ Lagrange, ȤȦȡȓȢ
ıȠȕĮȡȩ ʌȡȩȕȜȘȝĮ ıIJȚȢ ʌȡȐȟİȚȢ. ǼʌȓıȘȢ șĮ ȝʌȠȡȠȪıİ țȐʌȠȚȠȢ ȞĮ İȡȖĮıIJİȓ
ȤȡȘıȚȝȠʌȠȚȫȞIJĮȢ țĮȚ ȐȜȜİȢ țȜĮıȚțȑȢ ĮȞȚıȩIJȘIJİȢ, ȩʌȦȢ Ș ĮȞȚıȩIJȘIJĮ IJȠȣ Holder Ȓ IJȘȞ
ĮȞȚıȩIJȘIJĮ IJȦȞ įȣȞȐȝİȦȞ.
ȆȇȅǺȁǾȂǹ 4
ǻȓȞİIJĮȚ ȠȟȣȖȫȞȚȠ IJȡȓȖȦȞȠ ( ȝİ
ABC AB AC
 ), İȖȖİȖȡĮȝȝȑȞȠ ıİ țȪțȜȠ
(ȝİ țȑȞIJȡȠ IJȠ ıȘȝİȓȠ țĮȚ ĮțIJȓȞĮ
( , )
c O R
O R ). Ǿ ʌȡȠȑțIJĮıȘ IJȠȣ ȪȥȠȣȢ AD IJȑȝȞİȚ IJȠȞ
ʌİȡȚȖİȖȡĮȝȝȑȞȠ țȪțȜȠ ıIJȠ ıȘȝİȓȠ E țĮȚ Ș ȝİıȠțȐșİIJȘ ( )
P IJȘȢ ʌȜİȣȡȐȢ AB IJȑȝȞİȚ
IJȘȞ AD ıIJȠ ıȘȝİȓȠ L . Ǿ BL IJȑȝȞİȚ IJȘȞ ıIJȠ ıȘȝİȓȠ
AC M țĮȚ IJȠȞ ʌİȡȚȖİȖȡĮȝȝȑȞȠ
țȪțȜȠ ıIJȠ ıȘȝİȓȠ . ȉȑȜȠȢ Ș IJȑȝȞİȚ IJȘ ȝİıȠțȐșİIJȘ
( , )
c O R N EN ( )
P ıIJȠ ıȘȝİȓȠ Z .
ȃĮ ĮʌȠįİȓȟİIJİ ȩIJȚ: MZ BC CA CB Ȓ 2
A œ = { , įȘȜĮįȒ ȩIJȚ “Ș MZ İȓȞĮȚ
țȐșİIJȘ ıIJȘȞ , ĮȞ, țĮȚ ȝȩȞȠ ĮȞ, IJȠ IJȡȓȖȦȞȠ İȓȞĮȚ ȚıȠıțİȜȑȢ ȝİ CA Ȓ IJȠ
ıȘȝİȓȠ
BC ABC CB
Z IJĮȣIJȓȗİIJĮȚ ȝİ IJȠ țȑȞIJȡȠ O IJȠȣ ʌİȡȚȖİȖȡĮȝȝȑȞȠȣ țȪțȜȠȣ ”.
( , )
c O R
ȁȪıȘ
ǼʌİȚįȒ IJȠ ıȘȝİȓȠ L ĮȞȒțİȚ ıIJȘ ȝİıȠțȐșİIJȘ IJȠȣ AB , șĮ ȚıȤȪİȚ: Ẑ
B̂
 1
1 țĮȚ
țĮIJȐ ıȣȞȑʌİȚĮ . DZȡĮ IJȠ IJİIJȡȐʌȜİȣȡȠ İȓȞĮȚ ȚıȠıțİȜȑȢ IJȡĮʌȑȗȚȠ ȝİ
, ȠʌȩIJİ Ș İȣșİȓĮ
BE
AN ABEN
/ /
AB EN )
( P İȓȞĮȚ ȝİıȠțȐșİIJȠȢ IJȘȢ țĮȚ
EN Ẑ
N̂
Ê 1
1 .
ȈȤȒȝĮ 2
DzıIJȦ ȩIJȚ IJȠ ıȘȝİȓȠ Z IJĮȣIJȓȗİIJĮȚ ȝİ IJȠ ıȘȝİȓȠ (ȈȤȒȝĮ 2).
O
ȉȩIJİ Ș ȖȓȞİIJĮȚ įȚȐȝİIJȡȠȢ IJȠȣ țȪțȜȠȣ, ȠʌȩIJİ
EN o
3
2 90
B̂
B̂
N
B̂
E  . ǹȞ
M̂
Ĉ IJȩIJİ Įʌȩ IJȠ İȖȖİȖȡĮȝȝȑȞȠ IJİIJȡȐʌȜİȣȡȠ ȑȤȠȣȝİ:
ABEC M̂
90
Â
B̂ o
2
2  .
ǹʌȩ IJȘ IJİȜİȣIJĮȓĮ ȚıȩIJȘIJĮ (ıİ ıȣȞįȣĮıȝȩ ȝİ IJȘȞ ȚıȩIJȘIJĮ o
3
2 90
B̂
B̂  ) ȑȤȠȣȝİ:
M̂
B̂3 . DZȡĮ IJȠ M ĮȞȒțİȚ ıIJȘ ȝİıȠțȐșİIJȘ IJȠȣ (
BC MC
MB ). ȉȠ ıȘȝİȓȠ
ĮȞȒțİȚ İʌȓıȘȢ ıIJȘ ȝİıȠțȐșİIJȘ IJȠȣ țĮȚ İʌİȚįȒ IJĮȣIJȓȗİIJĮȚ ȝİ IJȠ ıȘȝİȓȠ
O
BC Z ,
ıȣȝʌİȡĮȓȞȠȣȝİ ȩIJȚ Ș MZ İȓȞĮȚ ȝİıȠțȐșİIJȠȢ IJȘȢ .
BC
DzıIJȦ ȩIJȚ IJȠ IJȡȓȖȦȞȠ İȓȞĮȚ ȚıȠıțİȜȑȢ (
ABC CB
CA ). ȉȩIJİ Ș ȝİıȠțȐșİIJȠȢ )
( P
IJȘȢ AB İȓȞĮȚ ȪȥȠȢ IJȠȣ IJȡȚȖȫȞȠȣ (ȈȤȒȝĮ 2), įȘȜĮįȒ IJȠ
ABC L İȓȞĮȚ IJȠ ȠȡșȩțİȞIJȡȠ
IJȠȣ IJȡȚȖȫȞȠȣ țĮȚ țĮIJȐ ıȣȞȑʌİȚĮ IJȠ ıȘȝİȓȠ
ABC M İȓȞĮȚ IJȠ ȝȑıȠ IJȠȣ IJȝȒȝĮIJȠȢ
(Ș
LN
BM İȓȞĮȚ ȪȥȠȢ țĮȚ IJȠ ıȘȝİȓȠ İȓȞĮȚ IJȠ ıȣȝȝİIJȡȚțȩ IJȠȣ ȠȡșȠțȑȞIJȡȠȣ
N L ȦȢ ʌȡȠȢ
IJȘȞ ).
