2. Feedstuffs
Feedstuffs- any component of a diet (
ration) that serves some useful
function
Functions:
1. Provide source of nutrients and
energy
2. Combined to produce rations
3. Modify characteristics of diet
Functions
1. Provide one of more nutrients
2. Modify characteristics of diet
3. International
Feed ID System
System for classifying feedstuffs
based on descriptive characteristics
Based on the primary nutrient
provided by the feedstuff
Each feedstuff is assigned an
International Feed Number ( IFN)
4. There are 8 international
Feedstuff classes
1. Dry Roughages
2. Pasture Range and Grasses
3. Ensiled Roughages
4. High Energy Concentrates
5. Protein Sources
6. Minerals
7. Vitamins
8. Additives
5. 1. Dry Roughages
Characteristics:
1. Bulky feed that has low weight per
unit of volume
2. High crude fiber content, low protein
and fat digestibility
3. Contains greater than 18% crude
fiber and less than 70% total
digestible nutrients
6. Dry Roughagae Examples
Hay- legume ( alfalfa), grass legume,
non legume
Straw and chaff
Corn cobs
Cottonseed hulls
Shells and hulls
Sugarcane byproducts
Paper and wood byproducts
7. 2. Pasture and Range
grasses
1. Grazed plants
2. Soilage or greenchop
3. Cannery and food crop residues
8. Grass examples
Cool season grasses
- ryegrass, orchardgrass, tall
fescue, timothy and smooth brome
grass
Warm Season grasses
- Bermudagrass, Johnsongrass, Dallisg
rass, Bluestem grass
Cereal grain grasses
- barley, oats, winter wheat and rye
9. Legume examples
Alfalfa is most common, used for
pasture, hay-crop silage and hay
Clovers – ladino, red, white,
sweetclover
Lespedeza, crown vetch, kudzu and
birdsfoot trefoil are other legumes that
may be fed to animals
10. Toxic plants
Cyanide containing
- Arrow grass, blue
flax, chokecherry, elderberry, Johnson
grass ( sudan), yew
Nitrate containing
- Johnson grass, lambs
quarter, nightshades, pigweed, russian
thistle, sunflower
Alkaloid containing
- Death camas, water hemlock
Oxalate containing
11. 3. Silages and Haylages
- fermented, high moisture feed made
from the entire plant. Stored in silos
Examples:
1. corn, sorghum
2. Grass, grass-legume, legume
12. Hay Crop Silage vs Corn
Silage
Hay crop silage is lower in density
than corn silage
Corn silage is harvested once a year
and needs a silo for storage of an
entire years worth of silage
Hay silage is harvested several times
a year and does not need a silo that
can hold 1 years worth
Corn silage is more stable when
exposed to air ( as you are using it)
than hay silage
13. Evaluating optimum moisture of
silage/haylage
Hold ball of silage/haylage in your hand
and squeeze ( like making a mudball)
1. Too wet- juice flows out, leads to
seepage and low acid production
which leads to butyric acid
fermentation
2. Optimum- ball holds shape or slowly
falls apart
3. Too dry- does not form a ball, silage
will be hard to pack, heat damage
and molding more likely
14. Forage Composition and
Nutritive Value
Maturity- as forage plants
mature, protein and soluble
carbohydrate content declines while
fiber and lignin increase (lignin is
indigestible and affects digestibility of
entire diet)
Soil fertility, fertilization and weather
affect quality of forage
Harvesting and storage methods
((significant leaf loss reduces nutrient
content)
15. 4. High Energy Concentrate
Cereal grains
Beet and citrus pulp
Molasses
Animal, marine and vegetable fats
Roots and tuber
High energy feeds generally have low
