Ideological rationale (Two Nation Theory)

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Ideological Rationale
Two Nation Theory

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Ideology
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Meaning:
The term “Ideology” is a French word meaning
science of ideas.
Definition:
“An ideology is a set of aims and ideas that
directs ones goal, expectations and ideas.”

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Components of ideology
1. Common Religion
2. Common Culture
3. Common Clauses
4. Sincere Dedication and Pledges

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Importance of Ideology
• It is not only a thought but it is also a feeling
which awakens humans to progress.
• To move forward and to fulfill the desires.
• Initially we face difficulties, hurdles and
problems.
• At end everlasting happiness.
• It sets the mutual duties and rights of the
humans.
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Islamic Ideology
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• It is an ideology through a society is reformed
in accordance with teachings of Islam, Holly
Prophet(SAW), Quran, sunnah.
• It is based on the basic teachings of Quran:
1. The faith.
2. Islam being complete code of life.

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Ideology of Pakistan
• The creation of Pakistan was unique in the sense
that it was based on the ideological
commitments in the light of the religion Islam.
• Ideology of Pakistan basically means that
Pakistan should be a state where the Muslims
should have an opportunity to live according to
the faith and creed based on the Islamic
principles
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• Covers the political, social, economical and
religious aspects of human life.
• Ideology of Islam is the ideology of Pakistan.
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Nation
Definition:
“A nation is a territory or country as political
entity or a grouping of people who share real
or imagined common history, culture, language
or ethnic origin, often possessing or seeking its
own government.”
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Two Nation Theory
• The phenomenon of Two-Nation theory
originated with the advent of Islam in the
Sub-Continent.
• People of south Asia believe that Islam
and Hinduism are not only two religious but
also two social orders that have given birth to
two distinct cultures with no similarities.
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• Inspite of living together for more than
a thousands years, they continued to develop
different cultures and traditions.
• Hindus and Muslims are to separate nations.
They have different philosophy of life.
• Their beliefs, culture, political leaders and
way of living is different from each other.
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• Inspite of living together for more than
a thousands years, they continued to develop
different cultures and traditions.
• Hindus and muslims are to separate nations.
They have different philosophy of life.
• Their beliefs, culture, political leaders and
way of living is different from each other.
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Al-Beruni (1001 A.D)
Ai-Beruni wrote in his famous book “Kitab-ul-
hind” as:
“The Hindu society maintained this peculiar
character over the centuries. The two societies,
Hindus and Muslims, like two streams have
sometimes touched but never merged, each
following its separate course.”
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Factors that split sub-continent in two
Nations
There are a few factors which split the inhabitants of the
Sub Continent into two nations. Let us examine each of
them separately:
• Religious Differences
• Hindu Nationalism
• Cultural Differences
• Social differences
• Economic Differences
• Educational Differences
• Political Differences
• Language
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Muslims Believes And Hindus Believes
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Muslims:
• Islam preaches Tawheed
(oneness of Allah) and
believes that Allah is the
creator of the universe.
• Muslims are the believers of
Allah, the Holy the Prophet
(SAW) the messenger of
Allah.
• Muslims firmly believe on
the Holy book Quran
(complete code of life)and
the life hereafter.
Hindus:
• Hindu believes in many
gods. They have
thousands of gods.
• Prophets are people
who see god. they
teach about god. And
they have
characteristics of god.
• Their writings are called
Vedas.

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Religion Differences
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Muslims Hindus

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Islamic Culture VS Hindu Culture
Islamic Culture:
• Muslim followed the
Islamic culture.
• Muslims burred their
dead bodies.
• Muslims slaughtered
the cow.
• Muslims abhorred the
tradition of ‘Sati’.
• In Islam every human
beings are equal.
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Hindu Culture:
• Hindus inherited a self build
culture.
• The Hindus burnt their dead
bodies.
• Hindus considered the
‘Mother cow’ as a sacred
animal.
• They performed ‘Sati’ and
worshipped.
• There exists a caste system
in Hindus.

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Culture Differences
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Muslims Hindus

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Social Differences
• The two communities of the Sub Continent differ
in their social life.
• The clothes, the foods, the household utensils,
the construction of homes, the words of
greeting, the gestures and every thing about
them was different and immediately
represented to their distinctive origin.
• The moral values, ethics and norms of both the
communities are totally different.
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Economic Differences
Muslims:
• There is a proper check
and balance of economy
in Islam.
• Zakat usher is
compulsory for Muslims.
• Interest (suud) is strictly
forbade in Islam.
• Muslims were thrown
outside the government
sector, they were
financially week.
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Hindus:
• No check and balance.
• No concept of Zakat in
Hindus religion.
• No concept of interest.
• The Hindus were
provided with ample
opportunities to
progress economically.

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Educational Differences
Muslims:
• Muslims did not
receive modern
education which
heavily affected their
economic conditions.
• They could not cope
with the society
because they ignore
the modern
education.
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Hindus:
• The Hindus were
advanced in the
educational field
because they quickly and
readily took to the
English education
• They occupied the best
social status because of
the modern education.