AC
ȈȤȒȝĮ 3
ȉȠ ıȘȝİȓȠ Z İȓȞĮȚ IJȠ ȝȑıȠ IJȠȣ IJȝȒȝĮIJȠȢ (įȚȩIJȚ Ș İȣșİȓĮ
EN )
( P İȓȞĮȚ
ȝİıȠțȐșİIJȠȢ IJȘȢ ).
EN
DZȡĮ Ș MZ İȓȞĮȚ ʌĮȡȐȜȜȘȜȘ ȝİ IJȘȞ AD .
ȈIJȘ ıȣȞȑȤİȚĮ șĮ ȣʌȠșȑıȠȣȝİ ȩIJȚ Ș MZ İȓȞĮȚ țȐșİIJȘ ıIJȘȞ țĮȚ șĮ
ĮʌȠįİȓȟȠȣȝİ ȩIJȚ IJȠ IJȡȓȖȦȞȠ İȓȞĮȚ ȚıȠıțİȜȑȢ (
BC
ABC CB
CA ) Ȓ IJȠ ıȘȝİȓȠ Z
IJĮȣIJȓȗİIJĮȚ ȝİ IJȠ țȑȞIJȡȠ O IJȠȣ ʌİȡȚȖİȖȡĮȝȝȑȞȠȣ țȪțȜȠȣ (ȈȤȒȝĮ 4).
DzıIJȦ ȜȠȚʌȩȞ ȩIJȚ Ș MZ İȓȞĮȚ țȐșİIJȘ ıIJȘȞ . ȉȩIJİ Ș
BC MZ șĮ İȓȞĮȚ ʌĮȡȐȜȜȘȜȘ ȝİ
IJȘȞ AE ( MZ // AE ).
ǹȞ İȓȞĮȚ Ș IJȠȝȒ IJȘȢ
T MZ ȝİ IJȘȞ IJȩIJİ IJȠ İȓȞĮȚ IJȠ ȝȑıȠ (įȚȩIJȚ
AN T AN Z
İȓȞĮȚ IJȠ ȝȑıȠ IJȘȢ țĮȚ
NE MZ // AE ). DZȡĮ IJĮ IJȡȓȖȦȞĮ MTA țĮȚ ȑȤȠȣȞ IJȠ ȓįȚȠ
İȝȕĮįȩ ( ).
MTN
2
1 E
)
MTN
(
)
MTA
(
E
ȈȤȒȝĮ 4
ǹʌȩ IJȘȞ ʌĮȡĮȜȜȘȜȓĮ MZ // AE , ʌȡȠțȪʌIJİȚ Ș “ȝİIJĮijȠȡȐ” ȖȦȞȚȫȞ ıIJȠ IJȡȓȖȦȞȠ
ıIJȠ ȠʌȠȓȠ Ș
AMN MT İȓȞĮȚ įȚȐȝİıȠȢ. ȈȘȝİȚȫȞȠȣȝİ ȩIJȚ:
Ẑ
2
D
L̂
B (įȚȩIJȚ Ș D
L̂
B İȓȞĮȚ İȟȦIJİȡȚțȒ ȖȦȞȓĮ IJȠȣ ȚıȠıțİȜȠȪȢ IJȡȚȖȫȞȠȣ ).
LEN
Ẑ
2
Z
M̂
L (įȚȩIJȚ LD // MZ ȠʌȩIJİ D
L̂
B Ẑ
2
Z
M̂
L ).
ȋȡȘıȚȝȠʌȠȚȫȞIJĮȢ IJȫȡĮ IJȠ ȖȞȦıIJȩ IJȪʌȠ A
2
1
E KP
EJ ȖȚĮ IJȠ İȝȕĮįȩ IJȡȚȖȫȞȠȣ,
ȑȤȠȣȝİ:
)
2
90
(
mx
2
1
)
90
(
mn
2
1
E1 Z
KP
M
KP 

KPM
Z
KP kx
2
1
2
kn
2
1
E2
ǻȚĮȚȡȫȞIJĮȢ țĮIJȐ ȝȑȜȘ IJȚȢ ʌĮȡĮʌȐȞȦ ıȤȑıİȚȢ, ȑȤȠȣȝİ:
Z
KP
M
KP
M
KP
Z
VXQ
Z
KP
M
VXQ
4
2
2
2
œ .
ǹʌȩ IJȘ IJİȜİȣIJĮȓĮ ȚıȩIJȘIJĮ ȘȝȚIJȩȞȦȞ (țĮȚ ȝİ įİįȠȝȑȞȠ ȩIJȚ ȠȚ ȖȦȞȓİȢ M
Z, İȓȞĮȚ
ȖȦȞȓİȢ IJȡȚȖȫȞȠȣ) țĮIJĮȜȒȖȠȣȝİ ıIJȚȢ ȚıȩIJȘIJİȢ:
)
A
(
2
4
2 Z
M
Z
M œ Ȓ )
B
(
2
2
4
2
S
Z
M
Z
S
M 
œ
 .
ǹʌȩ IJȘȞ ȚıȩIJȘIJĮ ıȣȝʌİȡĮȓȞȠȣȝİ ȩIJȚ IJȠ IJȡȓȖȦȞȠ İȓȞĮȚ ȚıȠıțİȜȑȢ
( ) țĮȚ țĮIJȐ ıȣȞȑʌİȚĮ IJȠ IJȡȓȖȦȞȠ İȓȞĮȚ ȠȡșȠȖȫȞȚȠ ıIJȠ
)
A
( MTN
TN
TM AMN
M ( o
90
N
M̂
A ). DZȡĮ Ș BM İȓȞĮȚ ȪȥȠȢ IJȠȣ IJȡȚȖȫȞȠȣ țĮȚ İʌȠȝȑȞȦȢ IJȠ
ABC L
ȠȡșȩțİȞIJȡȠ, įȘȜĮįȒ IJȠ IJȡȓȖȦȞȠ İȓȞĮȚ ȚıȠıțİȜȑȢ (
ABC CB
CA ) įȚȩIJȚ Ș ȝİıȠțȐșİIJȠȢ
KZ İȓȞĮȚ țĮȚ ȪȥȠȢ.
ǹʌȩ IJȘȞ ȚıȩIJȘIJĮ ıȣȝʌİȡĮȓȞȠȣȝİ ȩIJȚ IJȠ IJȡȓȖȦȞȠ İȓȞĮȚ ȠȡșȠȖȫȞȚȠ ıIJȠ
, įȘȜĮįȒ Ș
)
B
( MTN
T MT İȓȞĮȚ ȝİıȠțȐșİIJȠȢ IJȘȢ . DZȡĮ Ș
AN MT șĮ įȚȑȡȤİIJĮȚ Įʌȩ IJȠ
(ȠʌȩIJİ ).
O
O
Z {
ȆĮȡĮIJȒȡȘıȘ
ȈȤȒȝĮ 5 ȈȤȒȝĮ 6
ǹȞ IJȠ IJȡȓȖȦȞȠ İȓȞĮȚ ȚıȠıțİȜȑȢ ȝİ
ABC CB
CA țĮȚ o
45
ˆ
Ĉ M , IJȩIJİ IJĮ IJȡȓȖȦȞĮ
, țĮȚ İȓȞĮȚ ȠȡșȠȖȫȞȚĮ țĮȚ ȚıȠıțİȜȒ. ȉȠ IJİIJȡȐʌȜİȣȡȠ İȓȞĮȚ
ȚıȠıțİȜȑȢ IJȡĮʌȑȗȚȠ. DZȡĮ Ș TM İȓȞĮȚ ȝİıȠțȐșİIJȘ IJȘȢ .