levels of protein ( the exception is
high-protein oilseed meals)
16. Carbohydrates in Herbivores
Take Home Message
Starch is the form of carbohydrate
storage in plants
Cellulose is the carbohydrate used for
structural support in the plant
They are the major source of energy in
the herbivore diet and must be managed
carefully
Bacteria in the digestive tract digest the
cellulose to release energy for the
herbivore
17. Carbohydrates in Herbivores
Take Home Message
Starch is the form of carbohydrate
storage in plants
Cellulose is the carbohydrate used for
structural support in the plant
They are the major source of energy in
the herbivore diet and must be managed
carefully
Bacteria in the digestive tract digest the
cellulose to release energy for the
herbivore
18. Carbohydrates in Herbivores
Take Home Message
Starch is the form of carbohydrate
storage in plants
Cellulose is the carbohydrate used for
structural support in the plant
Bacteria in the digestive tract digest the
cellulose to release energy for the
herbivore
They are the major source of energy in
the herbivore diet and must be managed
carefully avoid excesses ( $$$) or
deficiency which can lead to reduced
production ($$$)
19. Carbohydrate sources
Sugar cane
Starchy plants and roots
Grains, seeds and tubers
Potatoes, tubers, artichokes
Citrus fruits, apples
Cottonseed, sugar beets
Fibrous portion of plants
corn cobs,
Liver and muscle
20. 5. Protein Supplements
Contains greater than 20% crude protein
1. animal, avian, marine sources ( blood
meal, feather meal, fish meal, meat
meal)
2. Plant proteins soybeans, canola, and
cottonseed are the most important
3. Milk and by-products
4. Legume seeds
5. Brewery and distillery by-products
6. Urea, ammonia ( non protein nitrogen
sources)
21. Essential Amino Acids
Must be provided in the diet
PVT TIM HALL-
phenylalanine, valine, threonine, trypto
phan, isoleucine, methionine, histidine
, arginine, leucine, lysine
Taurine is a dietary essential only for
the cat
22. 6. Mineral supplements and 7.
Vitamin supplements
Must be added by sources that animal
is able to absorb
Vitamin concentration in plants and
animal tissues varies greatly
Plants: vitamin concentration affected
by harvesting, processing and storing
Animals: liver and kidney are good
sources of most vitamins
23. Function of Minerals
Participate in catalytic activity of
enzymes
Structure functions
Acid base and electrolyte balances
26. Fat Soluble Vitamins
A- to maintain epithelial tissue
D- facilitate
mobilization, transport, absorption and
use of calcium and phosphorus
E – for normal reproductive health and
antioxidant
K- used in the body’s blood clotting
mechanism
27. Water Soluble Vitamins
Thiamin B1- nervous system function
and ATP production
Riboflavin B2- cofactor for many
enzymes
Pyridoxine B6- metabolism of proteins
Cyancobalamin B12 cofactor for
enzymes esp DNA synthesis and
protein metabolism
Pantothenic Acid B5- skin health, fat
metabolism
28. Water Soluble Vitamins
Continued
Nicotinic Acid B3- normal skin health,
ATP
Folate or Folic Acid B9- red and white
blood cell manufacture
Biotin B 7- gluconeogenesis and fatty
acid synthesis
Choline- nitrogen containing classified as
B Vitamin
Vitamin C- most animals can synthesize
in tissues, antioxidant ( guinea pigs need
a dietary source, deficiency causes
SCURVY)
29. Water
Amount needed influenced by type of
animal, temperature, pregnancy, lactat
ion, feed
Softens and prepares food for
passage
Hydrolysis of compounds during
