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Cover Crops and Nutrient Cycling - Ruark
1. Matt Ruark
University of Wisconsin-Madison
University of Wisconsin-Extension
COVER CROPS &
NUTRIENT CYCLING
2015 Iowa Cover Crops Conference
February 17-18, West Des Moines, IA
2. Jim Stute-UWEX
Mike Ballweg-UWEX
Kevin Shelley – NPM
Richard Proost –
NPM
Jaimie West – UW-
Madison
Megan Chawner –
UW Discovery Farms
Wisconsin Fertilizer
Research Council
SARE
UWEX
Wisconsin Farmers
COLLABORATORS & FUNDING
3. N credits from clovers
N uptake and N credits from radish
N uptake from rye and effect on soil nitrate
OUTLINE
5. Immediate reduction in N loss through uptake
Providing a nitrogen credit (green manure)
Increasing subsequent crops yield
Three types of cover crops evaluated:
Legumes (for the N credit)
Grasses (for the N uptake)
Radish (for the N uptake; for an N credit?)
SHORT-TERM BENEFITS OF COVER CROPS
10. Three locations in
WI
Radish vs. no radish
following winter
wheat
Objective: determine
if there is a nitrogen
credit for radish
RADISH STUDIES
11.
12. N UPTAKE – ROCK CO.
2011 Radish N Uptake, Rock Co.
Radish Radish+60 Winter wheat
Nitrogenuptake(lb/ac)
0
50
100
150
200
250
2012 Radish N Uptake, Rock Co.
Radish Radish+60 Winter wheat
Nitrogenuptake(lb/ac)
0
20
40
60
80
100
180 180
120
70
40
20
13. 2012 SOIL NITRATE (PPNT)
May 2012, Soil Nitrate @ Rock Co.
R
adish
(0-1’)R
adish
(1-2’)
R
adish+60
(0-1’)
R
adish+60
(1-2’)N
o
radish
(0-1’)N
o
radish
(1-2’)
Soilnitrate(ppm)
0
10
20
30
40
50
N credit =
130 lb/ac
N credit =
190 lb/ac
N credit =
45 lb/ac
14. 2012 Corn Yield, Rock County, WI
Nitrogen Rate (lb/ac)
0 50 100 150 200 250
CornYield(bu/ac)
100
120
140
160
180
200
None
Radish
Radish+60
15. 2013 SOIL NITRATE (PPNT)
May 2013, Soil Nitrate @ Rock Co.
R
adish
(0-1’)R
adish
(1-2’)
R
adish+60
(0-1’)
R
adish+60
(1-2’)N
o
radish
(0-1’)N
o
radish
(1-2’)
Soilnitrate(ppm)
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
No N credit based on PPNT in 2013
17. 2013 CORN YIELDS
WASHINGTON COUNTY, WI
NO-TILL CORN FOLLOWING WINTER WHEAT
No effect of radish on yield or response to N in 2012 as well.
18. Across six site years, we have not been able to
determine a nitrogen credit from radish with N
response yield data.
Is it doing something to the soil – how often will this
result in a yield increase?
Most likely will be part of mixtures rather than pure
stands.
RADISH CONCLUSIONS
19. Reduces soil erosion
Reduces nitrate leaching
Potential to use as a forage crop
GRASSES
20. Continuous corn silage w/ fall manure application
(10,000 gal/ac of liquid dairy manure)
Fall-planted winter rye (90 lb live seed/ac)
1) No cover crop
2) Winter rye as a cover crop
3) Winter rye as a forage crop (ryelage)
STUDY DESIGN
23. SOIL NITRATE AT CORN PLANTING
2012
No
CC
Rye
CC
Ryelage
SoilNO3
--N,ppm
0
5
10
15
20
25
2013
No
CC
Rye
CC
Ryelage
2014
Cover Crop Treatment
No
CC
Rye
CC
Ryelage
0
5
10
15
20
25
0-12"
12-24"
24. Corn silage yield, 2012
Arlington, WI
N rate, lb N/ac
60 100 160
Yield(65%moisture),ton/ac
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
No CC
Rye CC
Ryelage
RESULTS
Ryelage = 13 ton/ac
25. RESULTS
Total forage:
Corn silage
+ Ryelage
Corn silage yield, 2012
Arlington, WI
N rate, lb N/ac
60 100 160
Yield(65%moisture),ton/ac
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
No CC
Rye CC
Ryelage
26. Corn silage yield, 2013
Arlington, WI
N rate, lb N/ac
60 100 160
Yield(65%moisture),ton/ac
15
20
25
30
35
No CC
Rye CC
Ryelage
RESULTS
Ryelage = 6.5 ton/ac
27. RESULTS
Total forage:
Corn silage
+ Ryelage
Corn silage yield, 2013
Arlington, WI
N rate, lb N/ac
60 100 160
Yield(65%moisture),ton/ac
15
20
25
30
35
No CC
Rye CC
Ryelage
28. N rate, lb N/ac
60 100 160
Yield(65%moisture),ton/ac
20
25
30
35
40
No CC
Rye CC
Ryelage
Corn silage yield, 2014
Arlington, WI
Error bars represent standard error.
RESULTS
Ryelage = 5.8 ton/ac
29. RESULTS
N rate, lb N/ac
60 100 160
Yield(65%moisture),ton/ac
20
25
30
35
40
No CC
Rye CC
Ryelage
Total forage:
Corn silage
+ Ryelage
Corn silage yield, 2014
Arlington, WI
Error bars represent standard error.
30. Winter rye as a cover crop did not affect corn silage
yield
Winter rye as a forage crop reduced corn silage yield
in 2 of 3 years.
Led to greater total production in 2 of 3 years and the
same amount of total production in 1 of 3 years
CONCLUSIONS
31. Clovers provide the clearest value (N fertilizer) –
but can you get clovers into Iowa cropping
systems?
The benefits of radish to corn crop are unclear
Rye, if killed early, provides good erosion control
and should not negatively impact corn yields
Potentially huge benefit of rye as a cover AND
forage but needs to be evaluated in all soil types.
HOW TO MAKE COVER CROPS PAY