TMN TMA AMN ABCN
BC
ȈIJȘ ʌİȡȓʌIJȦıȘ ĮȣIJȒ țĮȚ IJȠ ıȘȝİȓȠ Z IJĮȣIJȓȗİIJĮȚ ȝİ IJȠ ıȘȝİȓȠ , ȠʌȩIJİ Ș įȚȐȗİȣȟȘ
IJȦȞ ʌȡȠIJȐıİȦȞ
O
2
= {
Ȓ
CB
CA İȓȞĮȚ İȖțȜİȚıIJȚțȒ.

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Αρχιμήδης 2011 - Λύσεις.pdf

  • 1. 28 " " , 26 2011 1 1 . ΑΒΓ ˆ 120 ΒΑΓ = c ΒΓ, ΑΔ ΑΒ ΑΒΓ Ε . ΒΑ ΕΓ . : Ζ ( ) , ( ) . ΖΔ ⊥ ΒΕ ΖΔ = ΒΓ ( ) B . . . ˆ 90 ΒΑΕ = c ˆ 90 ΒΓΕ = c , . ΖΔ ⊥ ΒΕ 1 , : . , ˆ 90 ΖΒΗ = c ( ) ˆ ˆ ˆ 180 HBZ+BZH ΖΒΗ = − c (1) ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ HBZ EB BA=EA BA=120 90 BA 30 = Γ + Γ + − + = + Β c c c . (2)
  • 2. ( ) : ˆ ˆ 90 ΑΔΖ = ΔΓΖ = c (3) ˆ ˆ ΒΖΗ = ΑΖΔ = Γ̂ (2) (3) (1) : ( ) ( ) ( ) ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ 180 30 + + 150 + 150 180 120 90 ΖΒΗ = − = − = − − = c c c c c c c c c . ( ) , . . ˆ ˆ ΔΑΖ + ΔΓΖ = 90 90 180 + = c c ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ 120 90 30 ΔΖΓ = ΔΑΓ = ΒΑΓ −ΒΑΔ = − = c c ΔΓΖ , . 2 ΖΔ = ⋅ΔΓ = ΒΓ, 2 δ γ β α = x . α β γ δ = y y x > . y x − , y , x . : 1000 100 10 1000 100 10 x y α β γ δ δ γ β − = + + + − − − −α 1000( ) 100( ) 10( ) α δ β γ γ β δ = − + − + − + α − 999( ) 90( ) α δ β = − + −γ ( ) 9 111( ) 10( ) α δ β γ = − + − . : A 111( ) 10( ) α δ β γ = − + − . δ γ β α , , , ( ). y x > , δ α > . Α , δ α − γ β − > −δ α γ β − . δ α − 9 α = 1 δ = . γ β − 8 β = 2 γ = . . 9821 x = 1289 y = 9821 1289 8532 x y − = − = , Α δ α − γ β − . δ α − 1. ) , ( δ α : (9,8) , ,( (2 . (8,7) 7,6) (6,5) (5,4) (4,3) (3,2) ,1) ) , ( δ α , Α : A 111 10( ) β γ = + − . γ β − 8 − 1 β = 9 γ = .
  • 3. ( ), (9,8) (2,1) y , x . 3192 2913 279 4193 3914 279 5194 4915 279 6195 5916 279 7196 6917 279 8197 7918 279 3 3 1 ν + , ν , 7, : ( ) ν 7, ( ) m ν 7, . , 1 m m > ( ) 3 1 7 , ν κ + = , ν κ . ν 7 ν ρ υ = + , { } 0,1,2,3,4,5,6 υ ∈ ρ . : ( ) 3 7 1 7 21 3 1 7 3 1 7 ρ υ κ ρ υ κ υ + + = ⇔ + + = ⇔ + = , υ 2. 7 2, ν ρ = + ρ , ν 7 2. ( ) ( ) ( ) 0 7 2 7 2 .7 2 m m m i m i i m i m ν ρ ρ πο − = ⎛ ⎞ = + = = + ⎜ ⎟ ⎝ ⎠ ∑ λ , . , 7. 2m 3 m σ υ = + { } 0,1,2 υ ∈ , : ( ) ( ) 3 2 2 8 2 7 1 2 .7 1 2 .7 2 m σ , σ υ σ υ υ υ υ πολ πολ + = = ⋅ = + ⋅ = + ⋅ = + { } 0,1,2 υ ∈ . m ν 7, , m m >1 . 0 1 2 2 1, 2 2 2 4 = = = 4 , , x y z 12, : 3 x y z x y z y z x + + + ≥ + + . ; , , x y z 12, 4 x y z x y z x y y z x z + + + + + ≥ + + . (1)