digestion
Carrier for nutrients and hormones
Waste removal from body
cooling
30. Water Sources
Water in diet
Voluntary consumption of water
Metabolic water- formed when
nutrients are completely broken down
in aerobic respiration to yield
ATP, waste products are carbon
dioxide and water
31. Water evaluation affect
palatability
High bacteria count from
contamination
Reddish brown due to Fe, Mn or S
Black specks in water Fe, Mn
Water feels greasy Fe, Mn, S
Rotten egg odor hydrogen sulfide or
bacteria
Corroded valves, rust, low ph
Suspended reddish slime iron,
bacteria
Cloudy water sediment
32. Most salt blocks contain a
combination of the following
minerals
Sodium chloride
Zinc
Manganese
Iron
Copper
Iodine
Cobalt
Cane molasses
33. 8. Additives
Non- nutritive ingredients added to
stimulate growth or performance or
improve the efficiency of feed
1. Added in very small quantities
2. Antibiotics, antifungals, antimicrobials
3. Buffers, colors, flavors
4. Probiotics, antioxidants
5. Hormones, enzymes
34. Fatty Acid Requirement
About meeting energy needs
Essential fatty acids are linoleic
acid, arachidonic acid, and linolenic
acid
Most livestock diets made with the
usual ingredients meet these fatty acid
requirements without supplementation
Plant oils and animal fats are rich
sources
35. Estimating Nutritional Value of a
Feed
Goal: estimate how well nutrients in
feedstuffs matches the animal’s needs
Three methods for Estimating
1. Chemical Analysis
2. Digestion and Balance Trials
3. Feeding Trials
36. Chemical Analysis
Subdivides the components of the
feedstuff into general groups (
protein, water, carbohydrates, lipids, m
inerals, vitamins) to estimate the
relative amount present
Problem: Doesn’t estimate how well
the animal utilizes the feed
37. Digestion and Balance Trials
Measures the digestibility of a feed
Feed consumption and fecal excretion
are measured over period of time
Problem: Not a true measure because
feces contain sloughed cells and
tissue
38. Feeding Trials
Used extensively
Usually done before chemical analysis
or digestion and balance trials
Can evaluate growth, egg production,
wool production
39. Swine Nutrition
Porcine
Monogastric ominivore
Terms
1. Sow – adult female
2. Boar- adult male
3. Piglet- young pig
4. Gilt- sexually mature female, no litter
yet
5. Barrow- castrated male
40. Swine Nutrition- Water
Neonates 80% water, finishing pigs 55%
water
Requirement is influenced by many
factors ( environment, moisture content
of feed, urine output, etc.)
General guidelines 1-11/2 quarts of water
per 1 lb of feed consumed
Lactating sows require more for milk
production
Water quality affects consumption, high
total dissolved solids can cause
diarrhea, high levels of sulfates should
be avoided
41. Swine Nutrition- Energy
Required for buildup of lean and fat tissue
Nursing pigs- most energy from fat and sugar
in milk
Growing pigs- most energy from cereal grains
Sows and finishing pigs- some energy is
gained from volatile fatty acids from
fermentation in large intestine
Dietary need is directly related to body weight
Amount of feed consumed ad libitum is
controlled by energy content of diet
42. Energy source feedstuffs for
Swine
Cereal grains ( especially swine)
Damaged grains
Grain by- products
Purified sugars ( sucrose, lactose for
piglets)
Fat ( tallows, animal and vegetable
fats)
Processed food waste
43. Swine Nutrition – Protein and
Amino acids
Pig carcasses contain 50% muscle.