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Political Differences
The political differences between the Hindus and Muslims
have played an important role in the evolution of Two Nation
Theory.
i. Hindi Urdu Controversy In 1867, Hindus demanded that
Urdu should be written in Hindi Script instead Urdu
Script. This created another gap between Hindus and
Muslims.
ii. Congress Attitude The Indian national Congress was
founded in 1885. It claimed to represent all communities
of India but oppressed all Muslim ideas and supported
the Hindu.
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• Partition of Bengal In 1905, the partition of
Bengal ensured a number of political benefits
for the Muslims, but the Hindus launched an
agitation against the partition and partition
was annulled in 1911.
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Language
Muslims:
• The language of the
Muslims was Urdu
and it was written in
Arabic Script.
• Urdu language had
the difference in
writing, thoughts of
poetry, arts, painting
and words of music.
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Hindus:
• Hindi language was
spoken by Hindus and it
was written in Sanskrit.
• Hindi language had its
own way of writing in
every art which is quite
different from urdu.

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Sir Syed Ahmed Khan and Two Nation
Theory
Saying of Sir Syed Ahmed Khan:
“I am convinced now that Hindus and Muslims
could never become one nation as their religion
and way of life was quite distinct from each
other.”
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Sir Syed’s political views:
• That India was a continent, not a country.
• That it was inhabited by a vast population of
different races and different creeds.
• That among these, Hindus and Muslims, were
the major nations on the basis of nationality,
religion, customs, cultures, cultural and
historical traditions.
• After the British quit, they could not share the
political power equally. That was simply
impossible and inconceivable.
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• The Indian National Congress was not
acceptable to the Muslims.
• Muslims could not accept a democratic set up of
western type because with a one to four ratio of
population, they could be enslaved by the
Hindus.
• There would be a disastrous civil war if the
Congress persisted in its policy of yoking
together the two nations
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Allama Iqbal and Two-Nation Theory
• Allama Iqbal was a great poet, philosopher and a politician.
Iqbal had a sensitive heart and a deep-thinking inquisitive
mind. He was dismayed at the pathetic conditions of the
Muslims in general and of the Indian Muslims in particular.
• Allama Iqbal delivered historical address at Allahabad:
“The units of Indian society are not territorial as in the
European countries. India is a continent of human
groups belonging to different races speaking different
languages and professing different religions. Their
behavior is not at all determined by a common race-
consciousness.”
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• Under such circumstances, Allama Iqbal proposed a
separate state of the Muslims. In his presidential address
to the Allahabad session of the Muslim League in 1930, he
said:
“Personally I would go further…. I would like to see
the Punjab, Khyber Paktoon Khawa, Sindh and Balochistan
amalgamated into a single state. Self-government within
the British Empire or without the British Empire, the
formation of a single consolidated North-West Indian
Muslim state appears to me to be the final destiny of the
Muslims at least of North West India.”
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• Allama Iqbal claimed that the Muslims were a separate nation in
every respect. His own words in this regard were as follows:
“We have a population of seven crore among all nations of the
sub-continent, we are the most united. In fact, of all the nations
inhabiting the country, Muslims are the only true nation according
to the most modern definition of the world.”
In short the prophecy of Iqbal acted as a spur for the Muslims of
India who craved out an independent state Pakistan for
themselves, Seventeen years later (Allahabad Address 1930) on
14th August 1947.
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Muhammad Ali Jinnah and Two-Nation
Theory
• Quaid-e-Azam’s struggle also based on two-
nation theory, Quaid-e-Azam said:
“Difference in India between the two major
nations, the Hindus and the Muslims are
thousand times greater when compared with
the continent of Europe.”
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Quaid-e-Azam further said:
“India is not a national state. India is not a country but a
Sub-continent composed of nationalities, the two major
nations being Hindus and the Muslims whose culture
and civilizations, language and literature, art and
architecture, names and nomenclature, sense of value
and proportion, laws and jurisprudence, social moral
codes, customs and calendar, history and traditions,
aptitudes and ambitions, outlook on life and of life are
fundamentally different. By all canons of international
law we are nation.”
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• In 1940, Muslim League embraced the creed of Chaudhry
Rehmat Ali and the historic session on March 23,
1940 in Lahore demanded the establishment of Pakistan. On
that occasion, Quaid-e-Azam in his presidential address said:
“Islam and Hinduism are not religions in the strict sense of the
word, but are, in fact, different and distinct social orders… The
Hindus and Muslims belong to two different religious
philosophies, social customs, literatures. They neither inter-marry
nor inter-dine together and, indeed, they belong to two different
civilizations which are based mainly on conflicting ideas and
conceptions.”
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• He refuted the claim of All Indian Nation Congress
that India had only one single nation, in the name of
Indian by the following statement.
• The history of the last twelve hundred years has failed
to achieve the unity and has witnessed, India always
divided into Hindu India and Muslim India.
• Quaid-e-Azam made the English ruler realize the
fundamental deep rooted spiritual economic, social
and political differences. He said that their efforts
would frustrate which they were making to bind all
Indians through central Government.
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