  • 4. , , x y z , – 2 4 4 x y x y x y y + ≥ ⋅ = , (2) 2 4 4 y z y z y z z + ≥ ⋅ = , (3) 2 4 4 z x z x z x x + ≥ ⋅ = . (4) (2), (3) (4) (1). , (2), (3) (4) ., 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 4 2 2 2 3 2 2 8 7 2 2 7 7 1 , , , , , , 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 1 , , 4 4 4 4 1 , , 4 4 4 , , 4 4. 4 4 4 4 x y y z z x y z x y z y y x y z x y z y z x y z z x y z y z x y z z y z x y z x y z ⎛ ⎞ = = = ⇔ = = = ⇔ = = = = ⎜ ⎟ ⎝ ⎠ ⎛ ⎞ ⇔ = = = ⎜ ⎟ ⎝ ⎠ ⇔ = = = ⇔ = = = ⇔ = = =
  • 5. ǼȆǿȉȇȅȆǾ ǻǿǹīȍȃǿȈȂȍȃ ǼȂǼ 28 Ș ǼȜȜȘȞȚțȒ ȂĮșȘȝĮIJȚțȒ ȅȜȣȝʌȚȐįĮ "ȅ ǹȡȤȚȝȒįȘȢ" ȈǹǺǺǹȉȅ, 26 ĭǼǺȇȅȊǹȇǿȅȊ 2011 Ǽ ǼȞ Ȟį įİ İȚ Țț țIJ IJȚ Țț țȑ ȑȢ Ȣ ȁ ȁȪ Ȫı ıİ İȚ ȚȢ Ȣ ș șİ İȝ ȝȐ ȐIJ IJȦ ȦȞ Ȟ ȝ ȝİ İȖ ȖȐ ȐȜ ȜȦ ȦȞ Ȟ IJ IJȐ Ȑȟ ȟİ İȦ ȦȞ Ȟ Ȇ Ȇȇ ȇȅ ȅǺ Ǻȁ ȁǾ ǾȂ Ȃǹ ǹ 1 1 ȃĮ ȜȪıİIJİ ıIJȠȣȢ ĮțȑȡĮȚȠȣȢ IJȘȞ İȟȓıȦıȘ 3 2 2 4 2 3 x y y x x y 6 . ȁȪıȘ ȂİIJȐ IJȚȢ ʌȡȐȟİȚȢ įȚĮʌȚıIJȫȞȠȣȝİ ȩIJȚ Ș įİįȠȝȑȞȘ İȟȓıȦıȘ İȓȞĮȚ ȚıȠįȪȞĮȝȘ ȝİ IJȘȞ İȟȓıȦıȘ 2 2 2 2 6 0, , , 6 6 0, , , 6, , , Ȓ 6, , . 6, , , (1) Ȓ 6, , . (2) x y x y x y xy x y xy x y x y xy x y x y xy x y x y xy x y x y xy y x x y  œ ˜  ª º ª º ¬ ¼ ¬ ¼ œ   œ   ] ] ] ] ] ] ǹʌȩ IJȘ ȝȠȡijȒ IJȦȞ (1) țĮȚ (2) ʌȡȠțȪʌIJİȚ ȩIJȚ, ĮȞ 0 0 , x y İȓȞĮȚ ȜȪıȘ IJȘȢ (1), IJȩIJİ IJȠ ȗİȣȖȐȡȚ İȓȞĮȚ ȜȪıȘ IJȘȢ (2) țĮȚ ĮȞIJȚıIJȡȩijȦȢ. ǼʌȠȝȑȞȦȢ, Įȡțİȓ ȞĮ ȜȪıȠȣȝİ ȝȩȞȠȞ IJȘȞ İȟȓıȦıȘ (1). ǼʌİȚįȒ 0 0 , y x , x y ] , Ș İȟȓıȦıȘ (1) İȓȞĮȚ ȚıȠįȪȞĮȝȘ ȝİ : ^ ` ^ ` ^ ` ^ ^ ` ^ ^ ` ^ 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 6, 1 Ȓ 6, 1 Ȓ 3, 2 Ȓ 3, 2 Ȓ 1, 6 Ȓ 1, 6 Ȓ 2, 3 Ȓ 2, 3 . xy x y xy x y xy x y xy x y xy x y xy x y xy x y xy x y 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 ` ` ` ǹʌȩ IJĮ 8 ıȣıIJȒȝĮIJĮ ȝȩȞȠȞ IJĮ 1 3 , , 8 6 6 6 įȓȞȠȣȞ IJȚȢ ĮțȑȡĮȚİȢ ȜȪıİȚȢ: , 3,2 , , 2, 3 , , 3,1 , , 1, 3 , , 2,1 țĮȚ , 1, x y x y x y x y x y x y 2 . . ȈȪȝijȦȞĮ ȝİ ȩıĮ İȓʌĮȝİ ʌĮȡĮʌȐȞȦ, Ș İȟȓıȦıȘ (2) ȑȤİȚ ıIJȠȣȢ ĮțȑȡĮȚȠȣȢ IJȚȢ ȜȪıİȚȢ , 2,3 , , 3, 2 , , 1,3 , , 3, 1 , , 1, 2 țĮȚ , 2, x y x y x y x y x y x y 1 . . Ȇ Ȇȇ ȇȅ ȅǺ Ǻȁ ȁǾ ǾȂ Ȃǹ ǹ 2 2 ȈIJȠ țĮȡIJİıȚĮȞȩ İʌȓʌİįȠ Oxy șİȦȡȠȪȝİ IJĮ ıȘȝİȓĮ , , …, țĮșȫȢ țĮȚ IJĮ İȣșȪȖȡĮȝȝĮ IJȝȒȝĮIJĮ 1 A (40,1) 2 A (40,2) 40 A (40,40) 1 2 OA ,OA , ,OA40 } . DzȞĮ ıȘȝİȓȠ IJȠȣ țĮȡIJİıȚĮȞȠȪ İʌȚʌȑįȠȣ Oxy șĮ IJȠ ȠȞȠȝȐȗȠȣȝİ “țĮȜȩ”, ȩIJĮȞ ȠȚ ıȣȞIJİIJĮȖȝȑȞİȢ IJȠȣ İȓȞĮȚ ĮțȑȡĮȚȠȚ ĮȡȚșȝȠȓ țĮȚ ȕȡȓıțİIJĮȚ ıIJȠ İıȦIJİȡȚțȩ (įȘȜĮįȒ įİȞ IJĮȣIJȓȗİIJĮȚ ȝİ țȐʌȠȚȠ Įʌȩ IJĮ ȐțȡĮ IJȠȣ) İȞȩȢ İȣșȣȖȡȐȝȝȠȣ IJȝȒȝĮIJȠȢ i 2$ 1,2,3, ,40 i ! . ǼʌȓıȘȢ, ȑȞĮ Įʌȩ IJĮ İȣșȪȖȡĮȝȝĮ IJȝȒȝĮIJĮ 1 2 OA ,OA , ,OA40 } , șĮ IJȠ ȠȞȠȝȐȗȠȣȝİ “țĮȜȩ”, ȩIJĮȞ ʌİȡȚȑȤİȚ ȑȞĮ IJȠȣȜȐȤȚıIJȠȞ “țĮȜȩ” ıȘȝİȓȠ. ȃĮ ȣʌȠȜȠȖȚıșİȓ IJȠ ʌȜȒșȠȢ IJȦȞ “țĮȜȫȞ” ıȘȝİȓȦȞ țĮȚ IJȠ ʌȜȒșȠȢ IJȦȞ “țĮȜȫȞ” İȣșȣȖȡȐȝȝȦȞ IJȝȘȝȐIJȦȞ.