About 8% of the whole body is edible
protein
Pigs need 10 essential amino acids to
maintain tissues
Amino acids required are
arginine, histidine, isoleucine, lysine, met
hionine, leucine, phenylalanine, threonin
e, tryptophan, valine
Lysine is the first limiting amino
acid, high requirements, low content in
feedstuffes ex. Corn
Most diets are based on soybean meal
due to its higher lysine content
44. Protein Source Feedstuffs in
Swine
Plant proteins: soybeans
Animal proteins: by-products of meat
packing industry, fish meal, dried milk
products
Bacteria
Synthetic amino acids
45. Swine Nutrition- Minerals
Highest Mineral Needs
Ca and P- usually fed as limestone and oyster
shells
NaCl- inadequate amounts suppress feed
intake
I- soybean and grain diets
deficient, supplement required
Fe- injected in piglets to prevent anemia- lasts
3 weeks, milk is iron deficient
Mg- required in growing pigs, present in
feedstuffs
Z- supplemented to prevent parakeratosis
46. Swine Nutrition- Vitamins
Vitamin A- supplement 2-3 times need
because corn has low Vit A and it breaks
down with processing, dehydrated alfalfa is a
good source
Vitamin D- absent in most feedstuffs, expose
pigs to sunlight or add sun cured hays or fish
oils to diet
Vitamin E – required in all life stages, legume
hay, green forage and cereal grains are good
sources
Vitamin K- present in feeds, synthesized by
hind gut fermentation but pig must have
access to feces. Supplement added to
prevent hemorrhaging in newborns
47. Vitamin, Mineral and Additive
Source Feedstuffs in Swine
Mineral- trace mineral salt
Vitamin- alfalfa meal, fermentation by
products, animal protein
Additives: antibiotics, anthelmintics etc
48. Nutritional Diseases in Swine
Amino Acid Deficiency:
anemia, edema, immunocompromise,
impaired growth
Parakeratosis: Occurs between the 6-
16th week of life. From low zinc, high
calcium diet; bilateral abnormal
keratinization of the skin, forming
horny scales; starts as brown spots on
underside
49. Swine Feeding Management
Pre-breeding: gilt is bred at 7-8 mos. Flushing 1-2
weeks prior to breeding increases ovulation and litter
size, high antibiotics added to dieet
Gestation: normal nutritional needs for first two
trimesters. Majority of growth is in last month.
Overweight sows are more likely to crush piglets
Farrowing: include laxatives to prevent constipation
when in farrowing crate; wheat bran or dried beet pulp
10-15% of diet; high antibiotics
Lactation: nutrient requirements 3-4 times higher than
during gestation, produce 2.5 lbs milk per piglet; if feed
restricted can suffer bone fractures and paralysis
Nursing pigs: all nutrients from sow’s milk for first 2
weeks. Must supply iron( injectable) Begin eating dry
food at 2 weeks
50. Sheep Nutrition
Ovine
Ruminant Herbivores
Terms:
Ewe- female of reproductive age
Ram- intact male of reproductive age
Lamb- young sheep of either sex
Wether- neutered adult male
Mutton- meat derived from adult sheep
51. Sheep Nutrition- Water
Water is limiting nutrient in many
areas
Water quality is more important to
sheep than any other livestock
species ( stagnant, odor, high bacterial
or mineral content)
Water intake is influenced by
feed, vegetation, protein
intake, environmental
temperature, amount of rain, dew, or
52. Water Requirements for
Sheep
1 gallon of water per 4 lbs of dry feed
consumed
More water when air temp is above
70F
Less intake if water temp is <40 or >
50F
Lower requirement where there is
daily rain, heavy dew or soft, wet snow
Lower requirement for those eating
silage, succulent or range forage
53. Sheep Nutrition- Energy
Insufficient energy from low intake or
poor quality feed
Energy deficiency reduces growth,
fertility, wool quality, death
High energy needs:
- Immediately before and after lambing
- Flushing ewes and rams for breeding
- Finishing lambs
54. Energy Source Feedstuffs for
Sheep
Good quality pasture, hay, silage
Grains: barley, corn, wheat, oats and
milo
Precautions: when feeding wheat
grain- lambs susceptible to acute
indigestion
55. Sheep Nutrition- Protein
Usually quantity is more important
than quality due to bacterial
conversion in rumen
Microbial protein synthesis supplies
protein needs except when lactating or
very young lambs
Add extra protein feeds when pastures
are mature or when feeding creep
rations
56. Protein source feedstuffs for
sheep
Green pastures, soybean
meal, cottonseed meal, alfalfa
hay, urea ( sometimes0