  • 6. ȁȪıȘ. ȈIJȘ ȜȪıȘ ʌȠȣ ĮțȠȜȠȣșİȓ, șĮ ıȣȝȕȠȜȓȗȠȣȝİ ȝİ MK ( , ) k l ' , IJȠ ȝȑȖȚıIJȠ țȠȚȞȩ įȚĮȚȡȑIJȘ IJȦȞ ĮțİȡĮȓȦȞ ĮȡȚșȝȫȞ . l , k ȈȤȒȝĮ 1 DzȞĮ ıȘȝİȓȠ șĮ ĮȞȒțİȚ ıIJȠ İıȦIJİȡȚțȩ IJȠȣ İȣșȣȖȡȐȝȝȠȣ IJȝȒȝĮIJȠȢ OA , ĮȞ țĮȚ ȝȩȞȠ ĮȞ, IJĮ įȚĮȞȪıȝĮIJĮ M( , ) k l i OM JJJJ G țĮȚ OAi JJJJG ȑȤȠȣȞ IJȠȞ ȓįȚȠ ıȣȞIJİȜİıIJȒ įȚİȪșȣȞıȘȢ (ȝİ ĮțȑȡĮȚȠȣȢ ĮȡȚșȝȠȪȢ țĮȚ l , k 0 k 40 d ), įȘȜĮįȒ ʌȡȑʌİȚ ȞĮ ȚıȤȪİȚ 40 i l k (ȝİ ĮțȑȡĮȚȠȣȢ ĮȡȚșȝȠȪȢ țĮȚ ). l , k 0 4 k d 0 īȚĮ ȞĮ İȓȞĮȚ IJȫȡĮ IJȠ İȣșȪȖȡĮȝȝȠ IJȝȒȝĮ “țĮȜȩ”, șĮ ʌȡȑʌİȚ IJȠ țȜȐıȝĮ OAi 40 i ȞĮ ȝȘȞ İȓȞĮȚ ĮȞȐȖȦȖȠ (ȫıIJİ ȞĮ įȘȝȚȠȣȡȖȠȪȞIJĮȚ ȚıȠįȪȞĮȝĮ ȝİ IJȠ 40 i țȜȐıȝĮIJĮ ȝİ ĮțȑȡĮȚȠȣȢ ȩȡȠȣȢ ʌȠȣ șĮ įȘȝȚȠȣȡȖȠȪȞ IJȠ ıȣȞIJİȜİıIJȒ įȚİȪșȣȞıȘȢ k l țĮȚ IJȚȢ ĮȞIJȓıIJȠȚȤİȢ ıȣȞIJİIJĮȖȝȑȞİȢ IJȠȣ “țĮȜȠȪ” ıȘȝİȓȠȣ ). M( , ) k l ǼʌȠȝȑȞȦȢ, ȖȚĮ ȞĮ ȣʌȐȡȤİȚ “țĮȜȩ” ıȘȝİȓȠ ıIJȠ İȣșȪȖȡĮȝȝȠ IJȝȒȝĮ (ȫıIJİ ȞĮ ȤĮȡĮțIJȘȡȚıIJİȓ țĮȚ IJȠ ȓįȚȠ ȦȢ “țĮȜȩ”) șĮ ʌȡȑʌİȚ OAi MK (40, ) 1 i ' ! . ǹȞ IJȫȡĮ , IJȩIJİ șĮ ȣʌȐȡȤȠȣȞ MK (40, ) 1 i ' ! MK (40, ) 1 i ' “țĮȜȐ” ıȘȝİȓĮ ıIJȠ İȣșȪȖȡĮȝȝȠ IJȝȒȝĮ . ȈIJȠ ıȘȝİȓȠ ĮȞIJȚıIJȠȚȤİȓ IJȠ “țĮȜȩ” İȣșȪȖȡĮȝȝȠ IJȝȒȝĮ , ıIJȠ ȠʌȠȓȠ ĮȞȒțİȚ IJȠ “țĮȜȩ” ıȘȝİȓȠ . ȈIJȠ ıȘȝİȓȠ ĮȞIJȚıIJȠȚȤİȓ IJȠ “țĮȜȩ” İȣșȪȖȡĮȝȝȠ IJȝȒȝĮ , ıIJȠ ȠʌȠȓȠ ĮȞȒțȠȣȞ IJĮ “țĮȜȐ” ıȘȝİȓĮ , (2 , . Ȃİ ĮȣIJȩ IJȠȞ IJȡȩʌȠ įȘȝȚȠȣȡȖȠȪȝİ IJȠȞ ʌȓȞĮțĮ: i OA 2 A (40,2) 2 OA (20,1) 4 A (40,4) 4 OA (10,1) 0,2) (30,3) A2(40,2) ȂȀǻ(40,2)=2 1 A40(40,40) ȂȀǻ(40,40)=40 39 A4(40,4) ȂȀǻ(40,4)=4 3 A38(40,38) ȂȀǻ(40,38)=2 1 A5(40,5) ȂȀǻ(40,5)=5 4 A36(40,36) ȂȀǻ(40,36)=4 3 A6(40,6) ȂȀǻ(40,6)=2 1 A35(40,35) ȂȀǻ(40,35)=5 4 A8(40,8) ȂȀǻ(40,8)=8 7 A34(40,34) ȂȀǻ(40,34)=2 1 A10(40,10) ȂȀǻ(40,10)=10 9 A32(40,32) ȂȀǻ(40,32)=8 7 A12(40,12) ȂȀǻ(40,12)=4 3 A30(40,30) ȂȀǻ(40,30)=10 9 A14(40,14) ȂȀǻ(40,14)=2 1 A28(40,28) ȂȀǻ(40,28)=4 3 A15(40,15) ȂȀǻ(40,15)=5 4 A26(40,26) ȂȀǻ(40,26)=2 1 A16(40,16) ȂȀǻ(40,16)=8 7 A25(40,25) ȂȀǻ(40,25)=5 4
  • 7. A18(40,18) ȂȀǻ(40,18)=2 1 A24(40,24) ȂȀǻ(40,24)=8 7 A20(40,20) ȂȀǻ(40,20)=20 19 A22(40,22) ȂȀǻ(40,22)=2 1 60 80 ǹʌȩ IJȠȞ ʌĮȡĮʌȐȞȦ ʌȓȞĮțĮ ıȣȝʌİȡĮȓȞȠȣȝİ ȩIJȚ IJȠ ʌȜȒșȠȢ IJȦȞ “țĮȜȫȞ” IJȝȘȝȐIJȦȞ İȓȞĮȚ țĮȚ IJȠ ʌȜȒșȠȢ IJȦȞ țĮȜȫȞ ıȘȝİȓȦȞ 140. 24 ȆĮȡĮIJȘȡȒıİȚȢ 1. ȅ ʌĮȡĮʌȐȞȦ ʌȓȞĮțĮȢ ȑȤİȚ İȣȡİȓĮ ĮȞȐʌIJȣȟȘ ȖȚĮ įȚįĮțIJȚțȠȪȢ ȜȩȖȠȣȢ. 2. ȅ ȣʌȠȜȠȖȚıȝȩȢ IJȠȣ ʌȓȞĮțĮ įȚİȣțȠȜȪȞİIJĮȚ ıȘȝĮȞIJȚțȐ ȝİ IJȘ ȤȡȘıȚȝȠʌȠȓȘıȘ IJȦȞ ȚįȚȠIJȒIJȦȞ IJȠȣ ȝȑȖȚıIJȠȣ țȠȚȞȠȪ įȚĮȚȡȑIJȘ: MK ( , ) k l ' =MK ( , ) l k ' =MK ( , ) l k k ' =MK ( , ) l k k ' . 3. ȉȠ ʌȜȒșȠȢ IJȦȞ “țĮȜȫȞ” İȣșȣȖȡȐȝȝȦȞ IJȝȘȝȐIJȦȞ ȝʌȠȡİȓ ȞĮ ȣʌȠȜȠȖȚıIJİȓ ȝİ IJȘ ȕȠȒșİȚĮ IJȘȢ ıȣȞȐȡIJȘıȘȢ I IJȠȣ Euler. ǼȓȞĮȚ ȖȞȦıIJȩ ȩIJȚ ( ) n n I ʌĮȡȚıIJȐ IJȠ ʌȜȒșȠȢ IJȦȞ șİIJȚțȫȞ ĮțİȡĮȓȦȞ ʌȠȣ İȓȞĮȚ ȝȚțȡȩIJİȡȠȚ Ȓ ȓıȠȚ ȝİ IJȠȞ n țĮȚ įİȞ İȓȞĮȚ ʌȡȫIJȠȚ ʌȡȠȢ ĮȣIJȩȞ. ǼʌİȚįȒ ȩȝȦȢ 3 40 5 2 ˜ , ȑȤȠȣȝİ: 1 1 1 4 (40) 40 1 1 40 16 2 5 2 5 I § · § · ˜ ¨ ¸ ¨ ¸ © ¹ © ¹ . DZȡĮ IJȠ ʌȜȒșȠȢ IJȦȞ “țĮȜȫȞ” İȣșȣȖȡȐȝȝȦȞ IJȝȘȝȐIJȦȞ İȓȞĮȚ 40 (40) 24 I . Ȇ Ȇȇ ȇȅ ȅǺ Ǻȁ ȁǾ ǾȂ Ȃǹ ǹ 3 3 ǹȞ İȓȞĮȚ șİIJȚțȠȓ ʌȡĮȖȝĮIJȚțȠȓ ĮȡȚșȝȠȓ ȝİ ȐșȡȠȚıȝĮ 6, ȞĮ ʌȡȠıįȚȠȡȓıİIJİ IJȘ ȝȑȖȚıIJȘ IJȚȝȒ IJȘȢ ʌĮȡȐıIJĮıȘȢ: , , a b c 3 3 3 2 2 2 2 2 S a bc b ca c a 2 b . . ȁȪıȘ. ȋȡȘıȚȝȠʌȠȚȠȪȝİ IJȘȞ ĮȞȚıȩIJȘIJĮ ĮȡȚșȝȘIJȚțȠȪ – ȖİȦȝİIJȡȚțȠȪ ȝȑıȠȣ ȦȢ İȟȒȢ: 2 3 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 2 2 2 1 1 2 12 12 1 2 2 12 12 2 3 12 12 3 12 a bc a bc a bc a bc ˜ ˜ d ˜ 24 , 2 3 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 2 2 2 1 1 2 12 12 1 2 2 12 12 2 24 , 3 12 12 3 12 b ca b ca b ca b ca ˜ ˜ d ˜ 2 3 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 2 2 2 1 1 2 12 12 1 2 2 12 12 2 3 12 12 3 12 c ab c ab c ab c ab ˜ ˜ d ˜ 24 , Įʌȩ IJȚȢ ȠʌȠȓİȢ ȝİ ʌȡȩıșİıȘ țĮIJȐ ȝȑȜȘ ȜĮȝȕȐȞȠȣȝİ 3 3 3 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 2 2 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 72 3 12 1 36 72 3 12. 18 3 12 12 S a bc b ca c ab a b c ab bc ca a b c d ª º ¬ ¼ 18 Ǿ ȚıȩIJȘIJĮ ȚıȤȪİȚ ȩIJĮȞ
  • 8. 2 2 2 2 2 2 12, 2 12, 2 12 2 0, 2 0, 2 1 6 3 0, 6 3 0, 2 12 2. a bc b ca c ab a b a b c b c b c a c ab a b c b c a c ab a b c œ œ œ 2 ǼʌȠȝȑȞȦȢ Ș ȝȑȖȚıIJȘ IJȚȝȒ IJȘȢ ʌĮȡȐıIJĮıȘȢ İȓȞĮȚ 3 3 12 țĮȚ ȜĮȝȕȐȞİIJĮȚ ȩIJĮȞ İȓȞĮȚ . 2 a b c ȆĮȡĮIJȒȡȘıȘ 1. Ǿ İʌȚȜȠȖȒ IJȠȣ ĮȡȚșȝȠȪ 12 ȦȢ įİȪIJİȡȠȣ țĮȚ IJȡȓIJȠȣ ȩȡȠȣ ȖȚĮ IJȘȞ İijĮȡȝȠȖȒ IJȘȢ ĮȞȚıȩIJȘIJĮȢ ĮȡȚșȝȘIJȚțȠȪ – ȖİȦȝİIJȡȚțȠȪ ȝȑıȠȣ ȠijİȓȜİIJĮȚ ıIJȠ ȩIJȚ ȝȩȞȠȞ ȖȚĮ ĮȣIJȩȞ İȓȞĮȚ įȣȞĮIJȩȞ ȞĮ ĮȜȘșİȪİȚ Ș ȚıȩIJȘIJĮ țĮȚ ıIJȚȢ IJȡİȚȢ İʌȚȝȑȡȠȣȢ ĮȞȚıȩIJȘIJİȢ. ǹȣIJȩ İȓȞĮȚ ĮȞĮȖțĮȓȠ ȖȚĮ İȓȞĮȚ įȣȞĮIJȩȞ Ș ʌĮȡȐıIJĮıȘ ȞĮ ʌȐȡİȚ IJȘȞ IJȚȝȒ ʌȠȣ İȝijĮȞȓȗİIJĮȚ ȦȢ ȑȞĮ ʌȐȞȦ ijȡȐȖȝĮ IJȘȢ. īȚĮ ʌĮȡȐįİȚȖȝĮ, ĮȞ İȓȤĮȝİ ȤȡȘıȚȝȠʌȠȚȒıİȚ IJȚȢ ĮȞȚıȩIJȘIJİȢ 2 3 2 2 3 2 2 2 2 1 1 3 a bc a bc a bc , ˜ ˜ d 2 3 2 2 3 2 2 2 2 1 1 3 b ca b ca b ca , ˜ ˜ d 2 3 2 2 3 2 2 2 2 1 1 3 c ab c ab c ab , ˜ ˜ d IJȩIJİ ȝİ ʌȡȩıșİıȘ țĮIJȐ ȝȑȜȘ șĮ ȕȡȓıțĮȝİ 2 2 2 3 3 3 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 6 42 14. 3 3 a b c ab bc ca S a bc b ca c ab a b c 6 d Ǿ ȚıȩIJȘIJĮ ıIJȘȞ IJİȜİȣIJĮȓĮ ıȤȑıȘ įİȞ ȝʌȠȡİȓ ȞĮ ĮȜȘșİȪİȚ, ȩʌȦȢ ʌȡȠțȪʌIJİȚ Įʌȩ IJȠ ıȪıIJȘȝĮ 2 2 2 2 2 1, 2 1, 2 3, ȐIJȠʌȠ. a bc b ca c ab a b c Ÿ 1 2. ǼȞĮȜȜĮțIJȚțȐ, șĮ ȝʌȠȡȠȪıĮȝİ ȞĮ ȤȡȘıȚȝȠʌȠȚȒıȠȣȝİ IJȠȞ ȝİIJĮıȤȘȝĮIJȚıȝȩ 3 3 3 2 2 2 2 , 2 , 2 , x a bc y b ca z c ab ȝȑıȦ IJȠȣ ȠʌȠȓȠȣ Ș ıȣȞȐȡIJȘıȘ ȖȓȞİIJĮȚ , , S x y z x y z , IJȘȢ ȠʌȠȓĮȢ ȗȘIJȐȝİ IJȘ ȝȑȖȚıIJȘ IJȚȝȒ ȣʌȩ IJȘ ıȣȞșȒțȘ 2 3 3 3 36 x y z a b c . ȈIJȘ ıȣȞȑȤİȚĮ șĮ ȝʌȠȡȠȪıİ țĮȞİȓȢ ȞĮ ȤȡȘıȚȝȠʌȠȚȒıİȚ IJȘ ȝȑșȠįȠ IJȦȞ ʌȠȜȜĮʌȜĮıȚĮıIJȫȞ IJȠȣ Lagrange, ȤȦȡȓȢ ıȠȕĮȡȩ ʌȡȩȕȜȘȝĮ ıIJȚȢ ʌȡȐȟİȚȢ. ǼʌȓıȘȢ șĮ ȝʌȠȡȠȪıİ țȐʌȠȚȠȢ ȞĮ İȡȖĮıIJİȓ ȤȡȘıȚȝȠʌȠȚȫȞIJĮȢ țĮȚ ȐȜȜİȢ țȜĮıȚțȑȢ ĮȞȚıȩIJȘIJİȢ, ȩʌȦȢ Ș ĮȞȚıȩIJȘIJĮ IJȠȣ Holder Ȓ IJȘȞ ĮȞȚıȩIJȘIJĮ IJȦȞ įȣȞȐȝİȦȞ. ȆȇȅǺȁǾȂǹ 4 ǻȓȞİIJĮȚ ȠȟȣȖȫȞȚȠ IJȡȓȖȦȞȠ ( ȝİ ABC AB AC ), İȖȖİȖȡĮȝȝȑȞȠ ıİ țȪțȜȠ (ȝİ țȑȞIJȡȠ IJȠ ıȘȝİȓȠ țĮȚ ĮțIJȓȞĮ ( , ) c O R O R ). Ǿ ʌȡȠȑțIJĮıȘ IJȠȣ ȪȥȠȣȢ AD IJȑȝȞİȚ IJȠȞ ʌİȡȚȖİȖȡĮȝȝȑȞȠ țȪțȜȠ ıIJȠ ıȘȝİȓȠ E țĮȚ Ș ȝİıȠțȐșİIJȘ ( ) P IJȘȢ ʌȜİȣȡȐȢ AB IJȑȝȞİȚ IJȘȞ AD ıIJȠ ıȘȝİȓȠ L . Ǿ BL IJȑȝȞİȚ IJȘȞ ıIJȠ ıȘȝİȓȠ AC M țĮȚ IJȠȞ ʌİȡȚȖİȖȡĮȝȝȑȞȠ țȪțȜȠ ıIJȠ ıȘȝİȓȠ . ȉȑȜȠȢ Ș IJȑȝȞİȚ IJȘ ȝİıȠțȐșİIJȘ ( , ) c O R N EN ( ) P ıIJȠ ıȘȝİȓȠ Z .