Urea levels: < 1% of total ration
No urea in young lambs, creep
rations, straw, poor quality hay or
lambs on limited feed
57. Sheep Nutrition- Minerals
Highest Mineral Needs
NaCl- usually provided ½-1/3 lb per ewe
per month
Ca, P – highest need during
lactation, provide leafy legumes for
Ca, grains for P
I- usually provided in salt
Co- more in legumes than grasses
Se- small difference between deficiency
and lethal toxicity, muscular dystrophy
Zinc- high needs for normal testicular
development
58. Sheep Nutrition- Vitamins
Vit A- can store excess for 6-12 months
Vit D- fast growing lambs kept inside
may show problems
Vit E- low selenium leads to Vit E
deficiency
Vit K- synthesized by rumen
Vit C- synthesized by tissues
59. Vitamin and Mineral Feedstuffs
in Sheep
Vitamins- green feeds, germs of
seeds, sun-cured hays
Minerals- leafy legumes, grains, trace
mineral and salt mix
60. Sheep Nutritional Diseases
Enterotoxemia type D- intestinal toxins
present in blood; caused by stress and
sudden diet changes; vaccinate lambs
prior to weaning
Urinary calculi- common in rams and
wethers in drylot; results from Ca/P
ration imbalance and decreased water
intake
61. Sheep Feed Management
Pre-breeding: ewe is flushed for 4-6
weeks, 2 weeks prior to breeding and
continuing for 2-3 weeks after bred;
flushed on either high quality pastures
or ¼ to ½ lb of grain or pellets per day;
treat for internal parasites and trim
hooves
Gestation- 70% of fetal growth happens
in the last 6 weeks of gestation
62. continued
Late pregnancy feed requirement
- 50% more feed if single lamb
- 75% more feed if twin lamb
- Add grain to high roughage diet, more energy
Lactation- maximum milk production 2-3 weeks
post parturition; feed three times her
maintenance requirements; must have
increase protein intake to make milk
Nursing lambs- born with non functioning
rumen; colostrum is a must within first 12-18
hours. If no ewe colostrum, can use fresh
cow colostrum. Creep feeding used for early
weaning and getting lambs to market
63. Goat Nutrition
Caprine
Ruminant Herbivore
Terms
Doe- female
Buck- intact male
Kid- baby goat, either sex
Wether- castrated male
- Inquisitive feeding behavior
- Raised for meat, milk, fiber and hides
64. Goat Feeding Behavior
Confinement feeding: will pick through offered
feed and eat what they want
This results in 2 important effects:
1. Composition of consumed diet differs from
formulated diet
2. Goats will eat more if they have more to
select, so offer less feed to force them to
choose more of the diet
Range feeding: active forager, browses all plant
types including trees, shrubs, grasses,
creating a browse line. Will sometimes
defoliate one type of plant; goats grazing
hilly terrain have higher energy requirements
than those on level terrain
65. Goat Nutrition- Water
Requirements
- Intake is related to feed intake and
feed intake correlates to productivity
- Free access to good quality water
- More sensitive to water quality, won’t
touch fecal/urine contaminated water
- Lactation increases needs
66. Goat Nutrition- Energy
Wide variances among
breed, productivity, production and
size
Mostly from carbohydrates and low
levels of fat, high fat inhibits rumen
fermentation
Excess fat is stored in the body
around internal organs
Consume more dry matter then other
livestock species
67. Energy Source- Feedstuffs for
Goats
Forages: alfalfa hay, bermuda grass
hay
grains: corn, sorghum, oats
molasses
68. Goat Nutritional Diseases
Enterotoxemia type D- can occur after
high intake of immature succulent
forage. Toxin is produced by
Clostridium perfringens type D
Urinary calculi- can occur when Ca
and P rations are unbalanced
69. Goat Nutrition- Protein
Most expensive component of diet
Needed to support rumen
fermentation and supply amino acids
Unlike fat, excess is not stored
Vary with developmental stage
Protein source feedstuffs for goats
- Soybean meal, fish meal, cottonseed
meal and sunflower meal
70. Goat Nutrition- Mineral
Ca and P are two major minerals-
needed for bone development and
milk production
Mobilize bone stores for high needs
Phosphorus need is met due to goats
high selectivity in diet
Only salt should be provided free
choice
Lush pasture is deficient in
magnesium
71. Goat Nutrition- Vitamins
Only Vit A is likely to be deficient
Occurs in confinement fed goats in dry
cold weather
Occurs in range fed goats when
vegetation contains little or no green
plant material