  • 9. ȃĮ ĮʌȠįİȓȟİIJİ ȩIJȚ: MZ BC CA CB Ȓ 2 A œ = { , įȘȜĮįȒ ȩIJȚ “Ș MZ İȓȞĮȚ țȐșİIJȘ ıIJȘȞ , ĮȞ, țĮȚ ȝȩȞȠ ĮȞ, IJȠ IJȡȓȖȦȞȠ İȓȞĮȚ ȚıȠıțİȜȑȢ ȝİ CA Ȓ IJȠ ıȘȝİȓȠ BC ABC CB Z IJĮȣIJȓȗİIJĮȚ ȝİ IJȠ țȑȞIJȡȠ O IJȠȣ ʌİȡȚȖİȖȡĮȝȝȑȞȠȣ țȪțȜȠȣ ”. ( , ) c O R ȁȪıȘ ǼʌİȚįȒ IJȠ ıȘȝİȓȠ L ĮȞȒțİȚ ıIJȘ ȝİıȠțȐșİIJȘ IJȠȣ AB , șĮ ȚıȤȪİȚ: Ẑ B̂  1 1 țĮȚ țĮIJȐ ıȣȞȑʌİȚĮ . DZȡĮ IJȠ IJİIJȡȐʌȜİȣȡȠ İȓȞĮȚ ȚıȠıțİȜȑȢ IJȡĮʌȑȗȚȠ ȝİ , ȠʌȩIJİ Ș İȣșİȓĮ BE AN ABEN / / AB EN ) ( P İȓȞĮȚ ȝİıȠțȐșİIJȠȢ IJȘȢ țĮȚ EN Ẑ N̂ Ê 1 1 . ȈȤȒȝĮ 2 DzıIJȦ ȩIJȚ IJȠ ıȘȝİȓȠ Z IJĮȣIJȓȗİIJĮȚ ȝİ IJȠ ıȘȝİȓȠ (ȈȤȒȝĮ 2). O ȉȩIJİ Ș ȖȓȞİIJĮȚ įȚȐȝİIJȡȠȢ IJȠȣ țȪțȜȠȣ, ȠʌȩIJİ EN o 3 2 90 B̂ B̂ N B̂ E . ǹȞ M̂ Ĉ IJȩIJİ Įʌȩ IJȠ İȖȖİȖȡĮȝȝȑȞȠ IJİIJȡȐʌȜİȣȡȠ ȑȤȠȣȝİ: ABEC M̂ 90  B̂ o 2 2 . ǹʌȩ IJȘ IJİȜİȣIJĮȓĮ ȚıȩIJȘIJĮ (ıİ ıȣȞįȣĮıȝȩ ȝİ IJȘȞ ȚıȩIJȘIJĮ o 3 2 90 B̂ B̂ ) ȑȤȠȣȝİ: M̂ B̂3 . DZȡĮ IJȠ M ĮȞȒțİȚ ıIJȘ ȝİıȠțȐșİIJȘ IJȠȣ ( BC MC MB ). ȉȠ ıȘȝİȓȠ ĮȞȒțİȚ İʌȓıȘȢ ıIJȘ ȝİıȠțȐșİIJȘ IJȠȣ țĮȚ İʌİȚįȒ IJĮȣIJȓȗİIJĮȚ ȝİ IJȠ ıȘȝİȓȠ O BC Z , ıȣȝʌİȡĮȓȞȠȣȝİ ȩIJȚ Ș MZ İȓȞĮȚ ȝİıȠțȐșİIJȠȢ IJȘȢ . BC DzıIJȦ ȩIJȚ IJȠ IJȡȓȖȦȞȠ İȓȞĮȚ ȚıȠıțİȜȑȢ ( ABC CB CA ). ȉȩIJİ Ș ȝİıȠțȐșİIJȠȢ ) ( P IJȘȢ AB İȓȞĮȚ ȪȥȠȢ IJȠȣ IJȡȚȖȫȞȠȣ (ȈȤȒȝĮ 2), įȘȜĮįȒ IJȠ ABC L İȓȞĮȚ IJȠ ȠȡșȩțİȞIJȡȠ IJȠȣ IJȡȚȖȫȞȠȣ țĮȚ țĮIJȐ ıȣȞȑʌİȚĮ IJȠ ıȘȝİȓȠ ABC M İȓȞĮȚ IJȠ ȝȑıȠ IJȠȣ IJȝȒȝĮIJȠȢ (Ș LN BM İȓȞĮȚ ȪȥȠȢ țĮȚ IJȠ ıȘȝİȓȠ İȓȞĮȚ IJȠ ıȣȝȝİIJȡȚțȩ IJȠȣ ȠȡșȠțȑȞIJȡȠȣ N L ȦȢ ʌȡȠȢ IJȘȞ ). AC
  • 10. ȈȤȒȝĮ 3 ȉȠ ıȘȝİȓȠ Z İȓȞĮȚ IJȠ ȝȑıȠ IJȠȣ IJȝȒȝĮIJȠȢ (įȚȩIJȚ Ș İȣșİȓĮ EN ) ( P İȓȞĮȚ ȝİıȠțȐșİIJȠȢ IJȘȢ ). EN DZȡĮ Ș MZ İȓȞĮȚ ʌĮȡȐȜȜȘȜȘ ȝİ IJȘȞ AD . ȈIJȘ ıȣȞȑȤİȚĮ șĮ ȣʌȠșȑıȠȣȝİ ȩIJȚ Ș MZ İȓȞĮȚ țȐșİIJȘ ıIJȘȞ țĮȚ șĮ ĮʌȠįİȓȟȠȣȝİ ȩIJȚ IJȠ IJȡȓȖȦȞȠ İȓȞĮȚ ȚıȠıțİȜȑȢ ( BC ABC CB CA ) Ȓ IJȠ ıȘȝİȓȠ Z IJĮȣIJȓȗİIJĮȚ ȝİ IJȠ țȑȞIJȡȠ O IJȠȣ ʌİȡȚȖİȖȡĮȝȝȑȞȠȣ țȪțȜȠȣ (ȈȤȒȝĮ 4). DzıIJȦ ȜȠȚʌȩȞ ȩIJȚ Ș MZ İȓȞĮȚ țȐșİIJȘ ıIJȘȞ . ȉȩIJİ Ș BC MZ șĮ İȓȞĮȚ ʌĮȡȐȜȜȘȜȘ ȝİ IJȘȞ AE ( MZ // AE ). ǹȞ İȓȞĮȚ Ș IJȠȝȒ IJȘȢ T MZ ȝİ IJȘȞ IJȩIJİ IJȠ İȓȞĮȚ IJȠ ȝȑıȠ (įȚȩIJȚ AN T AN Z İȓȞĮȚ IJȠ ȝȑıȠ IJȘȢ țĮȚ NE MZ // AE ). DZȡĮ IJĮ IJȡȓȖȦȞĮ MTA țĮȚ ȑȤȠȣȞ IJȠ ȓįȚȠ İȝȕĮįȩ ( ). MTN 2 1 E ) MTN ( ) MTA ( E ȈȤȒȝĮ 4 ǹʌȩ IJȘȞ ʌĮȡĮȜȜȘȜȓĮ MZ // AE , ʌȡȠțȪʌIJİȚ Ș “ȝİIJĮijȠȡȐ” ȖȦȞȚȫȞ ıIJȠ IJȡȓȖȦȞȠ ıIJȠ ȠʌȠȓȠ Ș AMN MT İȓȞĮȚ įȚȐȝİıȠȢ. ȈȘȝİȚȫȞȠȣȝİ ȩIJȚ:
  • 11. Ẑ 2 D L̂ B (įȚȩIJȚ Ș D L̂ B İȓȞĮȚ İȟȦIJİȡȚțȒ ȖȦȞȓĮ IJȠȣ ȚıȠıțİȜȠȪȢ IJȡȚȖȫȞȠȣ ). LEN Ẑ 2 Z M̂ L (įȚȩIJȚ LD // MZ ȠʌȩIJİ D L̂ B Ẑ 2 Z M̂ L ). ȋȡȘıȚȝȠʌȠȚȫȞIJĮȢ IJȫȡĮ IJȠ ȖȞȦıIJȩ IJȪʌȠ A 2 1 E KP EJ ȖȚĮ IJȠ İȝȕĮįȩ IJȡȚȖȫȞȠȣ, ȑȤȠȣȝİ: ) 2 90 ( mx 2 1 ) 90 ( mn 2 1 E1 Z KP M KP KPM Z KP kx 2 1 2 kn 2 1 E2 ǻȚĮȚȡȫȞIJĮȢ țĮIJȐ ȝȑȜȘ IJȚȢ ʌĮȡĮʌȐȞȦ ıȤȑıİȚȢ, ȑȤȠȣȝİ: Z KP M KP M KP Z VXQ Z KP M VXQ 4 2 2 2 œ . ǹʌȩ IJȘ IJİȜİȣIJĮȓĮ ȚıȩIJȘIJĮ ȘȝȚIJȩȞȦȞ (țĮȚ ȝİ įİįȠȝȑȞȠ ȩIJȚ ȠȚ ȖȦȞȓİȢ M Z, İȓȞĮȚ ȖȦȞȓİȢ IJȡȚȖȫȞȠȣ) țĮIJĮȜȒȖȠȣȝİ ıIJȚȢ ȚıȩIJȘIJİȢ: ) A ( 2 4 2 Z M Z M œ Ȓ ) B ( 2 2 4 2 S Z M Z S M œ . ǹʌȩ IJȘȞ ȚıȩIJȘIJĮ ıȣȝʌİȡĮȓȞȠȣȝİ ȩIJȚ IJȠ IJȡȓȖȦȞȠ İȓȞĮȚ ȚıȠıțİȜȑȢ ( ) țĮȚ țĮIJȐ ıȣȞȑʌİȚĮ IJȠ IJȡȓȖȦȞȠ İȓȞĮȚ ȠȡșȠȖȫȞȚȠ ıIJȠ ) A ( MTN TN TM AMN M ( o 90 N M̂ A ). DZȡĮ Ș BM İȓȞĮȚ ȪȥȠȢ IJȠȣ IJȡȚȖȫȞȠȣ țĮȚ İʌȠȝȑȞȦȢ IJȠ ABC L ȠȡșȩțİȞIJȡȠ, įȘȜĮįȒ IJȠ IJȡȓȖȦȞȠ İȓȞĮȚ ȚıȠıțİȜȑȢ ( ABC CB CA ) įȚȩIJȚ Ș ȝİıȠțȐșİIJȠȢ KZ İȓȞĮȚ țĮȚ ȪȥȠȢ. ǹʌȩ IJȘȞ ȚıȩIJȘIJĮ ıȣȝʌİȡĮȓȞȠȣȝİ ȩIJȚ IJȠ IJȡȓȖȦȞȠ İȓȞĮȚ ȠȡșȠȖȫȞȚȠ ıIJȠ , įȘȜĮįȒ Ș ) B ( MTN T MT İȓȞĮȚ ȝİıȠțȐșİIJȠȢ IJȘȢ . DZȡĮ Ș AN MT șĮ įȚȑȡȤİIJĮȚ Įʌȩ IJȠ (ȠʌȩIJİ ). O O Z { ȆĮȡĮIJȒȡȘıȘ ȈȤȒȝĮ 5 ȈȤȒȝĮ 6 ǹȞ IJȠ IJȡȓȖȦȞȠ İȓȞĮȚ ȚıȠıțİȜȑȢ ȝİ ABC CB CA țĮȚ o 45 ˆ Ĉ M , IJȩIJİ IJĮ IJȡȓȖȦȞĮ , țĮȚ İȓȞĮȚ ȠȡșȠȖȫȞȚĮ țĮȚ ȚıȠıțİȜȒ. ȉȠ IJİIJȡȐʌȜİȣȡȠ İȓȞĮȚ ȚıȠıțİȜȑȢ IJȡĮʌȑȗȚȠ. DZȡĮ Ș TM İȓȞĮȚ ȝİıȠțȐșİIJȘ IJȘȢ . TMN TMA AMN ABCN BC
  • 12. ȈIJȘ ʌİȡȓʌIJȦıȘ ĮȣIJȒ țĮȚ IJȠ ıȘȝİȓȠ Z IJĮȣIJȓȗİIJĮȚ ȝİ IJȠ ıȘȝİȓȠ , ȠʌȩIJİ Ș įȚȐȗİȣȟȘ IJȦȞ ʌȡȠIJȐıİȦȞ O 2 = { Ȓ CB CA İȓȞĮȚ İȖțȜİȚıIJȚțȒ.